Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10765
N. Serpa
This article performs a synthesis of two disruptive theories that seek to describe the ultimate nature of the universe. The first deals with the physical continuity of the expansion of the four-dimensional cosmic woof. The second describes the expansion energy of the continuum with the aid of a Lagrangian approach to the intrinsic thermodynamics assumed. The proposal intends to fill the gap between the continuous and discontinuousimages of the universe, discussing topics as follows:1. Continuity in physics; 2. Space-time; 3. Entropy; 4. Thermal expansion of the universe.The explanatory content is organized like this:1 Introduction — familiarization of the reader with the philosophy of the proposed theories and presentation ofthe general purposes; 2 How the expansion of the space-time continuum works — the theory of ever-expanding space-time (the continuous physic expansion of the cosmos), i. e., expanding regardless of the space-time scale considered, including in sub-Planckian domains;3 Understanding entropy — entropy and its role in paralel with time; introduction of the Lagrangian formalismcoupling time and energy;4 The synthesis itself — the connection of the two theories and its structuring meaning.
{"title":"The Unsustainable Resistance to Disruptive Physics and a New Look at Cosmology and Thermodynamics","authors":"N. Serpa","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10765","url":null,"abstract":"This article performs a synthesis of two disruptive theories that seek to describe the ultimate nature of the universe. The first deals with the physical continuity of the expansion of the four-dimensional cosmic woof. The second describes the expansion energy of the continuum with the aid of a Lagrangian approach to the intrinsic thermodynamics assumed. The proposal intends to fill the gap between the continuous and discontinuousimages of the universe, discussing topics as follows:1. Continuity in physics; 2. Space-time; 3. Entropy; 4. Thermal expansion of the universe.The explanatory content is organized like this:1 Introduction — familiarization of the reader with the philosophy of the proposed theories and presentation ofthe general purposes; \u00002 How the expansion of the space-time continuum works — the theory of ever-expanding space-time (the continuous physic expansion of the cosmos), i. e., expanding regardless of the space-time scale considered, including in sub-Planckian domains;3 Understanding entropy — entropy and its role in paralel with time; introduction of the Lagrangian formalismcoupling time and energy;4 The synthesis itself — the connection of the two theories and its structuring meaning.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126772649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12770
N. T. Ilugo, G. Avwiri, Y. Chad-Umoren
This study evaluates the radon concentrations in public places and private residences with different altitudes in selected locations in Delta State. These measurements were carried out using a professional radon monitoring instrument (Alpha GUARD PQ2000 PRO) and a geographical positioning system (GPS-Garmin GPS Map 76S). The recorded mean radon concentration varied from 11.70 ± 5.20 Bq/m3 to 23.90 ±16.60 Bq/m3, which is within the WHO acceptable range (100 Bq/m3). The basement had greater radon concentrations than the upper floors in most situations, although there were few exceptions. The average values of the estimated radiation risk parameters, which include equilibrium equivalent radon concentration, the potential alpha energy concentration, radon exhalation rates, and excess lifetime cancer risk due to exposure to radon radiation from their progeny are 4.7 Bq/m3 to 9.5Bq/m3, 1.20 × 10-3mWL to 2.60 × 10-3mWL, 0.04 × 10-3WML/y to 0.09× 10-3 WML/y, 3.7Bq/m2/h to 7.52Bq/m2/h and 2.10 × 10-3 to 3.30 × 10-3 respectively. The calculated radiation risk factors were all found to be within the recommended limits based on the data obtained. The research region is deemed safe and poses no threat to people.
