The intersection of religion and science often elicits polarizing views among scientists, though approximately half of American scientists identify as religious. Mounting evidence also supports the role of spirituality in comprehensive patient care. The purpose of this study was to explore the religiosity of faculty who teach in the anatomical sciences at U.S. colleges and universities. Surveys were administered to anatomists through two professional societies. Two-thirds (64.9%, 74/114) of respondents identified as religious, 26.3% (30/114) as atheist, and 8.8% (10/114) as agnostic. Most respondents (64.9%, 74/114) disagreed with the statement, "There is no place for religion and science to intersect." Approximately one in three respondents expressed concern that sharing/disclosing their religious beliefs would negatively affect the perceptions of colleagues (32.5%, 37/114) and students (28.9%, 33/114) toward them. Faculty at faith-based institutions were more open to disclosing their beliefs (p = 0.045), and highly religious individuals were more concerned (p = 0.001). Fewer than one-fifth of respondents 17.5% (20/114) personally experienced mistreatment or discrimination within academic settings due to their religious beliefs. Most respondents held politically liberal-leaning views (71.0%, 76/107). Highly religious individuals were more likely to be politically conservative (p < 0.001). Overall, this study demonstrates that the number of anatomists who identify as religious may be higher than that of other biological disciplines and that mistreatment due to religious views remains a challenge for some in the profession. Continued dialogue regarding the role of religion in professional identity expression may be an important step in mitigating religion-focused mistreatment and discrimination in academic settings.
{"title":"Faith and facts: Exploring the intersection of religion and science among anatomy educators.","authors":"William S Brooks, Joseph E Deweese, Adam B Wilson","doi":"10.1002/ase.2400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intersection of religion and science often elicits polarizing views among scientists, though approximately half of American scientists identify as religious. Mounting evidence also supports the role of spirituality in comprehensive patient care. The purpose of this study was to explore the religiosity of faculty who teach in the anatomical sciences at U.S. colleges and universities. Surveys were administered to anatomists through two professional societies. Two-thirds (64.9%, 74/114) of respondents identified as religious, 26.3% (30/114) as atheist, and 8.8% (10/114) as agnostic. Most respondents (64.9%, 74/114) disagreed with the statement, \"There is no place for religion and science to intersect.\" Approximately one in three respondents expressed concern that sharing/disclosing their religious beliefs would negatively affect the perceptions of colleagues (32.5%, 37/114) and students (28.9%, 33/114) toward them. Faculty at faith-based institutions were more open to disclosing their beliefs (p = 0.045), and highly religious individuals were more concerned (p = 0.001). Fewer than one-fifth of respondents 17.5% (20/114) personally experienced mistreatment or discrimination within academic settings due to their religious beliefs. Most respondents held politically liberal-leaning views (71.0%, 76/107). Highly religious individuals were more likely to be politically conservative (p < 0.001). Overall, this study demonstrates that the number of anatomists who identify as religious may be higher than that of other biological disciplines and that mistreatment due to religious views remains a challenge for some in the profession. Continued dialogue regarding the role of religion in professional identity expression may be an important step in mitigating religion-focused mistreatment and discrimination in academic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139970123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordan M. Renna, Katelyn B. Sondereker, Christopher L. Cors, Sara N. Chaszeyka, Kristin N. Keenan, Michael R. Corigliano, Lindsey A. Milgrom, Jessica R. Onyak, Edward J. Hamad, Maureen E. Stabio
The reconstruction of two-dimensional (2D) slices to three-dimensional (3D) digital anatomical models requires technical skills and software that are becoming increasingly important to the modern anatomist, but these skills are rarely taught in undergraduate science classrooms. Furthermore, learning opportunities that allow students to simultaneously explore anatomy in both 2D and 3D space are increasingly valuable. This report describes a novel learning activity that trains students to digitally trace a serially imaged neuron from a confocal stack and to model that neuron in 3D space for 3D printing. By engaging students in the production of a 3D digital model, this learning activity is designed to provide students a novel way to enhance their understanding of the content, including didactic knowledge of neuron morphology, technical research skills in image analysis, and career exploration of neuroanatomy research. Moreover, students engage with microanatomy in a way that starts in 2D but results in a 3D object they can see, touch, and keep. This discursive article presents the learning activity, including videos, instructional guides, and learning objectives designed to engage students on all six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. Furthermore, this work is a proof of principle modeling workflow that is approachable, inexpensive, achievable, and adaptable to cell types in other organ systems. This work is designed to motivate the expansion of 3D printing technology into microanatomy and neuroanatomy education.
