Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution最新文献

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is one of the most important staple food worldwide with a global production estimated at around 800 million metric tons for paddy rice in 2021. However, this production is hampered by several factors, such as land salinity. In this study, 230 F_2:3 lines of the Sahel 328/NERICA-L-9 mapping populations were evaluated for their tolerance to salinity at the young seedling stage at an electrical conductivity (EC) equivalent to 12 dSm⁻¹. All parameters investigated were negatively affected under saline conditions compared to the control. Of these lines, 10 had a salt injury score (SIS) lower than that of the tolerant control, FL478 and 17 than the donor parent NERICA-L-9. About 4684 informative SNPs and 230 lines were used to construct the genetic linkage map. Twenty quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with LOD > 3 that were related to SIS, root length, and shoot length were identified in this study. Twelve new QTLs associated with salt tolerance, qLR2.1, qLR2.2, qLR3.1, qLR3.2, qLR3.3, qLR5, qLR7.4, qLR10, qLR11, qLF6, qSES10 and qSES12, located on chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 and 12, respectively were discovered in this study. These QTLs were mapped on the 12 linkage groups (LG), with LG9 having the lowest number of molecular markers (160 SNPs), while LG2 was the largest with 498 markers. These markers may be useful in rice breeding programs.

The search for natural antioxidants to safeguard against several diseases is expanding rapidly. Interestingly, the levels of antioxidants have been discovered to be greater in the in vitro-raised calli than the plant extracts in vivo. The aim of this research was to standardize the protocols for culturing calli of five potential medicinal herbs and determine their antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds. The calli of carnation, goji berry, harmal, bitter cucumber, and datura were developed from young leaves using Murashige and Skoog media with varied forms and concentrations of cytokinin and auxin in combination after their optimization. Goji berry, carnation, and datura initiated callus in 13 days, faster than bitter cucumber (20 days). Datura had a 28.7% higher callus induction rate than bitter cucumber. The callus weight of goji berry was three times higher than harmal, with a 25.4% greater diameter than bitter cucumber. The callus of goji berry had 4.3 times more phenolic and ascorbic content than datura and 1.9× more than harmal. The callus of datura had twice the total antioxidant capacity of harmal. The callus of goji berry exhibited 5.7% increased radical-scavenging activities than datura. The enzyme activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were 2.6% and 2.4% greater in the callus of goji berry than datura. The callus of goji berry also had 2.1% and 2.4% increased peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities than datura and bitter cucumber, respectively. From the findings, it can be concluded that the callus of goji berry is a highly promising source of natural antioxidants, exhibiting significantly higher levels of antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds compared to other medicinal herbs.

Micronutrient and phytochemical deficiencies pose a significant global health challenge, with Asia and Africa disproportionately affected, and India hosting nearly half of the impacted population. In response, strategies like genetic biofortification have been pursued to combat malnutrition. Recently, moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) has gained recognition as a superfood due to its high minerals, vitamins, phytochemicals, and antioxidant contents in its leaves. However, addressing global malnutrition challenges and meeting the rising demand for moringa leaves necessitates the development of superior nutrient-dense genotypes with minimized antinutritional factors. With this aim, 52 moringa genotypes were collected from key traditional growing regions nationwide at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru, India and assessed for fifteen biochemical traits, including seven minerals and eight phytochemicals, across three contrasting leaf harvest seasons. The results revealed highly significant differences among them. The greater phenotypic coefficient of variation compared to the genotypic coefficient of variation across all traits indicates the influence of environmental conditions on these traits. High heritability and genetic gain estimates recorded for several traits indicate the predominance of additive gene action governing them. The superior genotypes exhibited high nutrient efficiency, with increases of 57.83% for Ca, 61.10% for Fe, 56.23% for Zn, and 83.31% for Cu over the gene pool mean and commercial cultivars. Noteworthy genotypes, such as IIHR-D-55 (Ca and Zn), IIHR-D-99 (Mg and ascorbic acid content), IIHR-D-86 (total phenols and antioxidant activity), and IIHR-D-80 (low oxalate), hold promise for utilization in the pharmaceutical industry and household-level biofortification.

