Chuping Wu, Jianzhong Fan, Yonghong Xu, Bo Jiang, Jiejie Jiao, Liangjin Yao
In recent years, frequent global climate change has led to extreme weather events, such as high temperatures and droughts. Under the backdrop of climate change, the potential distribution zones of plants will undergo alterations. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the potential geographical distribution patterns of plants under climate change. Schima superba, a plant species with significant ecological and economic value, plays a crucial role in ecological restoration and maintaining environmental stability. Therefore, predicting potential changes in its suitable habitat in Zhejiang Province is significant. The MaxEnt model and combined data from 831 monitoring sites where Schima superba is distributed in Zhejiang Province with 12 selected bioclimatic variables were used to predict habitat suitability adaptability. We found that (1) the average AUC value of the MaxEnt model in repeated experiments was 0.804, with a standard deviation of 0.014, which indicates high reliability in predictions. (2) The total suitable habitat area for Schima superba in Zhejiang Province (suitability value > 0.05) is 87,600 km2, with high-suitability, moderate-suitability, and low-suitability areas covering 29,400 km2, 25,700 km2, and 32,500 km2, respectively. (3) Likewise, elevation, precipitation, and temperature are the dominant climatic variables that influence the distribution of Schima superba. Schima superba mainly occurs in areas with an elevation above 500 m and precipitation over 140 mm during the hottest season. The probability of Schima superba distribution reaches its peak at elevations between 1200 and 1400 m. Here, the precipitation ranges from 300 to 350 mm with high humidity, between 160 and 170 mm during the hottest season, and an annual temperature range between 28 and 31 °C. Therefore, our results indicate that climate change significantly affects the suitable habitat area of Schima superba. We also reveal the ecological characteristics and adaptation mechanisms of Schima superba in different geographical regions of Zhejiang Province. Future research should focus on the relationship between plant adaptation strategies and environmental changes, as well as applications in ecosystem protection and sustainable development, to promote the development and application of plant habitat adaptability research.
{"title":"Adaptability Analysis of the Evergreen Pioneer Tree Species Schima superba to Climate Change in Zhejiang Province","authors":"Chuping Wu, Jianzhong Fan, Yonghong Xu, Bo Jiang, Jiejie Jiao, Liangjin Yao","doi":"10.3390/f14122438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122438","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, frequent global climate change has led to extreme weather events, such as high temperatures and droughts. Under the backdrop of climate change, the potential distribution zones of plants will undergo alterations. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the potential geographical distribution patterns of plants under climate change. Schima superba, a plant species with significant ecological and economic value, plays a crucial role in ecological restoration and maintaining environmental stability. Therefore, predicting potential changes in its suitable habitat in Zhejiang Province is significant. The MaxEnt model and combined data from 831 monitoring sites where Schima superba is distributed in Zhejiang Province with 12 selected bioclimatic variables were used to predict habitat suitability adaptability. We found that (1) the average AUC value of the MaxEnt model in repeated experiments was 0.804, with a standard deviation of 0.014, which indicates high reliability in predictions. (2) The total suitable habitat area for Schima superba in Zhejiang Province (suitability value > 0.05) is 87,600 km2, with high-suitability, moderate-suitability, and low-suitability areas covering 29,400 km2, 25,700 km2, and 32,500 km2, respectively. (3) Likewise, elevation, precipitation, and temperature are the dominant climatic variables that influence the distribution of Schima superba. Schima superba mainly occurs in areas with an elevation above 500 m and precipitation over 140 mm during the hottest season. The probability of Schima superba distribution reaches its peak at elevations between 1200 and 1400 m. Here, the precipitation ranges from 300 to 350 mm with high humidity, between 160 and 170 mm during the hottest season, and an annual temperature range between 28 and 31 °C. Therefore, our results indicate that climate change significantly affects the suitable habitat area of Schima superba. We also reveal the ecological characteristics and adaptation mechanisms of Schima superba in different geographical regions of Zhejiang Province. Future research should focus on the relationship between plant adaptation strategies and environmental changes, as well as applications in ecosystem protection and sustainable development, to promote the development and application of plant habitat adaptability research.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"1992 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138973955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chinese fir is one of the most widely distributed and extensively planted timber species in China. Therefore, monitoring pests and diseases in Chinese fir plantations is directly related to national timber forest security and forest ecological security. This study aimed to identify appropriate vegetation indices for the early monitoring of pests and diseases in Chinese fir plantations. For this purpose, the researchers used an imaging spectrometer to capture hyperspectral images of both experimental and control groups. The experimental group consisted of Chinese fir trees with two sections of bark stripped off, while the control group consisted of healthy Chinese fir trees. The study then assessed the sensitivity of 11 vegetation indices to the physiological differences between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney U test. The results showed that both the green-to-red region spectral angle index (GRRSGI) and the red edge position index (REP) were able to monitor the difference as early as 16 days after damage. However, GRRSGI performs best in monitoring early death changes in Chinese fir trees because it is less affected by noise and is more stable. The green–red spectral area index (GRSAI) also had high stability, but the monitoring effect was slightly worse than that of GRRSGI and REP. Compared with other indices, GRRSGI and GRSAI can better exploit the advantages of hyperspectral data.
