With the advancement of urbanization, land resources are becoming increasingly strained, particularly for urban greening purposes. In this context, a large number of newly cultivated lands dominated by construction waste and backfill soil are emerging in cities. Assessing the soil quality of these newly cultivated lands and achieving their rational utilization accurately and quantitatively has become an urgent issue. In this study, soil samples of five land use types, namely newly cultivated land (NCL, control), adjacent cropland (CL), arbor–shrub mixed forest (ASF), arbor forest (AF), and shrubland (SL) were selected around Beijing, China. ASF, AF, and SL are also newly cultivated lands composed of construction waste and backfill before greening. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), a total data set (TDS) and a minimum data set (MDS) were used to construct the soil quality index (SQI) model. Soil quality indicators covering the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and their relationships with land use types were studied with the Partial Least Squares Path Model (PLS-PM). The results were summarized as follows: (1) The soil quality index under different land use types in the Beijing plain area were in the order of arbor–shrub mixed forest (ASF) > arbor forest (AF) > shrubland (SL) > cropland (CL) > newly cultivated land (NCL). (2) Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil water content (SWC), maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC), capillary water-holding capacity (CWHC), Pb, and Cd were identified as the MDS. The MDS of the soil quality assessment model showed a linear relationship with the TDS (y = 0.946x + 0.050, R2 = 0.51). (3) Land use types have an indirect impact on soil quality by changing the content of Pb. The chemical indicators’ coefficient (0.602) contributed more to the SQI than did the physical indicators’ (0.259) and heavy metal elements’ (−0.234). In general, afforestation and agricultural production could improve the newly cultivated lands’ soil quality, but afforestation is much better than agricultural production. These results will help to evaluate the SQI in the Beijing plain area objectively and accurately, and they have significant implications for soil restoration and management.
{"title":"Soil Quality Variation under Different Land Use Types and Its Driving Factors in Beijing","authors":"Fangfang Qiang, Changchang Sheng, Jiaqi Zhang, Liwei Jiang, Jinxing Zhou","doi":"10.3390/f15060993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060993","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of urbanization, land resources are becoming increasingly strained, particularly for urban greening purposes. In this context, a large number of newly cultivated lands dominated by construction waste and backfill soil are emerging in cities. Assessing the soil quality of these newly cultivated lands and achieving their rational utilization accurately and quantitatively has become an urgent issue. In this study, soil samples of five land use types, namely newly cultivated land (NCL, control), adjacent cropland (CL), arbor–shrub mixed forest (ASF), arbor forest (AF), and shrubland (SL) were selected around Beijing, China. ASF, AF, and SL are also newly cultivated lands composed of construction waste and backfill before greening. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), a total data set (TDS) and a minimum data set (MDS) were used to construct the soil quality index (SQI) model. Soil quality indicators covering the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and their relationships with land use types were studied with the Partial Least Squares Path Model (PLS-PM). The results were summarized as follows: (1) The soil quality index under different land use types in the Beijing plain area were in the order of arbor–shrub mixed forest (ASF) > arbor forest (AF) > shrubland (SL) > cropland (CL) > newly cultivated land (NCL). (2) Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil water content (SWC), maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC), capillary water-holding capacity (CWHC), Pb, and Cd were identified as the MDS. The MDS of the soil quality assessment model showed a linear relationship with the TDS (y = 0.946x + 0.050, R2 = 0.51). (3) Land use types have an indirect impact on soil quality by changing the content of Pb. The chemical indicators’ coefficient (0.602) contributed more to the SQI than did the physical indicators’ (0.259) and heavy metal elements’ (−0.234). In general, afforestation and agricultural production could improve the newly cultivated lands’ soil quality, but afforestation is much better than agricultural production. These results will help to evaluate the SQI in the Beijing plain area objectively and accurately, and they have significant implications for soil restoration and management.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141377725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nan Xu, Jinbo Li, H. Zhong, Yuan Wang, Juexian Dong, Xuechen Yang
Using the static chamber–gas chromatography method, this study investigates the flux characteristics of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the soils of three typical island-like forests in the Sanjiang Plain during the growing season (May to September), as well as their relationships with environmental factors. The results indicate that the soils of the Broadleaf mixed forest, Quercus mongolica forest, and Betula platyphylla forest act as emission sources for CO2 and N2O, with average fluxes of 433.92, 452.41, and 358.17 μg·m−2·h−1 for CO2 and 12.48, 13.02, and 10.51 μg·m−2·h−1 for N2O, respectively. The differences among forest types are not significant. All three forest types serve as sinks for CH4, with average fluxes of −22.52, −23.29, and −0.76 μg·m−2·h−1. The Betula platyphylla forest has a significantly weaker absorption intensity compared to the other types (p < 0.01). The measured environmental factors collectively explain 66.58% of the variability in greenhouse gas fluxes in the island-like forests, with soil temperature, soil moisture, and total nitrogen content being the main influencing factors in the region. Rising temperatures favor the emission of CO2 and N2O and the absorption of CH4 in all three forest types. Increased soil moisture inhibits the absorption of CH4 in the Broadleaf mixed forest and Quercus mongolica forest, while higher levels of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen enhance the N2O flux in the Quercus mongolica forest. Soil organic carbon and soil pH significantly influence only the greenhouse gas fluxes of the Betula platyphylla forest.