The taxonomic significance of both micromorphological and macromorphological features of nutlets within 20 species of Boraginaceae was studied through the utilization of a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) from Pakistan. The study aimed to determine distinct ultra-structural traits of nutlets with diagnostic value, contributing to the exact identification, proper delimitation, and elucidation of their evolutionary position. Boraginaceae has a wide spectrum of remarkable micromorphological traits and extremely variable ultrastructure. SEM analysis was used to investigate nutlet micromorphological features, such as color, shape, cell outline, texture, surface sculpturing, epidermal cell arrangement as well as anticlinal and periclinal walls. The seed shapes have been identified as pyramid, kidney-shaped, spherical, ovoid, ovate, and oblong with a terminal visible hilum in most taxa. The nutlets color were grey to brown, brown, black, brown to black, greenish-brown, light-brown, yellow to brown, dark brown, and mustard brown. Exo-morphological features, such as epidermal cell arrangements including rectangular, polygonal, irregular, and pentagonal to hexagonal. To evaluate comparable and dissimilar species within Boraginaceae taxa with a valid justification, cluster analysis was utilized. The nutlet morphology of taxa was examined by utilizing a stereomicroscope and SEM to evaluate the diagnostic value of the characters. At the species level, this investigation explored nutlets features which could deliver lots of new taxonomic insights. The findings showed that nutlet morphology by using an SEM could potentially be exploited in the identification of plant taxa, specifically at the genus and species level.

The assessment of genetic diversity within and between grapevine populations is routinely performed at the molecular level using various laboratory-based techniques. Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers have been widely used for plant varietal fingerprinting analysis, assessment of hybridization as well as detection of clonal variations and identification of cultivars. The objective of the present study was to reveal the ISSR-based genetic and morphological diversity among different grapevine genotypes, analyse polymorphism level of ISSR primers used, and determine genetic relationship of some Azerbaijani, introduced cultivars and hybrids. Twenty-one cultivars were analysed via ten polymorphic ISSR primers.. Morphological and ampelography data of genotypes studied according OIV descriptors to provide complete information of accessions. ISSR primers produced a total of 56 bands of which 44 were polymorphic. Resolving power of the ISSR primers ranged between 1.61 (UBC 826) and 4.09 (UBC 840). PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) values varied from 0.211(UBC 842) to 0.401 (UBC 810) respectively. The grapevine genotypes were grouped into five major kinship groups. Considering morphological and high genetic similarity value Khalbasar and Apoi Khagog genotypes showed highest genetic similarity index (0.923) and could be theoretically identical. Our results revealed that ISSR genetic markers combined with morphological and ampleography data could be a better tool for evaluation of genetic diversity among the grapevine genotypes.

The root-knot nematode infestation is a significant challenge in chilli cultivation, necessitating the development of resistant cultivars. This study aimed to screen 200 chilli germplasm lines and identify resistant sources for root-knot nematode using multivariate analysis at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. The parameters such as shoot length, root length, shoot weight, root weight, shoot girth were assessed, and nematode infestation was quantified by counting galls and egg masses. The germplasm lines were categorized based on gall index and egg mass index into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible groups. The analysis of variance revealed substantial variation among the germplasm lines. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between nematode infestation and growth parameters. The cluster analysis identified three distinct groups of genotypes based on root knot nematode tolerance. The factor analysis 1 is associated with nematode infestation, and factor analysis 2 is related to growth parameters. The multi-trait ideotype genotype distance index analysis integrated multiple traits to identify top-performing genotypes. The germplasm lines EC771549-A, IHR3226 and IHR3575 showed high resistance, while Pusa Sadabahar was susceptible. The PCR-specific markers were used for validation of Me genes for root-knot nematode resistance. The simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker GPMS 171 and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker SCAR_CD showed clear polymorphism, correlating with phenotypic resistance. The germplasm line EC771549-A, is consistently resistant at phenotypic, molecular and selected based on multi-trait ideotype genotype distance index values, while Pusa Sadabahar was confirmed as susceptible. This study highlights the effectiveness of integrating molecular marker analysis with phenotypic evaluation and multivariate analysis to identify root-knot nematode resistant sources. The findings provide valuable insights into the genetic architecture of root-knot nematode resistance in chilli and candidate lines for breeding programme aimed at developing resistant cultivars, thereby contributing to sustainable chilli production and nematode management.