{"title":"Estimation of Radon Concentration around Public Spaces and Residential Homes with Altitude within Cities of Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"N. T. Ilugo, G. Avwiri, Y. Chad-Umoren","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12770","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the radon concentrations in public places and private residences with different altitudes in selected locations in Delta State. These measurements were carried out using a professional radon monitoring instrument (Alpha GUARD PQ2000 PRO) and a geographical positioning system (GPS-Garmin GPS Map 76S). The recorded mean radon concentration varied from 11.70 ± 5.20 Bq/m3 to 23.90 ±16.60 Bq/m3, which is within the WHO acceptable range (100 Bq/m3). The basement had greater radon concentrations than the upper floors in most situations, although there were few exceptions. The average values of the estimated radiation risk parameters, which include equilibrium equivalent radon concentration, the potential alpha energy concentration, radon exhalation rates, and excess lifetime cancer risk due to exposure to radon radiation from their progeny are 4.7 Bq/m3 to 9.5Bq/m3, 1.20 × 10-3mWL to 2.60 × 10-3mWL, 0.04 × 10-3WML/y to 0.09× 10-3 WML/y, 3.7Bq/m2/h to 7.52Bq/m2/h and 2.10 × 10-3 to 3.30 × 10-3 respectively. The calculated radiation risk factors were all found to be within the recommended limits based on the data obtained. The research region is deemed safe and poses no threat to people.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129137393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10769
Pape Tamsir Ndiaye, O. Thiam, M. Ndiaye, Goumbo Ndiaye, M. Sow, C. Mbow
A numerical modeling of the effect of the ratio of thermal conductivity on the thin film condensation in forced convection in a canal whose walls are covered with a porous material is presented. In this work, the generalized Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer (DBF) equations in the porous medium and the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer equations in the pure liquid, were used. Rendered dimensionless and homotopically transformed into a new rectangular basis, we used a finite difference method to discretize them. The advection and the diffusion terms are discretized with respectively a backward-centered scheme and a centered scheme. After validation, we find that a variation of the longitudinal velocity as a function of the ratio of thermal conductivity only for low values of the Peclet number. When the ratio of thermal conductivity increases, corresponding to an increasingly conductive medium, the longitudinal velocity, the temperature and the Nusselt number increase (even when the Peclet number is high for the thermal field). While the thickness of the liquid film decreases (disadvantaged condensation) and leads to an increase in the length of entry, increase almost linear. The sensitivity of condensation to variations in the ratio of thermal conductivity is constant, whatever its value. The ratio of thermal conductivity is a very decisive and predictable physical quantity to properly examine the performance of condensation.
{"title":"Numerical Modeling of the Effect of the Ratio of Thermal Conductivity on the Thin Film Condensation in Forced Convection in a Canal Whose Walls are Covered with a Porous Material","authors":"Pape Tamsir Ndiaye, O. Thiam, M. Ndiaye, Goumbo Ndiaye, M. Sow, C. Mbow","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10769","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical modeling of the effect of the ratio of thermal conductivity on the thin film condensation in forced convection in a canal whose walls are covered with a porous material is presented. In this work, the generalized Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer (DBF) equations in the porous medium and the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer equations in the pure liquid, were used. \u0000Rendered dimensionless and homotopically transformed into a new rectangular basis, we used a finite difference method to discretize them. The advection and the diffusion terms are discretized with respectively a backward-centered scheme and a centered scheme. \u0000After validation, we find that a variation of the longitudinal velocity as a function of the ratio of thermal conductivity only for low values of the Peclet number. When the ratio of thermal conductivity increases, corresponding to an increasingly conductive medium, the longitudinal velocity, the temperature and the Nusselt number increase (even when the Peclet number is high for the thermal field). While the thickness of the liquid film decreases (disadvantaged condensation) and leads to an increase in the length of entry, increase almost linear. The sensitivity of condensation to variations in the ratio of thermal conductivity is constant, whatever its value. \u0000The ratio of thermal conductivity is a very decisive and predictable physical quantity to properly examine the performance of condensation.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121510659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12771
Anas Al-Yasiry, Aoss Moez Abed–Alhussian Alyassery, Z. Al-Jammali, Israa Hussein Ali
Bell's Palsy is one of communal disease of effected to seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of one or two side of the face which occur within (72 hours), the etiology unknown but different causes such as psychological, physical condition, viral infection, ischemia of blood vessels, and autoimmune inflammation. The individuals are more susceptible to effected such as pregnancies, severe preeclampsia, obese persons, hypertensive patients, diabetic mellitus, it suspected for both sex male and female, also occur in all age but increase within ages that very important to determined type of treatments . During the clinical examination, the Bell's Palsy patient suffer from weakness of muscle of the face, wrinkling forehead, hyper-acusis blink, the face became asymmetrical and the lip ruck up, the corner of the mouth move upward, the naso-labial folds obliterated, weakness of buccinator muscles that lead to the food stay in labial, buccal vestibule in upper and lower jaw, half of face drooped causes of expression altered severely occur like mask. The aim of review bring attention for determined the etiology of Bell's Palsy, early diagnosis of disease by clinical examination to reach perfect therapy and acceleration recovery time and decreased complete facial paralysis. Conclusion: the authors conclude that it is important to evaluate the drug act to regenerate the nerve and modify the treatment to get effected drug with little symptom, also modification of physical therapy to accelerate healing. Dental management for this patient by motivation of them to maintain oral hygiene and modification dental treatment to return mastication of food, brushing, whistling and using dental prosthesis to restore facial function. Also help the psychological condition of the patient to get positive energy to withstand the disease and get ride.