{"title":"Seasonal Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Island-like Forest Soils in the Sanjiang Plain: Impacts of Soil Characteristics and Climatic Factors","authors":"Nan Xu, Jinbo Li, H. Zhong, Yuan Wang, Juexian Dong, Xuechen Yang","doi":"10.3390/f15060996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060996","url":null,"abstract":"Using the static chamber–gas chromatography method, this study investigates the flux characteristics of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the soils of three typical island-like forests in the Sanjiang Plain during the growing season (May to September), as well as their relationships with environmental factors. The results indicate that the soils of the Broadleaf mixed forest, Quercus mongolica forest, and Betula platyphylla forest act as emission sources for CO2 and N2O, with average fluxes of 433.92, 452.41, and 358.17 μg·m−2·h−1 for CO2 and 12.48, 13.02, and 10.51 μg·m−2·h−1 for N2O, respectively. The differences among forest types are not significant. All three forest types serve as sinks for CH4, with average fluxes of −22.52, −23.29, and −0.76 μg·m−2·h−1. The Betula platyphylla forest has a significantly weaker absorption intensity compared to the other types (p < 0.01). The measured environmental factors collectively explain 66.58% of the variability in greenhouse gas fluxes in the island-like forests, with soil temperature, soil moisture, and total nitrogen content being the main influencing factors in the region. Rising temperatures favor the emission of CO2 and N2O and the absorption of CH4 in all three forest types. Increased soil moisture inhibits the absorption of CH4 in the Broadleaf mixed forest and Quercus mongolica forest, while higher levels of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen enhance the N2O flux in the Quercus mongolica forest. Soil organic carbon and soil pH significantly influence only the greenhouse gas fluxes of the Betula platyphylla forest.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141376009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. D. Vivar-Vivar, M. Pompa-García, J. J. Camarero
Knowledge regarding the growth of trees is essential to understanding their response to predicted warmer and drier climate scenarios. We used the annual rings of three Mexican pines (Pinus montezumae Lamb., Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl., and Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém) to explore their drought responses. Correlation analyses showed that hydroclimatic factors differentially impact tree species in terms of the intensity and temporality. The negative influence of the maximum temperature and positive effect of the precipitation on the growth indices were notable, with P. montezumae being the most responsive species, followed by P. oocarpa and P. monophylla. The climate–growth relationships were specific and driven by the differential hydrothermal conditions across the study areas. SPEI analyses indicated that P. monophylla is better able to tolerate drought than P. montezumae or P. oocarpa, especially in recent years. The lower resilience of P. montezumae and P. oocarpa could predispose them to a higher mortality risk if warming and drying rates increase. Our findings strengthen the understanding of the responses of tree growth to seasonal drought, which is critical considering the biogeographic shifts that will potentially be experienced by these forests in the future. This knowledge improves the understanding of young Mexican stands and could contribute to the design of management strategies in the face of predicted climatic variations.
