Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution最新文献

It is of great significance for the development of the Chinese bayberry industry to deeply understand the genetic evolutionary relationship of Chinese bayberry germplasm resources in Southern Zhejiang, fully tap into excellent local germplasm resources, and improve its breeding efficiency. Hence, this study conducted high-throughput whole genome resequencing on 47 Chinese bayberry germplasm resources in Southern Zhejiang with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and Insertion Deletion (InDel) markers used to analyze the population genetic structure, evolutionary relationships, phylogenetic relationships, and genetic diversity. The results revealed that the quantity of clean reads mapped to the reference genome accounted for 96.53% of the total, and a total of 5,380,296 variant sites were detected, including 4,667,304 SNP variant sites and 712,992 InDel variant sites. According to the genetic structure and principal component analysis, the 47 Chinese bayberry samples were clustered into 3 groups, among which, group1(G1) included 10 resources, mainly consisting of large-fruited and late-maturing Chinese bayberry introduced from external regions. It was closely aggregated with each other and had small genetic difference in G1. Group2(G2) included 17 resources, mainly consisting of local cultivars with early maturity and medium-sized fruits, with large genetic differences and rich diversity. Group3(G3) included 20 resources which grew from direct germination of seeds to adult fruiting trees, exhibiting complex genetic backgrounds and significant differences. The genetic distance of the 47 Chinese bayberry samples ranged from 0.024 to 0.332, with an average genetic distance of 0.241. The average value of the diversity index (He) was 0.3, and the average value of the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.244. In the genetic evolution analysis, G2 and G3 were further divided into 5 subgroups and 6 subgroups, respectively, both demonstrating a relatively high genetic diversity. In summary, the genetic background of the 47 Chinese bayberry resources is rich, their genetic evolutionary relationship is relatively independent and complex, and their genetic diversity is high. This conclusion could further broaden the genetic distance between parents, and provide materials and theoretical guidance for the subsequent selection of parents and screening of excellent cultivars in Chinese bayberry breeding.

Vineyard peach can significantly contribute to the improvement of the most economically important traits of peach cultivars grown today. Thanks to unique and specific taste and aroma vineyard peach fruits are suitable for processing and fresh consumption. Additionally, vineyard peaches are a rich source of various essential elements and might be considered an important dietary mineral supplementation. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station Radmilovac of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade. From the vineyard peach germplasm collection containing more than 100 genotypes, 15 genotypes were selected based on the late ripening, fruit weight and quality. The examined genotypes had ripening time after September 15th, high soluble solids (17.4–23%), and sugar (13.4–17.3%) content. Regarding fruit weight genotypes II/17, III/7 and IV/18 (92.5 g, 87.1 g, and 77.9 g respectively) stood out, and in terms of total organoleptic score III/7, IV/17 and IV/18 (17.0, 17.2, and 17.0 respectively) were distinguished. Hence, these genotypes are the most promising for fresh consumption. The observed divergences of fruit characteristics demonstrated the genetic potential of these genotypes to improve peach late-ripening assortment.

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is a versatile oilseed crop with potential applications in food, biofuel, and industrial sectors. However, its potential has not been fully exploited through breeding because of the limited understanding of genetic variation in oil-related traits. The present study characterized the genetic diversity of 386 B. carinata accessions to identify superior genotypes based on their oil content and fatty acid composition. The experiment employed an augmented block design with two replicates. Oil content and fatty acid profiles were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS) and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), respectively. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) variation was observed across all traits, with seed oil content ranging from 37.88% to 46.98%. High heritability (85–94%) and genetic advance (22.30–59.29%) were estimated for all traits. Cluster analysis revealed seven distinct groups with significant intercluster distances. Generally, acc-386 for oil content, acc-02 for erucic acid, acc-386 for α-linolenic acid, acc-385 for eicosenoic acid, and acc-309 for stearic acid were identified as promising candidates for industrial applications because of their high oil content and fatty acid levels. Acc-372 for linoleic, acc-326 for oleic, and acc-270 for palmitic acids showed considerable potential for further improvement for edible oil. This study provides valuable insights for future breeding programs, highlighting the utilization of genetic diversity to optimize fatty acid profiles for various end uses. In particular, the identified genotypes with high erucic acid contents have the potential to develop sustainable biofuel feedstock from B. carinata.