Saline submergence is an important stress for the vast coastal regions of many countries including India. A total of 21 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across 11 chromosomes of rice were used to study the genetic diversity in a diverse collection of 143 rice accessions from different parts of the world. The polymerase chain reaction profile obtained from 21 SSR markers generated a total of 139 allelic variations. Four genotypes Annakulam Pokkali (IC145150A), Annakulam Pokkali (IC145150B), Pokkali-Ezhikkara-IC324580, and Pokkali-IC324587 showed the higher number of alleles (16) for the miR169j SSR at Chr 9. The population structure analysis divided all the 143 genotypes into three sub-populations and phylogeny analysis revealed three distinct genetic clusters suggesting how these genotypes were highly diversified and evolutionarily related to each other. We further treated the genotypes under low saline submergence (5 dSm⁻¹; 42.92 mM NaCl) and high saline submergence (10 dSm⁻¹; 85.83 mM NaCl) at germination stage for 5 days to evaluate the germination percentage. A total of 133 accessions were found to have moderate to high level of tolerance and 10 accessions were susceptible to anaerobic germination under saline-submergence. Our results indicated that Carolina Gold (EC792285) and Pokkali-BJJ/10-2 genotypes are highly tolerant and promising to the saline submergence condition for anaerobic germination. All of the tolerant Pokkali accessions were seen to cluster in the same clade in the phylogenetic tree whereas susceptible accessions grouped in the same cluster. Clear distinction in the pattern of clustering among tolerant and susceptible accessions were visible. Hence, some of the highly tolerant genotypes identified in our study can be used as donors for rice breeding programme. Improved rice ultivars can be developed further by introgression of promising candidate genes associated with saline submergence tolerance in anaerobic condition.

Bael is an important indigenous minor fruit crop of India. Considering its importance, exploring diversity and germplasm collection was conducted in the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (ABR), spreading to three districts of Chhattisgarh state. A total of 35 diverse samples of bael germplasm were collected, of which 21 distinct types were analyzed for various quantitative and qualitative traits. A large amount of variability was recorded in the shape, size, shell thickness, and content of health-promoting bioactive compounds. The highest fruit weight (2.54 kg) was observed for accession IC0645501 followed by accession IC0645463 (1.40 kg), while accession IC0645480 exhibited the lowest fruit weight (77.65 g). IC0645487 showed the highest total soluble solids (TSS) content (54.16°Brix) and IC0645499 had the lowest TSS content (26.81°Brix). Maximum carotenoid content was recorded in IC0645485 (6.21 µg/ g) and lowest in IC0645501 (0.62 µg/ g) showing 9.5 fold variation. FRAP antioxidant activity ranged from 0.095 to 0.202 mg/ g GAE and total phenolics varied from 1.22 (IC0645501) to 2.27 mg/g GAE (IC0645480). Distinct accessions for better fruit quality traits like large size, high pulp weight ratio, low seeds etc. have great potential for breeding and improvement in bael.

In drier zones pearl millet faces moderate to severe drought stress at seedling stage leading to mortality and poor plant stand. An effective and rapid drought screening protocol as well as tolerant genotypes are required to address the issue. Hydroponics provide an uniform stress environment which we utilized in the study to create dehydration stress in pearl millet seedlings through root dehydration. Stress duration for 7 days @ 6 h/day differentiated the tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Pearl millet minicore collection of 207 genotypes were divided in to four groups based on seedlings traits measured under stress. Phenotypic response of seedlings to dehydration stress measured through drought score showed moderate correlation with quantum yield and fresh shoot weight. In all, 32 genotypes showed tolerant reaction to seedling drought stress. Both tolerant and susceptible genotypes identified under hydroponics performed at par under soil-pot conditions. Genotypes IP 3642, IP 20995, IP 10665, IP 1556, IP 2322, IP 8562, IP 18579, IP 8472, IP 5711, IP 277, IP 11268 showed better seedling growth parameters under rapid dehydration through hydroponics as well in progressive soil drying under pot conditions.

Parkia platycephala Benth., a tree native to Brazil North and Northeast, faces a threat due to the intense use of its fruit in animal nutrition. This research aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and structure within provenances and progeny of P. platycephala using the molecular marker ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) to inform germplasm bank establishment for species genetic conservation. Thirteen ISSR primers were amplified in 87 loci with 100% polymorphism. The primers demonstrated the highest efficiency in polymorphism detection based on their average values for polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.43), marker index (MI = 2.88), and resolving power (RP = 3.85). Nei’s genetic diversity (H) showed an average of 0.31, while the Shannon index (I) had an average of 0.47, with the highest diversity observed in progenies from Bom Jesus. The analysis of the genetic structure indicated a greater degree of genetic variation within populations (82.74%). The value of Φst (0.172) suggested a moderate genetic structure between provenances. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Bayesian analysis (K = 4) identified the formation of distinct genetic groups. The mating system is primarily allogamous, with a significant presence of progenies formed by crosses between relatives. These results highlight the importance of maintaining ex-situ conservation of P. platycephala, utilizing promising individuals for the production and propagation of quality seeds, as well as genetic improvement.