{"title":"Tree Rings Elucidate Differential Drought Responses in Stands of Three Mexican Pines","authors":"E. D. Vivar-Vivar, M. Pompa-García, J. J. Camarero","doi":"10.3390/f15060994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060994","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge regarding the growth of trees is essential to understanding their response to predicted warmer and drier climate scenarios. We used the annual rings of three Mexican pines (Pinus montezumae Lamb., Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl., and Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém) to explore their drought responses. Correlation analyses showed that hydroclimatic factors differentially impact tree species in terms of the intensity and temporality. The negative influence of the maximum temperature and positive effect of the precipitation on the growth indices were notable, with P. montezumae being the most responsive species, followed by P. oocarpa and P. monophylla. The climate–growth relationships were specific and driven by the differential hydrothermal conditions across the study areas. SPEI analyses indicated that P. monophylla is better able to tolerate drought than P. montezumae or P. oocarpa, especially in recent years. The lower resilience of P. montezumae and P. oocarpa could predispose them to a higher mortality risk if warming and drying rates increase. Our findings strengthen the understanding of the responses of tree growth to seasonal drought, which is critical considering the biogeographic shifts that will potentially be experienced by these forests in the future. This knowledge improves the understanding of young Mexican stands and could contribute to the design of management strategies in the face of predicted climatic variations.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141377190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Cedro, Bernard Cedro, R. Borówka, D. Okupny, Paweł Osóch, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Bronisław Wojtuń, Marek Kasprzak, Urszula Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Paweł Kmiecik, Krzysztof Rusinek, Martin Jiroušek, V. Plášek, A. Hrynowiecka, A. Michczyński
During an interdisciplinary study of the mire “Torfowisko pod Małym Śnieżnikiem”, a very old specimen of the Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was encountered. The aim of the present work was to perform a detailed examination of this tree, to compare it to other spruce trees on the mire, and to provide support for establishing protection for this tree stand. Tree ring cores were sampled at 1.3 m above ground using a Pressler borer, in two field campaigns: June and July 2023, the latter campaign aiming to find the oldest trees. A total of 46 trees were sampled, yielding 84 measured radii. Tree ring widths were measured down to 0.01 mm under a stereomicroscope. The oldest sampled tree yielded a total of 370 tree rings in the two radii, representing the period 1653–2022. The average tree ring width for this oldest tree equals 0.33 mm/year, and shows low values (on average 0.19 mm/year) for the period 1742–1943, i.e., during the Little Ice Age cooling. Changes in the tree ring width coincide with periods of cooling and warming in the nearby Tatra Mountains. The oldest tree does not stand out from other trees from the population with respect to height or trunk diameter. A comparison of the age of this tree to the oldest spruce trees in Poland indicates that it is one of the longest living specimens of this species. Considering the natural character of the stand, the remaining flora, and the peat-forming processes taking place within the mire “Pod Małym Śnieżnikiem”, we argue that the mire should become protected by the law as soon as possible in order to preserve this valuable high mountain habitat.
{"title":"Witness of the Little Ice Age—One of the Oldest Spruces in Poland (Śnieżnik Massif, Sudetes, SW Poland)","authors":"A. Cedro, Bernard Cedro, R. Borówka, D. Okupny, Paweł Osóch, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Bronisław Wojtuń, Marek Kasprzak, Urszula Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Paweł Kmiecik, Krzysztof Rusinek, Martin Jiroušek, V. Plášek, A. Hrynowiecka, A. Michczyński","doi":"10.3390/f15060986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060986","url":null,"abstract":"During an interdisciplinary study of the mire “Torfowisko pod Małym Śnieżnikiem”, a very old specimen of the Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was encountered. The aim of the present work was to perform a detailed examination of this tree, to compare it to other spruce trees on the mire, and to provide support for establishing protection for this tree stand. Tree ring cores were sampled at 1.3 m above ground using a Pressler borer, in two field campaigns: June and July 2023, the latter campaign aiming to find the oldest trees. A total of 46 trees were sampled, yielding 84 measured radii. Tree ring widths were measured down to 0.01 mm under a stereomicroscope. The oldest sampled tree yielded a total of 370 tree rings in the two radii, representing the period 1653–2022. The average tree ring width for this oldest tree equals 0.33 mm/year, and shows low values (on average 0.19 mm/year) for the period 1742–1943, i.e., during the Little Ice Age cooling. Changes in the tree ring width coincide with periods of cooling and warming in the nearby Tatra Mountains. The oldest tree does not stand out from other trees from the population with respect to height or trunk diameter. A comparison of the age of this tree to the oldest spruce trees in Poland indicates that it is one of the longest living specimens of this species. Considering the natural character of the stand, the remaining flora, and the peat-forming processes taking place within the mire “Pod Małym Śnieżnikiem”, we argue that the mire should become protected by the law as soon as possible in order to preserve this valuable high mountain habitat.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141384472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Freddy Hernán Villota-González, Walter Palacios, Edison Javier Villota González, Rosario Marilú Bernaola-Paucar, B. Sulbarán-Rangel