将二维(2D)切片重建为三维(3D)数字解剖模型需要对现代解剖学家越来越重要的技术技能和软件,但这些技能很少在本科科学课堂上教授。此外,能让学生同时在二维和三维空间中探索解剖学的学习机会也越来越有价值。本报告介绍了一种新颖的学习活动,它训练学生从共聚焦堆栈中以数字方式追踪连续成像的神经元,并在三维空间中为该神经元建模,以便进行三维打印。通过让学生参与制作三维数字模型,该学习活动旨在为学生提供一种新颖的方式来加深对教学内容的理解,包括神经元形态学的教学知识、图像分析的技术研究技能以及神经解剖学研究的职业探索。此外,学生参与显微解剖学的方式始于二维,但结果却是他们可以看到、触摸和保存的三维物体。这篇论述性文章介绍了学习活动,包括视频、教学指南和学习目标,旨在让学生参与布卢姆分类学的所有六个层次。此外,这项工作还证明了建模工作流程的原理,该流程平易近人、成本低廉、易于实现,并可适用于其他器官系统的细胞类型。这项工作旨在推动 3D 打印技术在显微解剖学和神经解剖学教育中的应用。
{"title":"From 2D slices to a 3D model: Training students in digital microanatomy analysis techniques through a 3D printed neuron project","authors":"Jordan M. Renna, Katelyn B. Sondereker, Christopher L. Cors, Sara N. Chaszeyka, Kristin N. Keenan, Michael R. Corigliano, Lindsey A. Milgrom, Jessica R. Onyak, Edward J. Hamad, Maureen E. Stabio","doi":"10.1002/ase.2396","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The reconstruction of two-dimensional (2D) slices to three-dimensional (3D) digital anatomical models requires technical skills and software that are becoming increasingly important to the modern anatomist, but these skills are rarely taught in undergraduate science classrooms. Furthermore, learning opportunities that allow students to simultaneously explore anatomy in both 2D and 3D space are increasingly valuable. This report describes a novel learning activity that trains students to digitally trace a serially imaged neuron from a confocal stack and to model that neuron in 3D space for 3D printing. By engaging students in the production of a 3D digital model, this learning activity is designed to provide students a novel way to enhance their understanding of the content, including didactic knowledge of neuron morphology, technical research skills in image analysis, and career exploration of neuroanatomy research. Moreover, students engage with microanatomy in a way that starts in 2D but results in a 3D object they can see, touch, and keep. This discursive article presents the learning activity, including videos, instructional guides, and learning objectives designed to engage students on all six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. Furthermore, this work is a proof of principle modeling workflow that is approachable, inexpensive, achievable, and adaptable to cell types in other organ systems. This work is designed to motivate the expansion of 3D printing technology into microanatomy and neuroanatomy education.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ase.2396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139911596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georga Jane Longhurst, Peter J. Bazira, Gabrielle Maria Finn
There is a drive to implement inclusive practices in anatomy by adapting curricula and utilizing inclusive language and resources that negate biases. However, to date there is no data regarding student's perception of inclusivity. Therefore, the study aims to investigate anatomy student's opinions on inclusive practices in anatomy education based on the protected characteristics of age, disability, ethnicity, gender affirmation and sex. One hundred and forty-five students completed a questionnaire with 21 Likert-scale and two open-ended questions. Kruskal–Wallis tests compared responses by groups defined by the protected characteristics of the Equality Act (2010). Most students (71.2%; n = 84) agreed or strongly agreed that “improving inclusivity in anatomy education should be educator's priority”. In terms of representation, there was a statistically different response rate from students from different ethnic backgrounds to the statements “there are anatomy educators” (p < 0.001), “images in textbooks” (p < 0.001) and “models in the dissection room” (p < 0.001) “that look like me”. Most students agreed or strongly agreed to statements relating to the protected characteristics of age (70.4%; n = 68), disability (78.6%; n = 77), ethnicity (59.8%; n = 64), gender affirmation (46.3%; n = 46) and sex (51.5%; n = 62). Themes identified relating to improving inclusivity included “reflecting reality”, “teaching the truth”, “the invisibility of women” and the “learning environment”. Students have confirmed that anatomists, as gatekeepers of the knowledge of the human body, should foster inclusive teaching practices that will benefit all students and potentially future patient care.