{"title":"Using a Vegetation Index to Monitor the Death Process of Chinese Fir Based on Hyperspectral Data","authors":"Xuemei Tang, Zhuo Zang, Hui Lin, Xu Wang, Zhang Wen","doi":"10.3390/f14122444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122444","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese fir is one of the most widely distributed and extensively planted timber species in China. Therefore, monitoring pests and diseases in Chinese fir plantations is directly related to national timber forest security and forest ecological security. This study aimed to identify appropriate vegetation indices for the early monitoring of pests and diseases in Chinese fir plantations. For this purpose, the researchers used an imaging spectrometer to capture hyperspectral images of both experimental and control groups. The experimental group consisted of Chinese fir trees with two sections of bark stripped off, while the control group consisted of healthy Chinese fir trees. The study then assessed the sensitivity of 11 vegetation indices to the physiological differences between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney U test. The results showed that both the green-to-red region spectral angle index (GRRSGI) and the red edge position index (REP) were able to monitor the difference as early as 16 days after damage. However, GRRSGI performs best in monitoring early death changes in Chinese fir trees because it is less affected by noise and is more stable. The green–red spectral area index (GRSAI) also had high stability, but the monitoring effect was slightly worse than that of GRRSGI and REP. Compared with other indices, GRRSGI and GRSAI can better exploit the advantages of hyperspectral data.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Identifying the changes in landscape pattern and ecosystem service value (ESV) and clarifying their relationship in temporal changes and spatial variations can provide insight into regional landscape features and scientific support for regional landscape planning. Leveraging land use data from the Yihe River Basin, we quantitatively assessed the landscape pattern and ESV shifts spanning from 2000 to 2018 using the landscape pattern indexes and the equivalence factor method. We employed Pearson correlation metrics and the geographically weighted regression model to explore the interrelation of their spatiotemporal variations. Our results show the following: (1) Forestland represents the most expansive land cover category. Apart from construction land, all other types experienced a decline in area. The most notable change occurred in the area of construction land. (2) The aggregation of the overall landscape shows a downward trend. The levels of fragmentation, landscape diversity, and richness increased. (3) Throughout the entire study period, the overall ESV gradually decreased, and the land cover type with the greatest contribution to the ESV was forestland. (4) In terms of temporal changes, the patch density and edge density of the overall area are significantly negatively correlated with total ESVs. The largest values for the patch index, perimeter–area fractal dimension (PAFRAC), and aggregation are significantly positively correlated with total ESVs. (5) In terms of spatial variation, the contagion index (CONTAG), PAFRAC, and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) were noticeably correlated with ESVs. The CONTAG is positively correlated with ESVs upstream, but negatively midstream and downstream. The SHDI is negatively correlated with ESVs upstream, but positively midstream and downstream. The PAFRAC exhibits a positive correlation with ESVs for the most part. The association between the landscape pattern indexes and ESVs exhibits temporal and spatial inconsistencies in most instances, suggesting a spatiotemporal scale effect in their relationship. This study recommends that the local government devises a long-term strategy for urban development and exercises stringent control over the unregulated expansion of construction land. Through reasonable territorial spatial planning, government departments could enhance the connectivity of the overall landscape pattern of the Yihe River Basin to achieve the reasonable allocation and sustainable development of regional resources.