Iris aucheri, which belongs to the Iridaceae family, is one of the most important wild ornamental plants distributed widely throughout the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR) (north of Iraq). The genetic diversity of this plant species is partly known. Thus, 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and 10 conserved DNA derived polymorphism (CDDP) markers were utilized to evaluate the genetic diversity and perform population analysis of 48 wild Iris aucheri genotypes from five locations in the IKR. The results revealed 108 and 134 polymorphic bands for the ISSR and CDDP markers, respectively. The mean values of the number of observed alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), expected heterozygosity or gene diversity (He), unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe), and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 1.71, 1.43, 0.39, 0.26, 0.27, and 0.32 for the ISSR primers and 1.53, 1.37, 0.34, 0.22, 0.23, and 0.26 for the CDDP primers, respectively. All the genotypes were classified into two main clades and two populations on the basis of the UPGMA dendrogram and population structure analysis derived from the marker data. The variation within populations was 89.59%, 90.64%, and 90.31% for ISSR, CDDP, and combinations of both markers, respectively. Among all the data, population 2 presented the highest values of the majority of diversity indices. Our results revealed the efficacy of both markers in determining the genetic variability among iris genotypes. This is the first attempt to use these markers to elucidate genetic diversity among I. aucheri plants. These findings can be used in germplasm conservation and future breeding plans.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), native to Southeast Asia, is renowned for its therapeutic properties, primarily due to its rhizomes containing various secondary metabolites, including the prominent compound curcumin. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 35 turmeric genotypes from different geographical regions using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Out of 116 amplified products, 110 (94.82%) were polymorphic, indicating significant genetic variation, while 6 (5.17%) products were monomorphic. The ISSR primer pairs generated between 8 to 11 bands each, averaging 9.67 bands per pair. Seven markers exhibited the highest polymorphism (100%), while UBC 850 showed the lowest (81.82%). Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.18 to 0.46, averaging 0.33. Resolving Power (RP) varied from 5.66 to 11.49, averaging 8.20. Effective Multiplex Ratio (EMR) values ranged from 8.44 to 25.45, with an average of 18.15. Marker index values ranged from 2.88 to 7.44, averaging 5.92, demonstrating the primers' effectiveness in genetic diversity research. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on ISSR primers grouped the 35 turmeric genotypes into four main clusters. Cluster I, sourced from Kerala, includes 15 accessions divided into four subclusters. Cluster II has three accessions: CIM-Pithambar and ACC Pratibha in one subcluster, and Suguna in another. Cluster III consists of Suvarna and Ladaw in one group, and Lasein and Lakadong in another, with three accessions from the northeastern region and one from Kerala. Cluster IV, the second-largest, includes 13 accessions from Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Maharashtra. These clusters highlight the genetic diversity and geographical distribution of turmeric accessions.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) is a neglected and underutilized crop that plays a big role in improving livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance, there is limited availability of commercially improved cultivars to smallholder farmers in Malawi. This study characterized selected Bambara groundnuts accessions for agro-morphological traits for germplasm discrimination. It also identified genetic variation using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers through Diversity Array Technologies Sequence Low Density (DArTseqLD) that could be used to produce improved seed for crop improvement. Forty Bambara groundnuts accessions were evaluated at the Crops and Soil Sciences Department’s farm of Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bunda College, Malawi. From the 40 accessions, 188 unique seed samples were selected for genotyping using DArTseqLD SNP markers. Data on agro-morphological traits were collected following the Bambara groundnut descriptor guidelines and multivariate analysis were performed. Principal Component Analysis revealed a total variation of 53%. The study generated 1048 DArTseqLD SNP markers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) identified 84% and 13% of genetic variation among and within the Bambara groundnut accessions respectively, whereas 3% genetic variation was observed among the total populations. Cluster analysis based on genotypic data grouped the 188 samples into 10 clusters. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, it can be concluded that there is a significant degree of variation and genetic diversity in the accessions evaluated that can be used in crop improvement program as well as being directly used by farmers in seed production.