{"title":"Student's perspectives of inclusive practices in anatomy education","authors":"Georga Jane Longhurst, Peter J. Bazira, Gabrielle Maria Finn","doi":"10.1002/ase.2388","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2388","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a drive to implement inclusive practices in anatomy by adapting curricula and utilizing inclusive language and resources that negate biases. However, to date there is no data regarding student's perception of inclusivity. Therefore, the study aims to investigate anatomy student's opinions on inclusive practices in anatomy education based on the protected characteristics of age, disability, ethnicity, gender affirmation and sex. One hundred and forty-five students completed a questionnaire with 21 Likert-scale and two open-ended questions. Kruskal–Wallis tests compared responses by groups defined by the protected characteristics of the Equality Act (2010). Most students (71.2%; <i>n</i> = 84) agreed or strongly agreed that “improving inclusivity in anatomy education should be educator's priority”. In terms of representation, there was a statistically different response rate from students from different ethnic backgrounds to the statements “there are anatomy educators” (<i>p</i> < 0.001), “images in textbooks” (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and “models in the dissection room” (<i>p</i> < 0.001) “that look like me”. Most students agreed or strongly agreed to statements relating to the protected characteristics of age (70.4%; <i>n</i> = 68), disability (78.6%; <i>n</i> = 77), ethnicity (59.8%; <i>n</i> = 64), gender affirmation (46.3%; <i>n</i> = 46) and sex (51.5%; <i>n</i> = 62). Themes identified relating to improving inclusivity included “reflecting reality”, “teaching the truth”, “the invisibility of women” and the “learning environment”. Students have confirmed that anatomists, as gatekeepers of the knowledge of the human body, should foster inclusive teaching practices that will benefit all students and potentially future patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ase.2388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139898926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celeste M. Murtha, Grace E. Thiel, Jennifer F. Dennis, Mari Hopper
Fellows completing the Clinical Anatomy Fellowship at Kansas City University assist Anatomy faculty in the Gross Anatomy laboratory, complete robust research projects, and support other departments. The program's positive impact on participants has been reported; however, the impact on individuals interfacing with Fellows has not been investigated. A follow-up, survey-based (Likert scale, multiple-choice, open-ended) study was conducted to evaluate faculty, staff, and student perceptions of the program. Ninety-five percent of surveyed faculty and staff (n = 22) perceived the Fellows as beneficial to students, faculty, and the university (p < 0.05) by acting as role models (95%) and mentors (90%), contributing to educational processes (90%), and reducing faculty work burden (81%) (p < 0.05). Student responses (n = 95) were also positive: 97% perceived interactions with Fellows as beneficial (p < 0.05). A passion for Anatomy (mean, 4.6; p < 0.05) and the opportunity to increase competitiveness for residency (mean, 4.5; p < 0.05) were the most important factors driving interest in the Fellowship (Cronbach's alpha, 0.766). In contrast, diverting a year from the school's curriculum (mean, 4.4; p < 0.05) and delaying clinical experiences (mean, 4.3; p < 0.05) were the most important deterrents (Cronbach's alpha, 0.505). Additionally, the financial investment required by the program is lower than that associated with hiring full-time faculty. Analysis comparing employment of Fellows versus associate-level faculty identified annual net savings of $370,000. Not only does the Fellowship augment faculty and student experiences at the university, but it also allows for substantial cost savings. Collectively, these data are evidence for other health professional institutions to consider adopting a similar program.