{"title":"Identifying the Relationships between Landscape Pattern and Ecosystem Service Value from a Spatiotemporal Variation Perspective in a Mountain–Hill–Plain Region","authors":"Qing Han, Ling Li, Hejie Wei, Xiaoli Wu","doi":"10.3390/f14122446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122446","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying the changes in landscape pattern and ecosystem service value (ESV) and clarifying their relationship in temporal changes and spatial variations can provide insight into regional landscape features and scientific support for regional landscape planning. Leveraging land use data from the Yihe River Basin, we quantitatively assessed the landscape pattern and ESV shifts spanning from 2000 to 2018 using the landscape pattern indexes and the equivalence factor method. We employed Pearson correlation metrics and the geographically weighted regression model to explore the interrelation of their spatiotemporal variations. Our results show the following: (1) Forestland represents the most expansive land cover category. Apart from construction land, all other types experienced a decline in area. The most notable change occurred in the area of construction land. (2) The aggregation of the overall landscape shows a downward trend. The levels of fragmentation, landscape diversity, and richness increased. (3) Throughout the entire study period, the overall ESV gradually decreased, and the land cover type with the greatest contribution to the ESV was forestland. (4) In terms of temporal changes, the patch density and edge density of the overall area are significantly negatively correlated with total ESVs. The largest values for the patch index, perimeter–area fractal dimension (PAFRAC), and aggregation are significantly positively correlated with total ESVs. (5) In terms of spatial variation, the contagion index (CONTAG), PAFRAC, and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) were noticeably correlated with ESVs. The CONTAG is positively correlated with ESVs upstream, but negatively midstream and downstream. The SHDI is negatively correlated with ESVs upstream, but positively midstream and downstream. The PAFRAC exhibits a positive correlation with ESVs for the most part. The association between the landscape pattern indexes and ESVs exhibits temporal and spatial inconsistencies in most instances, suggesting a spatiotemporal scale effect in their relationship. This study recommends that the local government devises a long-term strategy for urban development and exercises stringent control over the unregulated expansion of construction land. Through reasonable territorial spatial planning, government departments could enhance the connectivity of the overall landscape pattern of the Yihe River Basin to achieve the reasonable allocation and sustainable development of regional resources.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"158 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
See Ven Lim, M. A. Zulkifley, Azlan Saleh, A. H. Saputro, Siti Raihanah Abdani
Deforestation remains one of the key concerning activities around the world due to commodity-driven extraction, agricultural land expansion, and urbanization. The effective and efficient monitoring of national forests using remote sensing technology is important for the early detection and mitigation of deforestation activities. Deep learning techniques have been vastly researched and applied to various remote sensing tasks, whereby fully convolutional neural networks have been commonly studied with various input band combinations for satellite imagery applications, but very little research has focused on deep networks with high-resolution representations, such as HRNet. In this study, an optimal semantic segmentation architecture based on high-resolution feature maps and an attention mechanism is proposed to label each pixel of the satellite imagery input for forest identification. The selected study areas are located in Malaysian rainforests, sampled from 2016, 2018, and 2020, downloaded using Google Earth Pro. Only a two-class problem is considered for this study, which is to classify each pixel either as forest or non-forest. HRNet is chosen as the baseline architecture, in which the hyperparameters are optimized before being embedded with an attention mechanism to help the model to focus on more critical features that are related to the forest. Several variants of the proposed methods are validated on 6120 sliced images, whereby the best performance reaches 85.58% for the mean intersection over union and 92.24% for accuracy. The benchmarking analysis also reveals that the attention-embedded high-resolution architecture outperforms U-Net, SegNet, and FC-DenseNet for both performance metrics. A qualitative analysis between the baseline and attention-based models also shows that fewer false classifications and cleaner prediction outputs can be observed in identifying the forest areas.