Carapa amorphocarpa W. Palacios is a forest species known solely from Cerro Golondrinas in northwestern Ecuador. The species is threatened due to illegal exploitation of its wood and the encroachment of the agricultural frontier. Although information on its ecology and forestry was presented in 2012, there is still very little information available. This study investigated the effects of various pre-germinative treatments on the seed germination and early growth of Carapa amorphocarpa in a nursery. The treatments included combinations of substrates (forest soil alone and forest soil mixed with sand), along with pre-germinative mechanical seed scarification. Through these treatments, the seeds’ germination capacity, growth potential, and survival rates were evaluated in a nursery. Seed germination was found to be cryptocotylar hypogeal, commencing at 41 days and achieving an average of 83.13%. Survival of germinated seedlings was 99.23% at 60 days after germination. Furthermore, a high degree of correlation in growth was observed between basal diameter and plant height (R = 0.94). The mean values for the plants’ basal diameter and total height were 0.91 cm and 50.48 cm, respectively, at 60 days. Plant form was straight with excellent health. These insights offer the potential to enhance species populations, mitigate threat risks, and in the long term, foster sustainable use of Carapa amorphocarpa genetic resources. Moreover, this seed propagation information can be leveraged for other species within the genus exploited for oil extraction from their seeds, thereby broadening knowledge and facilitating sustainable forest resource management.
{"title":"Seed Propagation of Carapa amorphocarpa W. Palacios Using Various Treatments of Substrates and Mechanical Seed Scarification in a Nursery in the Andean Area of Northwestern Ecuador","authors":"Freddy Hernán Villota-González, Walter Palacios, Edison Javier Villota González, Rosario Marilú Bernaola-Paucar, B. Sulbarán-Rangel","doi":"10.3390/f15060987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060987","url":null,"abstract":"Carapa amorphocarpa W. Palacios is a forest species known solely from Cerro Golondrinas in northwestern Ecuador. The species is threatened due to illegal exploitation of its wood and the encroachment of the agricultural frontier. Although information on its ecology and forestry was presented in 2012, there is still very little information available. This study investigated the effects of various pre-germinative treatments on the seed germination and early growth of Carapa amorphocarpa in a nursery. The treatments included combinations of substrates (forest soil alone and forest soil mixed with sand), along with pre-germinative mechanical seed scarification. Through these treatments, the seeds’ germination capacity, growth potential, and survival rates were evaluated in a nursery. Seed germination was found to be cryptocotylar hypogeal, commencing at 41 days and achieving an average of 83.13%. Survival of germinated seedlings was 99.23% at 60 days after germination. Furthermore, a high degree of correlation in growth was observed between basal diameter and plant height (R = 0.94). The mean values for the plants’ basal diameter and total height were 0.91 cm and 50.48 cm, respectively, at 60 days. Plant form was straight with excellent health. These insights offer the potential to enhance species populations, mitigate threat risks, and in the long term, foster sustainable use of Carapa amorphocarpa genetic resources. Moreover, this seed propagation information can be leveraged for other species within the genus exploited for oil extraction from their seeds, thereby broadening knowledge and facilitating sustainable forest resource management.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141384954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae), valued for its medicinal properties and timber and as an ornamental plant, is now classified as an endangered species. Investigating how future climate-change scenarios might affect the potential geographic distribution of L. chinense will provide a crucial scientific basis for its protection and management strategies. The MaxEnt model was calibrated using the ENMeval optimization package, and then it was coupled with ArcGIS 10.8 to forecast the possible distribution areas of L. chinense in China, utilizing elevation data, bioclimatic factors, and human footprint as environmental variables. The results indicate: (1) The optimal model parameters were set as follows: FC = LQ, RM = 0.5, the MaxEnt model demonstrated high predictive accuracy and minimal overfitting; (2) The total suitable habitat area for the potential geographical distribution of L. chinense during the current period is estimated at 151.55 × 104 km2, predominantly located in central, eastern, and southwestern regions of China; (3) The minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17), precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), elevation (alt), and human footprint (hf) are the main environmental variables determining the suitable habitat distribution of L. chinense; (4) During the period from 2041 to 2060, under the carbon emission scenarios of SSP126, SSP245, and SSP370, the suitable habitat for L. chinense shows varying degrees of increase compared to the current period. However, under the highest concentration scenario of SSP585, the suitable habitat area decreases to some extent; (5) The distribution of L. chinense is likely to move towards higher latitudes and elevations in the future due to changes in the climate. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential impacts of climate change on L. chinense, offering valuable information for its protection and management under future climatic conditions.