{"title":"The Clinical Anatomy Fellowship: Revolutionizing curricular experiences for faculty and students","authors":"Celeste M. Murtha, Grace E. Thiel, Jennifer F. Dennis, Mari Hopper","doi":"10.1002/ase.2390","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fellows completing the Clinical Anatomy Fellowship at Kansas City University assist Anatomy faculty in the Gross Anatomy laboratory, complete robust research projects, and support other departments. The program's positive impact on participants has been reported; however, the impact on individuals interfacing with Fellows has not been investigated. A follow-up, survey-based (Likert scale, multiple-choice, open-ended) study was conducted to evaluate faculty, staff, and student perceptions of the program. Ninety-five percent of surveyed faculty and staff (<i>n</i> = 22) perceived the Fellows as beneficial to students, faculty, and the university (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by acting as role models (95%) and mentors (90%), contributing to educational processes (90%), and reducing faculty work burden (81%) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Student responses (<i>n</i> = 95) were also positive: 97% perceived interactions with Fellows as beneficial (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A passion for Anatomy (mean, 4.6; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and the opportunity to increase competitiveness for residency (mean, 4.5; <i>p</i> < 0.05) were the most important factors driving interest in the Fellowship (Cronbach's alpha, 0.766). In contrast, diverting a year from the school's curriculum (mean, 4.4; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and delaying clinical experiences (mean, 4.3; <i>p</i> < 0.05) were the most important deterrents (Cronbach's alpha, 0.505). Additionally, the financial investment required by the program is lower than that associated with hiring full-time faculty. Analysis comparing employment of Fellows versus associate-level faculty identified annual net savings of $370,000. Not only does the Fellowship augment faculty and student experiences at the university, but it also allows for substantial cost savings. Collectively, these data are evidence for other health professional institutions to consider adopting a similar program.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139898927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to create efficient “mental models” or representations of anatomical structures is crucial for achieving competence in most areas of anatomy. Gesture-based teaching has been recognized to lighten cognitive loads and allow superior mental model creation compared to non-gestural teaching practices. This commentary explores the cognitive basis and possible mechanisms behind this advantage such as (1) reducing visual working memory load, (2) allowing parallel and sequential development of internal representations, and (3) facilitating preferential feature extraction and improved organization of spatial information. We also highlight how information transfer limitations of the gestural medium, interestingly, unveil features and organizational motifs preserved in the “expert's” mental schemas concerning particular anatomical structures. The universal and innate use of gestures in communication, their visual nature, and the ability to break down complex spatial information through sequential steps, all add to the immense potential of this subtle yet powerful tool of hand gestures. As pedagogical practices in the anatomical sciences continue to evolve largely towards technology-enhanced teaching utilizing perceptually richer media, the unique advantages of gesture-based teaching need to be reemphasized.
{"title":"Windows into spatial cognition: Mechanisms by which gesture-based instruction improve anatomy learning","authors":"Asish George, Doris George Yohannan","doi":"10.1002/ase.2399","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability to create efficient “mental models” or representations of anatomical structures is crucial for achieving competence in most areas of anatomy. Gesture-based teaching has been recognized to lighten cognitive loads and allow superior mental model creation compared to non-gestural teaching practices. This commentary explores the cognitive basis and possible mechanisms behind this advantage such as (1) reducing visual working memory load, (2) allowing parallel and sequential development of internal representations, and (3) facilitating preferential feature extraction and improved organization of spatial information. We also highlight how information transfer limitations of the gestural medium, interestingly, unveil features and organizational motifs preserved in the “expert's” mental schemas concerning particular anatomical structures. The universal and innate use of gestures in communication, their visual nature, and the ability to break down complex spatial information through sequential steps, all add to the immense potential of this subtle yet powerful tool of hand gestures. As pedagogical practices in the anatomical sciences continue to evolve largely towards technology-enhanced teaching utilizing perceptually richer media, the unique advantages of gesture-based teaching need to be reemphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139728476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vicky Vandenbossche, Martin Valcke, Emmanuel Audenaert, Wouter Willaert