{"title":"Attention-Based Semantic Segmentation Networks for Forest Applications","authors":"See Ven Lim, M. A. Zulkifley, Azlan Saleh, A. H. Saputro, Siti Raihanah Abdani","doi":"10.3390/f14122437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122437","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation remains one of the key concerning activities around the world due to commodity-driven extraction, agricultural land expansion, and urbanization. The effective and efficient monitoring of national forests using remote sensing technology is important for the early detection and mitigation of deforestation activities. Deep learning techniques have been vastly researched and applied to various remote sensing tasks, whereby fully convolutional neural networks have been commonly studied with various input band combinations for satellite imagery applications, but very little research has focused on deep networks with high-resolution representations, such as HRNet. In this study, an optimal semantic segmentation architecture based on high-resolution feature maps and an attention mechanism is proposed to label each pixel of the satellite imagery input for forest identification. The selected study areas are located in Malaysian rainforests, sampled from 2016, 2018, and 2020, downloaded using Google Earth Pro. Only a two-class problem is considered for this study, which is to classify each pixel either as forest or non-forest. HRNet is chosen as the baseline architecture, in which the hyperparameters are optimized before being embedded with an attention mechanism to help the model to focus on more critical features that are related to the forest. Several variants of the proposed methods are validated on 6120 sliced images, whereby the best performance reaches 85.58% for the mean intersection over union and 92.24% for accuracy. The benchmarking analysis also reveals that the attention-embedded high-resolution architecture outperforms U-Net, SegNet, and FC-DenseNet for both performance metrics. A qualitative analysis between the baseline and attention-based models also shows that fewer false classifications and cleaner prediction outputs can be observed in identifying the forest areas.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"58 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139003377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) is a commercially important timber species in Southeast Asia that was listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species in 1998. Six years ago, we published an article in Genome Biology Ecology entitled “Evolutionary Comparisons of the Chloroplast Genome in Lauraceae and Insights into Loss Events in the Magnoliids” in which one complete plastid genome of Belian was assembled for comparative analyses of the plastomes in Lauraceae. However, a recent study concluded that our sequenced Belian individual can be located in the clade of Myristicaceae instead of that of Lauraceae. Here, we performed reanalyses of an additional two Belian plastomes, along with 42 plastomes from plants spanning 10 families of the Magnoliids. The three Belian plastomes are 39% CG and vary in length from 157,535 to 157,577 bp. A total of 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes were among the 130 annotated genes. There were 95–101 repeat sequences and 56–61 simple repeat sequences (SSRs). Comparative genomic analysis revealed 170 mutation sites in their plastomes, which include 111 substitutions, 53 indels, and 6 microinversions. Phylogeny was reconstructed using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches for 44 magnoliids species, indicating that the 3 Belian individuals were nested among the species in the Lauraceae family rather than Myristicaceae.
贝里棕（Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.）是东南亚的一种重要商业用材树种，1998年被列入世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）濒危物种红色名录。六年前，我们在《基因组生物学生态学》（Genome Biology Ecology）杂志上发表了一篇题为《月桂科植物叶绿体基因组的进化比较和木兰科植物损失事件的启示》（Evolutionary Comparisons of the Chloroplast Genome in Lauraceae and Insights into Loss Events in the Magnoliids）的文章，其中组装了贝利安的一个完整的质体基因组，用于月桂科植物质体的比较分析。然而，最近的一项研究认为，我们测序的贝利安个体可以归入肉豆蔻科而非月桂科。在此，我们对另外两个贝里安植物质粒以及来自木兰科 10 个科的 42 个植物质粒进行了重新分析。这三个贝利亚植物质粒的 CG 含量为 39%，长度从 157,535 到 157,577 bp 不等。在 130 个注释基因中，共有 37 个 tRNA 基因、8 个 rRNA 基因和 85 个蛋白质编码基因。有 95-101 个重复序列和 56-61 个简单重复序列（SSR）。比较基因组分析显示，它们的质粒中有 170 个突变位点，其中包括 111 个置换位点、53 个嵌合位点和 6 个微变位点。利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了44种木兰科植物的系统发育，结果表明这3个贝里安个体嵌套在月桂科而不是肉豆蔻科的物种中。
{"title":"The Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of the Belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri): Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationships with Other Magnoliids","authors":"Wen Zhu, Yunhong Tan, Xinxin Zhou, Yu Song, Peiyao Xin","doi":"10.3390/f14122443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122443","url":null,"abstract":"The Belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) is a commercially important timber species in Southeast Asia that was listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species in 1998. Six years ago, we published an article in Genome Biology Ecology entitled “Evolutionary Comparisons of the Chloroplast Genome in Lauraceae and Insights into Loss Events in the Magnoliids” in which one complete plastid genome of Belian was assembled for comparative analyses of the plastomes in Lauraceae. However, a recent study concluded that our sequenced Belian individual can be located in the clade of Myristicaceae instead of that of Lauraceae. Here, we performed reanalyses of an additional two Belian plastomes, along with 42 plastomes from plants spanning 10 families of the Magnoliids. The three Belian plastomes are 39% CG and vary in length from 157,535 to 157,577 bp. A total of 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes were among the 130 annotated genes. There were 95–101 repeat sequences and 56–61 simple repeat sequences (SSRs). Comparative genomic analysis revealed 170 mutation sites in their plastomes, which include 111 substitutions, 53 indels, and 6 microinversions. Phylogeny was reconstructed using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches for 44 magnoliids species, indicating that the 3 Belian individuals were nested among the species in the Lauraceae family rather than Myristicaceae.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"26 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Li, Guangxing Ji, Qingsong Li, Jincai Zhang, Huishan Gao, Mengya Jia, Meng Li, Genming Li