{"title":"Belly's Palsy with Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis- A Review","authors":"Anas Al-Yasiry, Aoss Moez Abed–Alhussian Alyassery, Z. Al-Jammali, Israa Hussein Ali","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12771","url":null,"abstract":"Bell's Palsy is one of communal disease of effected to seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of one or two side of the face which occur within (72 hours), the etiology unknown but different causes such as psychological, physical condition, viral infection, ischemia of blood vessels, and autoimmune inflammation. The individuals are more susceptible to effected such as pregnancies, severe preeclampsia, obese persons, hypertensive patients, diabetic mellitus, it suspected for both sex male and female, also occur in all age but increase within ages that very important to determined type of treatments . During the clinical examination, the Bell's Palsy patient suffer from weakness of muscle of the face, wrinkling forehead, hyper-acusis blink, the face became asymmetrical and the lip ruck up, the corner of the mouth move upward, the naso-labial folds obliterated, weakness of buccinator muscles that lead to the food stay in labial, buccal vestibule in upper and lower jaw, half of face drooped causes of expression altered severely occur like mask. The aim of review bring attention for determined the etiology of Bell's Palsy, early diagnosis of disease by clinical examination to reach perfect therapy and acceleration recovery time and decreased complete facial paralysis. Conclusion: the authors conclude that it is important to evaluate the drug act to regenerate the nerve and modify the treatment to get effected drug with little symptom, also modification of physical therapy to accelerate healing. Dental management for this patient by motivation of them to maintain oral hygiene and modification dental treatment to return mastication of food, brushing, whistling and using dental prosthesis to restore facial function. Also help the psychological condition of the patient to get positive energy to withstand the disease and get ride.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128261154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12773
Zeinab K. Osman, Nodar O. Khalifa, Sara IB. Mustafa
Malaria is the most widespread disease in Africa and developing countries which has a negative effect on everyday life and causes thousands death each year. To find new, more precise, and less expensive diagnostic methods, an increasing number of studies are needed. In order to replace the conventional method for detecting the presence of malaria parasites in human blood, the electrical conductivity and viscosity of the blood of falciparum malaria were measured. To investigate the effect of malaria on physical properties; a total of hundred blood samples were collected from Khartoum state teaching hospital, samples were subdivided into two groups, fifty from the malaria patient and other fifty from healthy people setting as control group. An Ostwald viscometer, a hematocrit centrifuge and conductivity equipment were used to measure the viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood respectively. In this study it was found that the mean value of hematocrit for healthy individuals was 45.7%. While in malaria patients was 27.7 %, in addition, the mean value of blood viscosity for healthy individuals was 4.4 cp, while 2.8 cp, for patients. The mean value for conductivity of whole blood in healthy individuals was 4.4 m. s, whereas it was 3.9 m.s in patients, but the mean value of serum conductivity was 4.3 in patients a m.s and 8.3 in healthy individuals. Conclusion: The results obtained in this indicated significantly changed in viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood due malaria parasites. These physical changes caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria can be used as new malaria diagnostic techniques.
{"title":"The Study of Blood Conductivity and Viscosity in Malaria","authors":"Zeinab K. Osman, Nodar O. Khalifa, Sara IB. Mustafa","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12773","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is the most widespread disease in Africa and developing countries which has a negative effect on everyday life and causes thousands death each year. To find new, more precise, and less expensive diagnostic methods, an increasing number of studies are needed. In order to replace the conventional method for detecting the presence of malaria parasites in human blood, the electrical conductivity and viscosity of the blood of falciparum malaria were measured. To investigate the effect of malaria on physical properties; a total of hundred blood samples were collected from Khartoum state teaching hospital, samples were subdivided into two groups, fifty from the malaria patient and other fifty from healthy people setting as control group. An Ostwald viscometer, a hematocrit centrifuge and conductivity equipment were used to measure the viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood respectively. In this study it was found that the mean value of hematocrit for healthy individuals was 45.7%. While in malaria patients was 27.7 %, in addition, the mean value of blood viscosity for healthy individuals was 4.4 cp, while 2.8 cp, for patients. The mean value for conductivity of whole blood in healthy individuals was 4.4 m. s, whereas it was 3.9 m.s in patients, but the mean value of serum conductivity was 4.3 in patients a m.s and 8.3 in healthy individuals. \u0000Conclusion: The results obtained in this indicated significantly changed in viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood due malaria parasites. These physical changes caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria can be used as new malaria diagnostic techniques.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116819193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12772
S. Maftunzada
We studied bipolar junction transistors. We will see that the bipolar junction transistor, often referred to by its short name, transistor, actually functions as a current-controlled current source. We will also see that in the current generation of bipolar junction transistors, both majority and minority carriers are involved. For this reason, they gave this name to this type of transistor. In order to get enough information about this part, in the first two parts we will examine the construction and working method of the transistor. After that, we dedicate sections to how the transistor is placed in different combinations and the characteristics of the transistor in each combination.