In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of integrating ultrasound into undergraduate medical curricula. However, empirical evidence is lacking as to its effect on anatomy learning and related student cognition. Therefore, the present study compared the impact of echocardiography-based instruction with narrated videos on students' understanding of anatomical relationships, as well as the interaction with students' autonomous motivation, self-efficacy beliefs, mental load, and attitudes. Second-year medical students were given the opportunity to enroll in a supplementary booster course about cardiac anatomy. On the base of a randomized controlled trial with a cross-over design, we studied the effect of taking this course on spatial anatomical knowledge. After completing a pre-test (T0), students were allocated randomly to either the echocardiography-based teaching condition (cohort A) or the narrated anatomy video condition (cohort B). Next, participants were crossed over to the alternative intervention. Immediately after each phase in the intervention, students were asked to rate their mental load. Additionally, a spatial anatomical knowledge test, an autonomous motivation scale, and a self-efficacy scale were administered before (T0) and after the first intervention (T1) and at the end of the study (T2). Finally, each student completed a perception-based survey. The study design allowed a comparative evaluation of both interventions at T1, while the cross-over design facilitated the assessment of the most optimal sequencing in the interventions at T2. A total of 206 students participated (cohort A: n = 99, cohort B: n = 107). At T1, no significant differences in the knowledge test and the autonomous motivation scale were observed between cohorts A and B. However, cohort A showed higher self-efficacy beliefs compared to cohort B (p = 0.043). Moreover, cohort A reported higher levels of perceived mental load (p < 0.001). At T2, the results showed that neither sequence of interventions resulted in significant differences in anatomy scores, autonomous motivation, or self-efficacy. However, a significant difference in mental load was found again, with students in cohort B reporting a higher level of mental load (p < 0.001). Finally, based on the perception-based survey, students reported favorably on the echocardiography experience. In conclusion, the hands-on echocardiography sessions were highly appreciated by the medical students. After participating in the ultrasound sessions, they reported higher levels of self-efficacy beliefs compared to the video-based condition. However, despite embodied cognition principles, students in the echocardiography condition did not outperform students in the narrated anatomy video condition. The reported levels of mental load in the ultrasound condition could explain these findings.
近年来,越来越多的人认识到将超声波纳入本科医学课程的重要性。然而,关于其对解剖学学习和相关学生认知的影响却缺乏实证证据。因此,本研究比较了基于超声心动图的教学与解说视频对学生理解解剖关系的影响,以及与学生自主动机、自我效能信念、心理负荷和态度的相互作用。二年级医学生有机会报名参加有关心脏解剖学的补充强化课程。在交叉设计的随机对照试验的基础上,我们研究了参加该课程对空间解剖知识的影响。在完成前测(T0)后,学生被随机分配到以超声心动图为基础的教学条件(A 组)或解剖视频解说条件(B 组)。接下来,参与者被交叉分配到另一种干预方法中。在干预的每个阶段结束后,都会立即要求学生对自己的心理负荷进行评分。此外,在第一次干预之前(T0)、之后(T1)和研究结束时(T2),还进行了空间解剖知识测试、自主动机量表和自我效能量表。最后,每个学生都填写了一份基于感知的调查问卷。研究设计允许对 T1 阶段的两种干预措施进行比较评估,而交叉设计则有助于评估 T2 阶段干预措施的最佳排序。共有 206 名学生参加了这项研究(A 组:99 人;B 组:107 人)。在 T1 阶段,A 组和 B 组在知识测试和自主动机量表方面没有发现明显的差异,但与 B 组相比,A 组表现出更高的自我效能感(p = 0.043)。此外,组群 A 的心理负荷感知水平更高(p