Land-use change has a great impact on regional ecosystem balance and carbon storage, so it is of great significance to study future land-use types and carbon storage in a region to optimize the regional land-use structure. Based on the existing land-use data and the different scenarios of the shared socioeconomic pathway and the representative concentration pathway (SSP-RCP) provided by CMIP6, this study used the PLUS model to predict future land use and the InVEST model to predict the carbon storage in the study area in the historical period and under different scenarios in the future. The results show the following: (1) The change in land use will lead to a change in carbon storage. From 2000 to 2020, the conversion of cultivated land to construction land was the main transfer type, which was also an important reason for the decrease in regional carbon storage. (2) Under the three scenarios, the SSP126 scenario has the smallest share of arable land area, while this scenario has the largest share of woodland and grassland land area, and none of the three scenarios shows a significant decrease in woodland area. (3) From 2020 to 2050, the carbon stocks in the study area under the three scenarios, SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585, all show different degrees of decline, decreasing to 36,405.0204 × 104 t, 36,251.4402 × 104 t, and 36,190.4066 × 104 t, respectively. Restricting the conversion of land with a high carbon storage capacity to land with a low carbon storage capacity is conducive to the benign development of regional carbon storage. This study can provide a reference for the adjustment and management of future land-use structures in the region.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Evolution and Prediction of Ecosystem Carbon Storage in the Yiluo River Basin Based on the PLUS-InVEST Model","authors":"Lei Li, Guangxing Ji, Qingsong Li, Jincai Zhang, Huishan Gao, Mengya Jia, Meng Li, Genming Li","doi":"10.3390/f14122442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122442","url":null,"abstract":"Land-use change has a great impact on regional ecosystem balance and carbon storage, so it is of great significance to study future land-use types and carbon storage in a region to optimize the regional land-use structure. Based on the existing land-use data and the different scenarios of the shared socioeconomic pathway and the representative concentration pathway (SSP-RCP) provided by CMIP6, this study used the PLUS model to predict future land use and the InVEST model to predict the carbon storage in the study area in the historical period and under different scenarios in the future. The results show the following: (1) The change in land use will lead to a change in carbon storage. From 2000 to 2020, the conversion of cultivated land to construction land was the main transfer type, which was also an important reason for the decrease in regional carbon storage. (2) Under the three scenarios, the SSP126 scenario has the smallest share of arable land area, while this scenario has the largest share of woodland and grassland land area, and none of the three scenarios shows a significant decrease in woodland area. (3) From 2020 to 2050, the carbon stocks in the study area under the three scenarios, SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585, all show different degrees of decline, decreasing to 36,405.0204 × 104 t, 36,251.4402 × 104 t, and 36,190.4066 × 104 t, respectively. Restricting the conversion of land with a high carbon storage capacity to land with a low carbon storage capacity is conducive to the benign development of regional carbon storage. This study can provide a reference for the adjustment and management of future land-use structures in the region.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"29 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanxi Chen, Bin Wang, Mingze Li, Xiangqi Kong, Shaojie Bian
The increase in global carbon emissions has intensified the effects of CO2 fertilization on the carbon cycle. CO2 fertilization is shaped by several factors, including the physiological differences among trees of varied forest ages and types, as well as the influence of different climatic conditions. It is essential to investigate the differences in CO2 fertilization effects across diverse climate zones and delve into the association between these effects and forest age and type. Such exploration will deepen our knowledge of forest responses to environmental changes. This study used annual ring width data from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank, employing the generalized additive mixed models and the Random Forest model to discern the pattern of the CO2 fertilization effect concerning forest age in the Northern Hemisphere. This study also explored the variations in the effect of CO2 fertilization across unique climate zones and the disparities among various forest types within the same climatic zone. The results indicated a link between forest age and the CO2 fertilization effect: it tends to increase in sapling forests and middle-aged forests and diminish in mature forests. Warmer, drier environments had a more marked effect of increased CO2 on tree fertilization. Additionally, coniferous forests demonstrated a more substantial CO2 fertilization effect than broadleaf forests, and deciduous needle-leaf forests surpassed evergreen needle-leaf forests in this regard. This research is pivotal in understanding the shifting patterns of CO2 fertilization effects and how forests respond to atmospheric changes.