{"title":"The Structure and Working Principle of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)","authors":"S. Maftunzada","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12772","url":null,"abstract":"We studied bipolar junction transistors. We will see that the bipolar junction transistor, often referred to by its short name, transistor, actually functions as a current-controlled current source. We will also see that in the current generation of bipolar junction transistors, both majority and minority carriers are involved. For this reason, they gave this name to this type of transistor. In order to get enough information about this part, in the first two parts we will examine the construction and working method of the transistor. After that, we dedicate sections to how the transistor is placed in different combinations and the characteristics of the transistor in each combination.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124518923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i8761
SIB. Mustafa, N. Almuslet, Zienb K. Osman, Tarig H. Abdeelh, K. M. Haroun
Quantum cryptography is a science that relies on the use of a protocol designed to exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to achieve the secrecy of cryptographic keys. This work aimed to generate a quantum key based on polarization-entangled photon pairs; to eliminate the error by implementing the BB89 protocol using the Delphi language program in order to obtain a high degree of security. The results explain the effect of the number of EPR photons pair running from (500-10000) photons on the number of coincidences, expected error and Bell's parameter discussed as; Total coincidences of the Bell – CHSH increases with increasing of EPR pairs, and values were stable when EPR pairs were increased, there was a small random change in the expected error rate (in case of no eavesdropping).This study concludes thatTotal coincidences of the Bell and expected error are affected by the number of entangled photons.The increasing of the length of key must increase the number of EPR and decrease the Error and Bell's value must be stable.
{"title":"The Effect of the Number of Entangled Photons on the Number of Coincidences Rate, Bell’s Inequality and the Error Rate by the Delphi Program","authors":"SIB. Mustafa, N. Almuslet, Zienb K. Osman, Tarig H. Abdeelh, K. M. Haroun","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i8761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i8761","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum cryptography is a science that relies on the use of a protocol designed to exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to achieve the secrecy of cryptographic keys. This work aimed to generate a quantum key based on polarization-entangled photon pairs; to eliminate the error by implementing the BB89 protocol using the Delphi language program in order to obtain a high degree of security. The results explain the effect of the number of EPR photons pair running from (500-10000) photons on the number of coincidences, expected error and Bell's parameter discussed as; Total coincidences of the Bell – CHSH increases with increasing of EPR pairs, and values were stable when EPR pairs were increased, there was a small random change in the expected error rate (in case of no eavesdropping).This study concludes thatTotal coincidences of the Bell and expected error are affected by the number of entangled photons.The increasing of the length of key must increase the number of EPR and decrease the Error and Bell's value must be stable.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115680143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10768
Ian A Nilsen
Astronomical findings, particularly from the last decades of research, have confirmed that our universe either must contain large amounts of an unknown form of matter, called dark matter, or the laws of gravity must be influenced by undiscovered variables. Although both of the two approaches contain many candidates with their respective matches and fails, no theories have so far been able to finally solve the full picture of missing mass at different structural levels with the relation to several associated problems. In this study, gravity is considered with a new approach, more specifically not to be a property fundamentally incorporated to space, but something that arise from the presence of background energy and its responsibility for making time flow at different local rates. The study suggests that the gravitational constant, G, is only locally constant, and that gravity itself causes a displacement that decreases the gravitational strength, only to a noticeable degree for massive astronomical structures like galaxies and more heavy parent structures.