{"title":"Anatomical knowledge enhancement through echocardiography and videos, with a spotlight on cognitive load, self-efficacy, and motivation","authors":"Vicky Vandenbossche, Martin Valcke, Emmanuel Audenaert, Wouter Willaert","doi":"10.1002/ase.2398","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2398","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of integrating ultrasound into undergraduate medical curricula. However, empirical evidence is lacking as to its effect on anatomy learning and related student cognition. Therefore, the present study compared the impact of echocardiography-based instruction with narrated videos on students' understanding of anatomical relationships, as well as the interaction with students' autonomous motivation, self-efficacy beliefs, mental load, and attitudes. Second-year medical students were given the opportunity to enroll in a supplementary booster course about cardiac anatomy. On the base of a randomized controlled trial with a cross-over design, we studied the effect of taking this course on spatial anatomical knowledge. After completing a pre-test (T0), students were allocated randomly to either the echocardiography-based teaching condition (cohort A) or the narrated anatomy video condition (cohort B). Next, participants were crossed over to the alternative intervention. Immediately after each phase in the intervention, students were asked to rate their mental load. Additionally, a spatial anatomical knowledge test, an autonomous motivation scale, and a self-efficacy scale were administered before (T0) and after the first intervention (T1) and at the end of the study (T2). Finally, each student completed a perception-based survey. The study design allowed a comparative evaluation of both interventions at T1, while the cross-over design facilitated the assessment of the most optimal sequencing in the interventions at T2. A total of 206 students participated (cohort A: <i>n</i> = 99, cohort B: <i>n</i> = 107). At T1, no significant differences in the knowledge test and the autonomous motivation scale were observed between cohorts A and B. However, cohort A showed higher self-efficacy beliefs compared to cohort B (<i>p</i> = 0.043). Moreover, cohort A reported higher levels of perceived mental load (<i>p</i> < 0.001). At T2, the results showed that neither sequence of interventions resulted in significant differences in anatomy scores, autonomous motivation, or self-efficacy. However, a significant difference in mental load was found again, with students in cohort B reporting a higher level of mental load (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Finally, based on the perception-based survey, students reported favorably on the echocardiography experience. In conclusion, the hands-on echocardiography sessions were highly appreciated by the medical students. After participating in the ultrasound sessions, they reported higher levels of self-efficacy beliefs compared to the video-based condition. However, despite embodied cognition principles, students in the echocardiography condition did not outperform students in the narrated anatomy video condition. The reported levels of mental load in the ultrasound condition could explain these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139728475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Board and Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ase.2394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2394","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ase.2394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139720165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The management of human fetal and embryological collections presents an ethical challenge that can be explored from different perspectives, particularly when considering informed consent. The “micro ethics” level focuses on parties engaged in giving and receiving human tissue while the “macro ethics” level focusses on the collective responsibility of the discipline and society. Additionally, adopting a framework, where ways of working are designed with relevant communities, requires understanding the perspectives of individuals, communities, and organizations. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the perceptions of education-focused Australian stakeholders. A survey collected the perspectives of 198 participants. The majority of participants (61.6%; n = 122/198) indicated that human fetal and embryological remains obtained prior to era of informed consent should be retained for use in education/research. It is likely that their perspective is based on the notion that if human fetal and embryological collections are used for good, then disposing of them would deny this benefit. Women (p < 0.001) indicated a preference for obtaining fetuses and embryos with informed consent for education and research (38.4%; n = 76/198). Majority were in favor of recording both maternal (MI) (59.6%; n = 118/198) and paternal information (PI) (58.1%; n = 115/198) with each donation. Majority (56.1%; n = 111/198) expressed that donations should be accepted from both parental sources. Consideration of stakeholder perspectives is important in developing guidelines regarding these collections. The results from this study demonstrate a level of discomfort with respect to collections without informed consent, which should be considered at the macro ethical and micro ethical level.