{"title":"Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Fertilization Effects with Stand Age Based on Tree Rings","authors":"Yanxi Chen, Bin Wang, Mingze Li, Xiangqi Kong, Shaojie Bian","doi":"10.3390/f14122441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122441","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in global carbon emissions has intensified the effects of CO2 fertilization on the carbon cycle. CO2 fertilization is shaped by several factors, including the physiological differences among trees of varied forest ages and types, as well as the influence of different climatic conditions. It is essential to investigate the differences in CO2 fertilization effects across diverse climate zones and delve into the association between these effects and forest age and type. Such exploration will deepen our knowledge of forest responses to environmental changes. This study used annual ring width data from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank, employing the generalized additive mixed models and the Random Forest model to discern the pattern of the CO2 fertilization effect concerning forest age in the Northern Hemisphere. This study also explored the variations in the effect of CO2 fertilization across unique climate zones and the disparities among various forest types within the same climatic zone. The results indicated a link between forest age and the CO2 fertilization effect: it tends to increase in sapling forests and middle-aged forests and diminish in mature forests. Warmer, drier environments had a more marked effect of increased CO2 on tree fertilization. Additionally, coniferous forests demonstrated a more substantial CO2 fertilization effect than broadleaf forests, and deciduous needle-leaf forests surpassed evergreen needle-leaf forests in this regard. This research is pivotal in understanding the shifting patterns of CO2 fertilization effects and how forests respond to atmospheric changes.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pei Shi, Jun Lu, Quan Wang, Yonghong Zhang, Liang Kuang, Xi Kan
Forest fires result in severe disaster, causing significant ecological damage and substantial economic losses. Flames and smoke represent the predominant characteristics of forest fires. However, these flames and smoke often exhibit irregular shapes, rendering them susceptible to erroneous positive or negative identifications, consequently compromising the overall performance of detection systems. To enhance the average precision and recall rates of detection, this paper introduces an enhanced iteration of the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) algorithm. This advanced algorithm aims to achieve more effective fire detection. First, we use Switchable Atrous Convolution (SAC) in the backbone network of the traditional YOLOv5 to enhance the capture of a larger receptive field. Then, we introduce Polarized Self-Attention (PSA) to improve the modeling of long-range dependencies. Finally, we incorporate Soft Non-Maximum Suppression (Soft-NMS) to address issues related to missed detections and repeated detections of flames and smoke by the algorithm. Among the plethora of models explored, our proposed algorithm achieves a 2.0% improvement in mean Average Precision@0.5 (mAP50) and a 3.1% enhancement in Recall when compared with the YOLOv5 algorithm. The integration of SAC, PSA, and Soft-NMS significantly enhances the precision and efficiency of the detection algorithm. Moreover, the comprehensive algorithm proposed here can identify and detect key changes in various monitoring scenarios.