{"title":"Gravitational Displacement: Time Dilation Rooted in Vacuum Energy","authors":"Ian A Nilsen","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10768","url":null,"abstract":"Astronomical findings, particularly from the last decades of research, have confirmed that our universe either must contain large amounts of an unknown form of matter, called dark matter, or the laws of gravity must be influenced by undiscovered variables. Although both of the two approaches contain many candidates with their respective matches and fails, no theories have so far been able to finally solve the full picture of missing mass at different structural levels with the relation to several associated problems. In this study, gravity is considered with a new approach, more specifically not to be a property fundamentally incorporated to space, but something that arise from the presence of background energy and its responsibility for making time flow at different local rates. The study suggests that the gravitational constant, G, is only locally constant, and that gravity itself causes a displacement that decreases the gravitational strength, only to a noticeable degree for massive astronomical structures like galaxies and more heavy parent structures.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124949983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12774
Senniang Chen
The interpretation of single-photon double slit Wheeler's delayed choice experiment leads to a weird inference: "what observer does now can change what happened in the past". It subverts our cognitions. Other interpretations are also in dispute. I try to find another possible way that can better explain the experiments. For this purpose, we try to reacquaint what is a photon; what structure it possesses, and how the structure influences photon behavior. In 1905 Einstein supposed that the photon is a quantum of EM radiation; according to the quantum interpretation, the probability density of a coherent state undergoes a sinusoidal vibration with time; it will also excite a quantized EM wave. So we start our research from an axially symmetric EM wave beam. We discovered and proved that under the Quantification Law of Charge, there is a kind of axially symmetric EM-wave beam which is a quantum of circularly polarized light. Its energy is concentrated in a very small packet; this energy packet will be proven to have photon properties, like,, spin , obeying B-E statistics, etc. On the other hand, the width of the sodium spectral lines identifies that the energy packet carries a long EM wave beam. They form a wave-particle hybrid structure. It exhibits both wave property and particle property all the time in the experiments. Its interpretation for the single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not lead to the above strange inference.
{"title":"Photon Wave-particle Hybrid Structure and Wheeler’s Single Photon Double-slit Delayed Choice Experiment","authors":"Senniang Chen","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i11-12774","url":null,"abstract":"The interpretation of single-photon double slit Wheeler's delayed choice experiment leads to a weird inference: \"what observer does now can change what happened in the past\". It subverts our cognitions. Other interpretations are also in dispute. I try to find another possible way that can better explain the experiments. For this purpose, we try to reacquaint what is a photon; what structure it possesses, and how the structure influences photon behavior. In 1905 Einstein supposed that the photon is a quantum of EM radiation; according to the quantum interpretation, the probability density of a coherent state undergoes a sinusoidal vibration with time; it will also excite a quantized EM wave. So we start our research from an axially symmetric EM wave beam. We discovered and proved that under the Quantification Law of Charge, there is a kind of axially symmetric EM-wave beam which is a quantum of circularly polarized light. Its energy is concentrated in a very small packet; this energy packet will be proven to have photon properties, like,, spin , obeying B-E statistics, etc. On the other hand, the width of the sodium spectral lines identifies that the energy packet carries a long EM wave beam. They form a wave-particle hybrid structure. It exhibits both wave property and particle property all the time in the experiments. Its interpretation for the single photon double slits Wheeler's delayed choice experiment does not lead to the above strange inference.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125045159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10763
W. Ferreira, E. Moreira, S. Haas
Magnetoelectric materials attract interest due to coupling between the magnetic and dipol moments, which provides additional degrees of freedom in magnetoelectric device design and nanotechnological applications. Despite intensive theoretical and experimental studies already carried out in magnetoelectric materials, some issues deserve more attention, specifically their structural and electronic properties. Here, density functional theory (DFT) was used to investigate the structural and electronic properties of hexagonal Y1-xEuxMnO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2) compounds. Our approach is based on the local spin density approximation (LSDA+U). The magnetic moment carried out by Mn atoms is very sensitive to the LSDA+U. We obtain the lattice parameters that compare well with experimental X-ray measurements, showing a difference between calculated values and experiment less than 2%. The calculated PDOS shows important contributions from the rare earth and the oxygen atoms in these systems, in which main contributions comes from the manganese atom. In addition, the electronic partial density of states (PDOS) shows a dominant contribution from the Mn and rare earth atoms near the Fermi level.
{"title":"Structural and Electronic Properties of Hexagonal Y1−xEuxMnO3","authors":"W. Ferreira, E. Moreira, S. Haas","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i9-10763","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetoelectric materials attract interest due to coupling between the magnetic and dipol moments, which provides additional degrees of freedom in magnetoelectric device design and nanotechnological applications. Despite intensive theoretical and experimental studies already carried out in magnetoelectric materials, some issues deserve more attention, specifically their structural and electronic properties. Here, density functional theory (DFT) was used to investigate the structural and electronic properties of hexagonal Y1-xEuxMnO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2) compounds. Our approach is based on the local spin density approximation (LSDA+U). The magnetic moment carried out by Mn atoms is very sensitive to the LSDA+U. We obtain the lattice parameters that compare well with experimental X-ray measurements, showing a difference between calculated values and experiment less than 2%. The calculated PDOS shows important contributions from the rare earth and the oxygen atoms in these systems, in which main contributions comes from the manganese atom. In addition, the electronic partial density of states (PDOS) shows a dominant contribution from the Mn and rare earth atoms near the Fermi level.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130750007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：