{"title":"Macro and micro ethics in fetal and embryological collections: Exploring the paradigms of informed consent among Australian education-focused stakeholders","authors":"Joyce El-Haddad, Nalini Pather","doi":"10.1002/ase.2385","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2385","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The management of human fetal and embryological collections presents an ethical challenge that can be explored from different perspectives, particularly when considering informed consent. The “micro ethics” level focuses on parties engaged in giving and receiving human tissue while the “macro ethics” level focusses on the collective responsibility of the discipline and society. Additionally, adopting a framework, where ways of working are designed with relevant communities, requires understanding the perspectives of individuals, communities, and organizations. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the perceptions of education-focused Australian stakeholders. A survey collected the perspectives of 198 participants. The majority of participants (61.6%; <i>n</i> = 122/198) indicated that human fetal and embryological remains obtained prior to era of informed consent should be retained for use in education/research. It is likely that their perspective is based on the notion that if human fetal and embryological collections are used for good, then disposing of them would deny this benefit. Women (<i>p</i> < 0.001) indicated a preference for obtaining fetuses and embryos with informed consent for education and research (38.4%; <i>n</i> = 76/198). Majority were in favor of recording both maternal (MI) (59.6%; <i>n</i> = 118/198) and paternal information (PI) (58.1%; <i>n</i> = 115/198) with each donation. Majority (56.1%; <i>n</i> = 111/198) expressed that donations should be accepted from both parental sources. Consideration of stakeholder perspectives is important in developing guidelines regarding these collections. The results from this study demonstrate a level of discomfort with respect to collections without informed consent, which should be considered at the macro ethical and micro ethical level.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ase.2385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139720836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paloma García-Robles, Irene Cortés-Pérez, Francisco Antonio Nieto-Escámez, Héctor García-López, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán, María Catalina Osuna-Pérez
The purpose of this review was to (1) analyze the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality (iVR) and augmented reality (AR) as teaching/learning resources (collectively called XR-technologies) for gaining anatomy knowledge compared to traditional approaches and (2) gauge students' perceptions of the usefulness of these technologies as learning tools. This meta-analysis, previously registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023423017), followed PRISMA guidelines. A systematic bibliographical search, without time parameters, was conducted through four databases until June 2023. A meta-analytic approach investigated knowledge gains and XR's usefulness for learning. Pooled effect sizes were estimated using Cohen's standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A single-group proportional meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the percentage of students who considered XR devices useful for their learning. Twenty-seven experimental studies, reporting data from 2199 health sciences students, were included for analysis. XR-technologies yielded higher knowledge gains than traditional approaches (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.60), especially when used as supplemental/complementary learning resources (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.63). Specifically, knowledge performance using XR devices outperformed textbooks and atlases (SMD = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.54) and didactic lectures (SMD = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.57 to 1.42), especially among undergraduate students (SMD = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.62). XR devices were perceived to be more useful for learning than traditional approaches (SMD = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.04 to 1), and 80% of all students who used XR devices reported these devices as useful for learning anatomy. Learners using XR technologies demonstrated increased anatomy knowledge gains and considered these technologies useful for learning anatomy.
{"title":"Immersive virtual reality and augmented reality in anatomy education: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Paloma García-Robles, Irene Cortés-Pérez, Francisco Antonio Nieto-Escámez, Héctor García-López, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán, María Catalina Osuna-Pérez","doi":"10.1002/ase.2397","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ase.2397","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this review was to (1) analyze the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality (iVR) and augmented reality (AR) as teaching/learning resources (collectively called XR-technologies) for gaining anatomy knowledge compared to traditional approaches and (2) gauge students' perceptions of the usefulness of these technologies as learning tools. This meta-analysis, previously registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023423017), followed PRISMA guidelines. A systematic bibliographical search, without time parameters, was conducted through four databases until June 2023. A meta-analytic approach investigated knowledge gains and XR's usefulness for learning. Pooled effect sizes were estimated using Cohen's standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A single-group proportional meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the percentage of students who considered XR devices useful for their learning. Twenty-seven experimental studies, reporting data from 2199 health sciences students, were included for analysis. XR-technologies yielded higher knowledge gains than traditional approaches (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.60), especially when used as supplemental/complementary learning resources (SMD = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.63). Specifically, knowledge performance using XR devices outperformed textbooks and atlases (SMD = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.54) and didactic lectures (SMD = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.57 to 1.42), especially among undergraduate students (SMD = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.62). XR devices were perceived to be more useful for learning than traditional approaches (SMD = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.04 to 1), and 80% of all students who used XR devices reported these devices as useful for learning anatomy. Learners using XR technologies demonstrated increased anatomy knowledge gains and considered these technologies useful for learning anatomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":124,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Sciences Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ase.2397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139720835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}