{"title":"An Efficient Forest Fire Detection Algorithm Using Improved YOLOv5","authors":"Pei Shi, Jun Lu, Quan Wang, Yonghong Zhang, Liang Kuang, Xi Kan","doi":"10.3390/f14122440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122440","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fires result in severe disaster, causing significant ecological damage and substantial economic losses. Flames and smoke represent the predominant characteristics of forest fires. However, these flames and smoke often exhibit irregular shapes, rendering them susceptible to erroneous positive or negative identifications, consequently compromising the overall performance of detection systems. To enhance the average precision and recall rates of detection, this paper introduces an enhanced iteration of the You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) algorithm. This advanced algorithm aims to achieve more effective fire detection. First, we use Switchable Atrous Convolution (SAC) in the backbone network of the traditional YOLOv5 to enhance the capture of a larger receptive field. Then, we introduce Polarized Self-Attention (PSA) to improve the modeling of long-range dependencies. Finally, we incorporate Soft Non-Maximum Suppression (Soft-NMS) to address issues related to missed detections and repeated detections of flames and smoke by the algorithm. Among the plethora of models explored, our proposed algorithm achieves a 2.0% improvement in mean Average Precision@0.5 (mAP50) and a 3.1% enhancement in Recall when compared with the YOLOv5 algorithm. The integration of SAC, PSA, and Soft-NMS significantly enhances the precision and efficiency of the detection algorithm. Moreover, the comprehensive algorithm proposed here can identify and detect key changes in various monitoring scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Yang, Shengnan Xie, Dandan Du, Hongling Wei, Wenling Zhou, Ying Zhang, Zhonghua Tang, Dewen Li, Ying Liu
The effect of pruning treatments on growth, photosynthesis characteristics, and metabolites were was studied in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides). The experiment was carried out from March–August 2019. Three treatments were used: non-pruned trees (CK), a height of 20 cm above the top edge of the flowerpot (T1), and a height of 10 cm above the top edge of the flowerpot (T2). The results showed that the branches branch number, leaves leaf number, and stem diameter increased significantly (p < 0.05) in pruning treatments compared with CK. Similarly, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased significantly in pruning treatments (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the contents of Chl a, Chl b, Chl, Car, and the rate between the Chl a content and the Chl b content increased significantly (p < 0.05) in T2, respectively. These verified that it was a better way to enhance the plants growth of E. ulmoides for pruning treatments. The GC-MS analysis showed that 36 different primary metabolites were identified, including 11 sugars, 13 acids, 5 alcohols, and 7 other compounds, the relative content of their metabolites were was higher in the T2 treatment than that in the T1 treatment, which was mainly concentrated in four main enrichment pathways (Galactose metabolism; Citrate cycle; Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; and starch and sucrose metabolism) via KEGG analysis. Meanwhile, correlation analysis showed there were was a positive correlation between the accumulation of D-Galactose, D-Mannose, Succinic acid, and photosynthetic pigment content, and the rate of photosynthesis in T2 treatment (p < 0.05). The pruning height above the top edge of the flowerpot changed the accumulation of primary metabolites and promoted plant regeneration ability in E. ulmoides. Finally, the yield of main secondary metabolites from leaves (Genipin, Geniposide, Geniposidic acid, and Pinoresinol diglucoside) were was increased in pruning treatments by UPLC analysis. It provided a reference for the directional ecological cultivation of E. ulmoides.
{"title":"Effect of Pruning Treatment on Growth Characteristics and Metabolites in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides)","authors":"Jing Yang, Shengnan Xie, Dandan Du, Hongling Wei, Wenling Zhou, Ying Zhang, Zhonghua Tang, Dewen Li, Ying Liu","doi":"10.3390/f14122439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122439","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of pruning treatments on growth, photosynthesis characteristics, and metabolites were was studied in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides). The experiment was carried out from March–August 2019. Three treatments were used: non-pruned trees (CK), a height of 20 cm above the top edge of the flowerpot (T1), and a height of 10 cm above the top edge of the flowerpot (T2). The results showed that the branches branch number, leaves leaf number, and stem diameter increased significantly (p < 0.05) in pruning treatments compared with CK. Similarly, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased significantly in pruning treatments (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the contents of Chl a, Chl b, Chl, Car, and the rate between the Chl a content and the Chl b content increased significantly (p < 0.05) in T2, respectively. These verified that it was a better way to enhance the plants growth of E. ulmoides for pruning treatments. The GC-MS analysis showed that 36 different primary metabolites were identified, including 11 sugars, 13 acids, 5 alcohols, and 7 