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Effects of Temperature and Time on the Denaturation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 and Cytokines from Bovine Platelet-Rich Gel Supernatants. 温度和时间对牛血小板富集凝胶上清液中转化生长因子β-1 和细胞因子变性的影响
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090583
Jorge U Carmona, Catalina López

There is a lack of information about transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and cytokines contained in pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) and release from pure-platelet-rich gel supernatants (P-PRGS) might be affected by the temperature and time factors; P-PRP from 6 heifers was activated with calcium gluconate. Thereafter, P-PRG and their supernatants (P-PRGS) were maintained at -80, -20, 4, 21, and 37 °C and collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, and 280 h for subsequent determination of TGF-β1, tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-6; TGF-β1 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in PRGS maintained at 21 and 37 °C when compared to PRGS maintained at 4, -20, and -80 °C; PRGS TNF-α concentrations were not influenced by temperature and time factors. However, PRGS maintained at 4 °C showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations when compared to PRGS maintained at -20, and -80 °C at 144, and 192 h. IL-6 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in PRGS stored at -20, and -80 over the first 48 h and at 10 days when compared to PRGS stored at 4, 21, and 37 °C. These results could suggest that P-PRP/P-PRGS could be maintained and well preserved for at least 12 days at room temperature for clinical use in bovine therapeutic massive protocols.

关于纯血小板富集血浆(P-PRP)中所含的转化生长因子 beta-1(TGF-β1)和细胞因子以及纯血小板富集凝胶上清液(P-PRGS)的释放可能受温度和时间因素影响的信息尚缺乏。此后,P-PRG 及其上清液(P-PRGS)分别在 -80、-20、4、21 和 37 ℃ 下保存,并在 3、6、12、24、48、96、144、192、240 和 280 h 时收集,以测定 TGF-β1、肿瘤坏死因子 alfa (TNF-α)、白细胞介素 (IL)-2 和 IL-6 的浓度。05)高于在 4、-20 和 -80 °C下保持的 PRGS;PRGS 的 TNF-α 浓度不受温度和时间因素的影响。与保存在 4、21 和 37 °C 的 PRGS 相比,保存在 4 °C 的 PRGS 在 144 和 192 小时内的 TNF-α 浓度显著高于保存在 -20 和 -80 °C 的 PRGS(p < 0.05);与保存在 4、21 和 37 °C 的 PRGS 相比,保存在 -20 和 -80 °C 的 PRGS 在前 48 小时和 10 天内的 IL-6 浓度显著高于保存在 -20 和 -80 °C 的 PRGS(p < 0.05)。这些结果表明,P-PRP/PRGS 可在室温下保存至少 12 天,供临床用于牛治疗性大规模方案。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Evaluation of New Gel-Based Floating Matrix Tablets Utilizing the Sublimation Technique for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery. 利用升华技术设计和评估新型凝胶基浮动基质片剂,用于胃肠道给药
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090581
Worawut Kriangkrai, Satit Puttipipatkhachorn, Pornsak Sriamornsak, Srisagul Sungthongjeen

A gel-based floating matrix tablet was formulated and evaluated using the sublimation technique to enhance gastroretentive drug delivery. Anhydrous theophylline was employed as the active pharmaceutical ingredient, combined with sublimation agents and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the gel-forming polymer. The resulting tablets exhibited high porosity, immediate floatation, and sustained buoyancy for over 8 h. Optimization of the floating behavior and drug release profiles was achieved by adjusting the viscosity of and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and the concentration of sublimation agents, specifically ammonium carbonate and menthol. These agents were selected for their effectiveness in creating a porous structure, thus reducing tablet density and enhancing floatation. Higher HPMC viscosity resulted in increased floating force, slower drug release, and improved swelling properties due to a slower erosion rate. A critical assessment of the balance between tablet porosity, mechanical strength, and drug release kinetics indicates that ammonium carbonate provided superior tablet hardness and lower friability compared to menthol, favoring a controlled release mechanism. The release dynamics of theophylline were best described by the anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion model, suggesting a combined effect of diffusion and erosion. This research advances the development of gastroretentive drug delivery systems, highlighting the potential of sublimation-based floating matrix tablets for sustained drug release.