{"title":"Prediction of Potential Suitable Distribution of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. in China Based on Future Climate Change Using the Optimized MaxEnt Model","authors":"Jieyuan Bai, Hongcheng Wang, Yike Hu","doi":"10.3390/f15060988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060988","url":null,"abstract":"Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae), valued for its medicinal properties and timber and as an ornamental plant, is now classified as an endangered species. Investigating how future climate-change scenarios might affect the potential geographic distribution of L. chinense will provide a crucial scientific basis for its protection and management strategies. The MaxEnt model was calibrated using the ENMeval optimization package, and then it was coupled with ArcGIS 10.8 to forecast the possible distribution areas of L. chinense in China, utilizing elevation data, bioclimatic factors, and human footprint as environmental variables. The results indicate: (1) The optimal model parameters were set as follows: FC = LQ, RM = 0.5, the MaxEnt model demonstrated high predictive accuracy and minimal overfitting; (2) The total suitable habitat area for the potential geographical distribution of L. chinense during the current period is estimated at 151.55 × 104 km2, predominantly located in central, eastern, and southwestern regions of China; (3) The minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17), precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), elevation (alt), and human footprint (hf) are the main environmental variables determining the suitable habitat distribution of L. chinense; (4) During the period from 2041 to 2060, under the carbon emission scenarios of SSP126, SSP245, and SSP370, the suitable habitat for L. chinense shows varying degrees of increase compared to the current period. However, under the highest concentration scenario of SSP585, the suitable habitat area decreases to some extent; (5) The distribution of L. chinense is likely to move towards higher latitudes and elevations in the future due to changes in the climate. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential impacts of climate change on L. chinense, offering valuable information for its protection and management under future climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141384384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional volume-derived biomass method is limited because it does not fully consider the carbon sink of young trees, which leads to the underestimation of the carbon sink capacity of a forest ecosystem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an allometric biomass model of young trees to provide a quantitative basis for accurately estimating the carbon storage and carbon sink of young trees. The destructive data that were used in this study included the biomass of the young trees of the two dominant species (Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll and Populus × tomentosa Carrière) in China, which was composed of the aboveground biomass (Ba), belowground biomass (Bb), and total biomass (Bt). Univariate and bivariate dimensions were selected and five candidate biomass models were independently tested. Two additive allometric biomass model systems of young trees were established using the proportional function control method and algebraic sum control method, respectively. We found that the logistic function was the most suitable for explaining the allometric growth relationship between the Ba, Bt, and diameter at breast height (D) of young trees; the power function was the most suitable for explaining the allometric growth relationship between the Bb and D of young trees. When compared with the independent fitting model, the two additive allometric biomass model systems provide additive biomass prediction which reflects the conditions in reality. The accuracy of the Bt models and Ba models was higher, while the accuracy of the Bb models was lower. In terms of the two dimensions—univariate and bivariate, we found that the bivariate additive allometric biomass model system was more accurate. In the univariate dimension, the proportional function control method was superior to the algebraic sum control method. In the bivariate dimension, the algebraic sum control method was superior to the proportional function control method. The additive allometric biomass models provide a reliable basis for estimating the biomass of young trees and realizing the additivity of the biomass components, which has broad application prospects, such as the monitoring of carbon stocks and carbon sink evaluation.