Drought occurring at the early developmental stages results in a reduction of the wheat growth and development performance, hence, yield and grain quality reduction. Therefore, understanding the role of seed priming through the application of hydropriming and nanopriming using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is highly important in response to drought stress. This study aims to detect the natural phenotypic variation of the traits related to germination parameters, seedling characteristics, and seed biomass, as well as the chlorophyll content under both control and drought treatments. Evaluating wheat accessions response to seed priming, including hydropriming and nanopriming using 50 ppm AgNPs. Under drought stress, a highly significant increase was detected for germination-related traits, seedling, and biomass parameters in wheat seeds exposed to silver nanopriming as compared to the control treatment. Under nano-primed seed (AgNPs) conditions, root length showed a positive correlation with all traits under drought stress, suggesting a strong relationship between root length and all germination and seedling parameters resulting in wheat experiencing tolerance to water shortage conditions. Based on genome wide association study (GWAS) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) outputs, a total of 261 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were detected for all of the studied traits under both control and drought conditions. Interestingly, twenty reliable genomic regions with several hotspots of significant SNP markers were discovered inside high LD regions. Markedly, chromosome 1B showed high significant marker (Tdurum_contig11896_550) at position 581,201,755 bp. Within this region, the candidate gene TraesCS1A02G049700 encodes zinc finger-like domains superfamily that controls the variation of chlorophyll content under CHP, CUP, and DNP. The accessions carrying T allele showed higher chlorophyll content under CUP, CHP, and DNP than the accessions carrying C allele, suggesting the positive selection for accessions carrying T allele in breeding programs under drought stress conditions. The identification of these genetic factors opens new pathways for the development of wheat cultivars to withstand water scarcity.

DNA barcoding allows the use of molecular markers to differentiate the species of an interest group. This is especially useful when morphological characters are insufficient due to high similarity between species. The genus Capsicum contains some species that are difficult to determine by taxonomic means, in particular the annuum complex. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the discriminatory ability of two molecular markers in Colombian Capsicum accessions, including three wild species belonging to the Andean clade of the genus. A total of 95 Capsicum accessions, representing eight species, were genotyped by high resolution melting analysis (HRM) using the Waxy and C2_At5g04590 markers. Waxy could discriminate the Andean clade species (C. rhomboideum, C. dimorphum and C. lycianthoides), C. baccatum, C. pubescens and C. chinense, while C2_At5g04590 could discriminate C. frutescens, C. annuum var. annuum and C. annuum var. glabriusculum. Hence, a combination of the two markers could be used for discrimination of the eight species including the wild variety of C. annuum: C. annuum var. glabriusculum. Most nucleotide substitutions and indels were found in the sequences of the three Andean species, indicating that the Andean clade has a high genetic diversity compared to the other species. The incorporation of more wild species and varieties in this study allowed to correct the power of both markers to discriminate Capsicum species, besides the registration of new haplotypes.

Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) cultivated throughout the wet tropics is consumed by hundreds of millions. This underexploited species plays a major role for food security but is not under the mandate of the international research system. Development activities are left to national institutions in developing countries, the conservation and characterization of its genetic resources are uncoordinated. Breeding activities are rare and isolated. Despite these major constraints, significant research efforts have been made over the last fifty years and are being discussed in the present review. The taxonomic position of many Xanthosoma spp. is suspicious and cultivated forms of unknown species are often called X. sagittifolium. In most countries, germplasm collections are small with accessions number ranging from a few to 80. They are often grouped based on different pigmentations on their vegetative parts and side-cormels flesh colors. Limited variation in quantitative traits is observed. Isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been used and reveal limited allelic diversity. Significant investments have been made in the development of various tissue culture protocols to ease preservation and sanitation. Despite controversial reports regarding sterility or incompatibility, the efforts made to induce flowering, to cross-pollination and to raising hybrids were successful. It appears that there are no major technical and biological constraint to conventional cocoyam breeding. Unfortunately, most programs are based on narrow genetic bases and if cocoyam breeding is to have any future, there is an urgent need to encourage the international exchange of selected germplasm.

MYB transcription factors play pivotal roles in various facets of plant morphogenesis, maturation, and essential physiological functions. Despite the essential nature of MYB family genes (MYBs) in plant biology, their functions and expression patterns in Rosa persica remain incompletely characterized. This poses an obstacle for the further identification of the functions of related genes in R. persica. To shed light on the structural and expression characteristics of MYB gene family members in R. persica, 147 RbeMYBs were identified within the R. persica genome. Subsequently, a thorough examination of their chromosomal localization, gene structure, and protein structural domains was conducted. The phylogeny of the MYB transcription factor family of R. persica was analyzed, collinearity analyses were performed with MYBs of Arabidopsis thaliana and other species, and expression profiles were obtained through RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. This article identifies the R. persica MYB family, offers preliminary insights into its potential functions, and pinpoints six candidate genes related to pigment synthesis. This knowledge provides a foundation for future developments in R. persica flower color breeding.