other compounds, the relative content of their metabolites were was higher in the T2 treatment than that in the T1 treatment, which was mainly concentrated in four main enrichment pathways (Galactose metabolism; Citrate cycle; Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; and starch and sucrose metabolism) via KEGG analysis. Meanwhile, correlation analysis showed there were was a positive correlation between the accumulation of D-Galactose, D-Mannose, Succinic acid, and photosynthetic pigment content, and the rate of photosynthesis in T2 treatment (p < 0.05). The pruning height above the top edge of the flowerpot changed the accumulation of primary metabolites and promoted plant regeneration ability in E. ulmoides. Finally, the yield of main secondary metabolites from leaves (Genipin, Geniposide, Geniposidic acid, and Pinoresinol diglucoside) were was increased in pruning treatments by UPLC analysis. It provided a reference for the directional ecological cultivation of E. ulmoides.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"272 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flight simulation of catkins using computer technology helps their prevention and control. However, this is a challenging task due to the complex characteristics, and irregular shapes of catkins, while existing methods mainly focus on rain and snow, which are not suitable for catkins. In this paper, we propose a physics-based algorithm for the dynamic simulation of fluttering catkins. Our approach includes an L-system based 3D modeling method for simulating the natural phenomena of the catkin. We consider the motion of wind, free fall of catkins, and the dynamics of catkins under the joint action of attraction between them, while adhering to the physical motion law of catkins. To provide wind force, we first establish a three-dimensional wind field based on Boltzmann’s equation. We then use the kernel function idea to calculate the attraction force between catkins and finally update the position of the catkin. We incorporate the phenomena of collision and adhesion, attraction, and accumulation of catkins while simulating motion states depending on the adjusted wall height and ground humidity parameters. Our approach overcomes limitations of previous models by achieving good simulation while using relatively less code to simulate various realistic motion states. According to our users’ study, more than 71% of users found the simulation results to be acceptable, authentic, and realistic, confirming the authenticity of our simulation. Our method can generate highly realistic effects, significantly improving efficiency by several orders of magnitude compared to manual modeling. In addition, it can effectively simulate the dynamics of catkins in different scales, providing a decision-making reference for catkin control.
利用计算机技术模拟柔荑花序的飞行有助于预防和控制柔荑花序。然而，由于柔荑花序的复杂特性和不规则形状，这是一项具有挑战性的任务，而现有的方法主要针对雨和雪，并不适合柔荑花序。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于物理的柔荑花序动态模拟算法。我们的方法包括一种基于 L 系统的三维建模方法，用于模拟柔荑花序的自然现象。在遵循柔荑花序物理运动规律的前提下，我们考虑了风的运动、柔荑花序的自由落体运动以及柔荑花序在相互吸引的共同作用下的动态运动。为了提供风力，我们首先根据玻尔兹曼方程建立了一个三维风场。然后，我们利用核函数思想计算柔荑花序之间的吸引力，最后更新柔荑花序的位置。我们结合了柔荑花序的碰撞和粘附、吸引和积聚现象，同时根据调整后的墙壁高度和地面湿度参数模拟运动状态。我们的方法克服了以往模型的局限性，在使用相对较少的代码模拟各种真实运动状态的同时，还实现了良好的模拟效果。根据我们的用户研究，超过 71% 的用户认为模拟结果是可接受的、真实的和逼真的，这证实了我们模拟的真实性。我们的方法可以生成高度逼真的效果，与手动建模相比，效率显著提高了几个数量级。此外，它还能有效模拟不同尺度的柔荑花序动态，为柔荑花序控制提供决策参考。
{"title":"Physics-Based Modeling and Fluttering Dynamic Process Simulation for Catkins","authors":"Jiaxiu Zhang, Meng Yang, Benye Xi, Jie Duan, Qingqing Huang, Weiliang Meng","doi":"10.3390/f14122431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122431","url":null,"abstract":"Flight simulation of catkins using computer technology helps their prevention and control. However, this is a challenging task due to the complex characteristics, and irregular shapes of catkins, while existing methods mainly focus on rain and snow, which are not suitable for catkins. In this paper, we propose a physics-based algorithm for the dynamic simulation of fluttering catkins. Our approach includes an L-system based 3D modeling method for simulating the natural phenomena of the catkin. We consider the motion of wind, free fall of catkins, and the dynamics of catkins under the joint action of attraction between them, while adhering to the physical motion law of catkins. To provide wind force, we first establish a three-dimensional wind field based on Boltzmann’s equation. We then use the kernel function idea to calculate the attraction force between catkins and finally update the position of the catkin. We incorporate the phenomena of collision and adhesion, attraction, and accumulation of catkins while simulating motion states depending on the adjusted wall height and ground humidity parameters. Our approach overcomes limitations of previous models by achieving good simulation while using relatively less code to simulate various realistic motion states. According to our users’ study, more than 71% of users found the simulation results to be acceptable, authentic, and realistic, confirming the authenticity of our simulation. Our method can generate highly realistic effects, significantly improving efficiency by several orders of magnitude compared to manual modeling. In addition, it can effectively simulate the dynamics of catkins in different scales, providing a decision-making reference for catkin control.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"67 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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