传统的体积生物量法由于没有充分考虑幼树的碳汇，导致低估了森林生态系统的碳汇能力，因而具有局限性。因此，迫切需要建立幼树异速生物量模型，为准确估算幼树的碳储量和碳汇提供定量依据。本研究采用的破坏性数据包括中国两种优势树种（Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll 和 Populus × tomentosa Carrière）的幼树生物量，由地上生物量（Ba）、地下生物量（Bb）和总生物量（Bt）组成。选择了单变量和双变量维度，并对五个候选生物量模型进行了独立测试。分别采用比例函数控制法和代数和控制法建立了两个幼树加性异速生物量模型系统。我们发现，Logistic函数最适合解释幼树Ba、Bt和胸径（D）之间的异速增长关系；幂函数最适合解释幼树Bb和D之间的异速增长关系。与独立拟合模型相比，两个加性异速生物量模型系统提供的加性生物量预测反映了实际情况。Bt 模型和 Ba 模型的准确度较高，而 Bb 模型的准确度较低。在单变量和双变量两个维度上，我们发现双变量加性异速生物量模型系统的准确性更高。在单变量维度上，比例函数控制法优于代数和控制法。在双变量维度上，代数和控制法优于比例函数控制法。加性异速生物量模型为估算幼树生物量和实现生物量组分的加性提供了可靠的依据，在碳储量监测和碳汇评价等方面具有广阔的应用前景。
{"title":"Construction of Additive Allometric Biomass Models for Young Trees of Two Dominate Species in Beijing, China","authors":"Shan Wang, Zhongke Feng, Zhichao Wang, Lili Hu, Tiantian Ma, Xuanhan Yang, Hening Fu, Jinshan Li","doi":"10.3390/f15060991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060991","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional volume-derived biomass method is limited because it does not fully consider the carbon sink of young trees, which leads to the underestimation of the carbon sink capacity of a forest ecosystem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an allometric biomass model of young trees to provide a quantitative basis for accurately estimating the carbon storage and carbon sink of young trees. The destructive data that were used in this study included the biomass of the young trees of the two dominant species (Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll and Populus × tomentosa Carrière) in China, which was composed of the aboveground biomass (Ba), belowground biomass (Bb), and total biomass (Bt). Univariate and bivariate dimensions were selected and five candidate biomass models were independently tested. Two additive allometric biomass model systems of young trees were established using the proportional function control method and algebraic sum control method, respectively. We found that the logistic function was the most suitable for explaining the allometric growth relationship between the Ba, Bt, and diameter at breast height (D) of young trees; the power function was the most suitable for explaining the allometric growth relationship between the Bb and D of young trees. When compared with the independent fitting model, the two additive allometric biomass model systems provide additive biomass prediction which reflects the conditions in reality. The accuracy of the Bt models and Ba models was higher, while the accuracy of the Bb models was lower. In terms of the two dimensions—univariate and bivariate, we found that the bivariate additive allometric biomass model system was more accurate. In the univariate dimension, the proportional function control method was superior to the algebraic sum control method. In the bivariate dimension, the algebraic sum control method was superior to the proportional function control method. The additive allometric biomass models provide a reliable basis for estimating the biomass of young trees and realizing the additivity of the biomass components, which has broad application prospects, such as the monitoring of carbon stocks and carbon sink evaluation.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gymnosperms are a very old and small group of plants compared to angiosperms. Contemporary science recognizes about 650 extant conifers worldwide. This review focuses on species of the Pinaceae family found in Europe. There are 23 species from the genera Abies, Larix, Picea, and Pinus. Some of them are widespread in Europe, but others have fragmented and limited distribution and are classified as relic, endemic, or endangered. The aim of this review is providing cumulative information about the variability of needle morpho-anatomy, terpenes, and n-alkanes, as well as the genetics of the Pinaceae species, native to Europe. The first morpho-anatomical examinations of needles were conducted in the 19th century. A lot of species have been investigated up to now, but the population variability of many conifer species is still not known. The composition and abundance of terpenes differ between genera and families but also within the same genus, pointing to their taxonomic importance. n-Alkanes on the needle wax surfaces of conifers are sometimes very useful markers of species and population variability. The most abundant n-alkanes in Abies species are nonacosane (C29), hentriacontane (C31), or heptacosane (C27), whereas in Larix decidua and the majority of Picea species, C31 is predominant. C31 and C29 are the dominant n-alkanes in the genus Pinus. The most extensive population-genetic studies of European representatives of the Pinaceae family have focused on Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, and Pinus sylvestris, but also examined endemic species such as Abies borisii-regis, A. cephalonica, A. nebrodensis, and Picea omorika. These studies hold significant practical value in assessing species’ evolutionary potential, devising strategies for long-term species conservation, identifying centers of diversity, detecting relict and ancestral populations, unveiling cryptic species and hybrids, and elucidating the taxonomic significance of species. These investigations are of great value not only on the biodiversity level, but also on the levels of ecology, physiology, taxonomy, and evolution.
{"title":"Autochthonous Conifers of Family Pinaceae in Europe: Broad Review of Morpho-Anatomical and Phytochemical Properties of Needles and Genetic Investigations","authors":"Biljana M. Nikolić, D. Ballian, Z. Mitić","doi":"10.3390/f15060989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060989","url":null,"abstract":"Gymnosperms are a very old and small group of plants compared to angiosperms. Contemporary science recognizes about 650 extant conifers worldwide. This review focuses on species of the Pinaceae family found in Europe. There are 23 species from the genera Abies, Larix, Picea, and Pinus. Some of them are widespread in Europe, but others have fragmented and limited distribution and are classified as relic, endemic, or endangered. The aim of this review is providing cumulative information about the variability of needle morpho-anatomy, terpenes, and n-alkanes, as well as the genetics of the Pinaceae species, native to Europe. The first morpho-anatomical examinations of needles were conducted in the 19th century. A lot of species have been investigated up to now, but the population variability of many conifer species is still not known. The composition and abundance of terpenes differ between genera and families but also within the same genus, pointing to their taxonomic importance. n-Alkanes on the needle wax surfaces of conifers are sometimes very useful markers of species and population variability. The most abundant n-alkanes in Abies species are nonacosane (C29), hentriacontane (C31), or heptacosane (C27), whereas in Larix decidua and the majority of Picea species, C31 is predominant. C31 and C29 are the dominant n-alkanes in the genus Pinus. The most extensive population-genetic studies of European representatives of the Pinaceae family have focused on Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, and Pinus sylvestris, but also examined endemic species such as Abies borisii-regis, A. cephalonica, A. nebrodensis, and Picea omorika. These studies hold significant practical value in assessing species’ evolutionary potential, devising strategies for long-term species conservation, identifying centers of diversity, detecting relict and ancestral populations, unveiling cryptic species and hybrids, and elucidating the taxonomic significance of species. These investigations are of great value not only on the biodiversity level, but also on the levels of ecology, physiology, taxonomy, and evolution.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koen Kramer, Lauren T. Bennett, Remi Borelle, Patrick Byrne, Paul Dettman, Jacqueline R. England, Hielke Heida, Ysbrand Galama, Josephine Haas, Marco van der Heijden, Anna Pykoulas, Rodney Keenan, V. Krishnan, Helena Lindorff, K. Paul, Veronica Nooijen, Jeroen van Veen, Quinten Versmissen, Arnout Asjes
Large areas of Australia’s natural woodlands have been cleared over the last two centuries, and remaining woodlands have experienced degradation from human interventions and anthropogenic climate change. Restoration of woodlands is thus of high priority both for government and society. Revegetation of deforested woodlands is increasingly funded by carbon markets, with accurate predictions of site-level carbon capture an essential step in the decision making to restore. We compared predictions of carbon in above-ground biomass using both the IPCC Tier 2 modelling approach and Australia’s carbon accounting model, FullCAM, to independent validation data from ground-based measurements. The IPCC Tier 2 approach, here referred to as the FastTrack model, was adjusted to simulate carbon capture by mixed-species forests for three planting configurations: direct seeding, tubestock planting, and a mix thereof. For model validation, we collected data on above-ground biomass, crown radius, and canopy cover covering an age range of 9–35 years from 20 plantings (n = 6044 trees). Across the three planting configurations, the FastTrack model showed a bias of 2.4 tC/ha (+4.2% of the observed mean AGB), whilst FullCAM had a bias of −24.6 tC/ha (−42.9% of the observed mean AGB). About two-thirds of the error was partitioned to unsystematic error in FastTrack and about one-quarter in FullCAM, depending on the goodness-of-fit metric assessed. Model bias differed strongly between planting configurations. For the FastTrack model, we found that additional canopy cover data estimated from satellite images obtained at different years can improve the carbon capture projections. To attain the highest accuracy of carbon projection at the site level, we recommend using a model with parameters calibrated for the specific planting configuration using local representative data.
{"title":"Site-Level Modelling Comparison of Carbon Capture by Mixed-Species Forest and Woodland Reforestation in Australia","authors":"Koen Kramer, Lauren T. Bennett, Remi Borelle, Patrick Byrne, Paul Dettman, Jacqueline R. England, Hielke Heida, Ysbrand Galama, Josephine Haas, Marco van der Heijden, Anna Pykoulas, Rodney Keenan, V. Krishnan, Helena Lindorff, K. Paul, Veronica Nooijen, Jeroen van Veen, Quinten Versmissen, Arnout Asjes","doi":"10.3390/f15060990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060990","url":null,"abstract":"Large areas of Australia’s natural woodlands have been cleared over the last two centuries, and remaining woodlands have experienced degradation from human interventions and anthropogenic climate change. Restoration of woodlands is thus of high priority both for government and society. Revegetation of deforested woodlands is increasingly funded by carbon markets, with accurate predictions of site-level carbon capture an essential step in the decision making to restore. We compared predictions of carbon in above-ground biomass using both the IPCC Tier 2 modelling approach and Australia’s carbon accounting model, FullCAM, to independent validation data from ground-based measurements. The IPCC Tier 2 approach, here referred to as the FastTrack model, was adjusted to simulate carbon capture by mixed-species forests for three planting configurations: direct seeding, tubestock planting, and a mix thereof. For model validation, we collected data on above-ground biomass, crown radius, and canopy cover covering an age range of 9–35 years from 20 plantings (n = 6044 trees). Across the three planting configurations, the FastTrack model showed a bias of 2.4 tC/ha (+4.2% of the observed mean AGB), whilst FullCAM had a bias of −24.6 tC/ha (−42.9% of the observed mean AGB). About two-thirds of the error was partitioned to unsystematic error in FastTrack and about one-quarter in FullCAM, depending on the goodness-of-fit metric assessed. Model bias differed strongly between planting configurations. For the FastTrack model, we found that additional canopy cover data estimated from satellite images obtained at different years can improve the carbon capture projections. To attain the highest accuracy of carbon projection at the site level, we recommend using a model with parameters calibrated for the specific planting configuration using local representative data.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141385713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eunjai Lee, Taehyung Kim, Ho-Seong Mun, Jae-Heun Oh, Sang-Kyun Han
Recently, the use of powerful and heavy vehicles for timber harvesting on flat or slightly sloping terrains has been widely expanded to provide safe working conditions and high productivity. However, soil disturbances during ground-based mechanized operations in South Korea are not fully investigated and difficult to avoid. Therefore, we compared the soil displacement and compaction (bulk density and hydraulic conductivity) between two different operations: cut-to-length (CTL) logging with a harvester and forwarder, and whole-tree (WTH) logging with a harvester and skidder. After clear-cutting, severe visual disturbances and rut depths were more prevalent in the forwarding trails than in the skidding trails. The CTL harvesting method created larger amounts of slash (6.9 kg/m2) along the trails than the WTH harvesting did (1.8 kg/m2). We found a significant difference in the compaction between the reference and the track and a negative correlation between the slash quantity values and the percentage increase in compaction. Our results showed that using skidding extraction can cause more severe impacts than forwarding extraction. Thus, these results may be helpful in understanding the influence of ground-based CTL and WTH harvesting operations and achieving best practices to minimize the environmental impacts on soil.
{"title":"Assessing the Extent and Severity of the Impact on Forest Soils of Two Different Fully Mechanized Timber Harvesting Operations","authors":"Eunjai Lee, Taehyung Kim, Ho-Seong Mun, Jae-Heun Oh, Sang-Kyun Han","doi":"10.3390/f15060985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060985","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the use of powerful and heavy vehicles for timber harvesting on flat or slightly sloping terrains has been widely expanded to provide safe working conditions and high productivity. However, soil disturbances during ground-based mechanized operations in South Korea are not fully investigated and difficult to avoid. Therefore, we compared the soil displacement and compaction (bulk density and hydraulic conductivity) between two different operations: cut-to-length (CTL) logging with a harvester and forwarder, and whole-tree (WTH) logging with a harvester and skidder. After clear-cutting, severe visual disturbances and rut depths were more prevalent in the forwarding trails than in the skidding trails. The CTL harvesting method created larger amounts of slash (6.9 kg/m2) along the trails than the WTH harvesting did (1.8 kg/m2). We found a significant difference in the compaction between the reference and the track and a negative correlation between the slash quantity values and the percentage increase in compaction. Our results showed that using skidding extraction can cause more severe impacts than forwarding extraction. Thus, these results may be helpful in understanding the influence of ground-based CTL and WTH harvesting operations and achieving best practices to minimize the environmental impacts on soil.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141386411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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