利用升华技术配制并评估了一种凝胶型浮动基质片剂,以增强胃肠道给药效果。以无水茶碱为活性药物成分,结合升华剂和羟丙基甲基纤维素作为凝胶形成聚合物。通过调整羟丙基甲基纤维素的粘度和升华剂(特别是碳酸铵和薄荷醇)的浓度,实现了漂浮行为和药物释放曲线的优化。之所以选择这些升华剂,是因为它们能有效地形成多孔结构,从而降低片剂密度并增强漂浮性。HPMC 粘度越高,浮力越大,药物释放越慢,侵蚀速度越慢,溶胀性能越好。对片剂孔隙率、机械强度和药物释放动力学之间的平衡进行的严格评估表明,与薄荷醇相比,碳酸铵的片剂硬度更高,易碎性更低,有利于控制释放机制。反常(非费克)扩散模型对茶碱的释放动力学进行了最佳描述,表明扩散和侵蚀作用共同作用。这项研究推动了胃保留给药系统的发展,凸显了基于升华的浮动基质片剂在药物持续释放方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Development and Investigation of a Nanoemulgel Formulated from Tunisian Opuntia ficus-indica L. Seed Oil for Enhanced Wound Healing Activity. 开发和研究用突尼斯鸦片籽油配制的纳米凝胶,以增强伤口愈合活性。
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090582
Badr Bahloul, Enis Ben Bnina, Dorra Dridi, Aya Bouhamed, Luis Castillo Henríquez, Guido Flamini, José Roberto Vega-Baudrit

The aim of this study is to develop a nanoemulgel encapsulating a Tunisian Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) seed oil (PPSO) to assess, for the first time, the in vivo efficacy of this nanoformulation on wound healing. Phytocompounds of this oil have been reported in the literature as having powerful pharmacological activities. However, it remains poorly exploited due to low bioavailability. A nanoemulsion (NE) was designed by determining the required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and subsequently characterized. The mean droplet size was measured at 56.46 ± 1.12 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.23 ± 0.01 using dynamic light scattering. The zeta potential was -31.4 ± 1.4 mV, and the morphology was confirmed and assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These characteristics align with the typical properties of nanoemulsions. The gelification process resulted in the formation of a nanoemulgel from the optimum nanoemulsion. The high wound healing efficiency of the nanoemulgel was confirmed compared to that of a medicinally marketed cream. The outcomes of this research contribute valuable insights, for the first time, into the potential therapeutic applications of PPSO and its innovative pharmaceutical formulation for wound healing.

本研究旨在开发一种包裹突尼斯刺梨(Opuntia ficus-indica L.)种子油(PPSO)的纳米凝胶,以首次评估这种纳米制剂对伤口愈合的体内疗效。据文献报道,这种油的植物化合物具有强大的药理活性。然而,由于生物利用率低,它的利用率仍然很低。通过确定所需的亲水-亲油平衡(HLB),我们设计了一种纳米乳液(NE),随后对其进行了表征。使用动态光散射法测得平均液滴大小为 56.46 ± 1.12 nm,多分散指数(PDI)为 0.23 ± 0.01。zeta 电位为 -31.4 ± 1.4 mV,形态通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行了确认和评估。这些特征符合纳米乳液的典型特性。在凝胶化过程中,最佳纳米乳液形成了纳米凝胶。经证实,与市场上销售的药用乳膏相比,纳米乳胶具有很高的伤口愈合效率。这项研究成果首次对 PPSO 及其创新药物制剂在伤口愈合方面的潜在治疗应用提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable Jam with Apple Pomace: Gelling, Rheology, and Composition Analysis. 含苹果渣的可持续果酱:胶凝、流变和成分分析。
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-08 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090580
Ândria Viegas, Maria João Alegria, Anabela Raymundo

Fruit juice processing can generate significant waste, but efficiently repurposing some of its byproducts not only reduces environmental impact but also adds value, thereby enhancing sustainability in the food industry. This work assesses the use of hydrocolloids in jam preparation and the influence of time and temperature on gelation in the presence of apple pomace. The effects of different processing conditions were analyzed using response surface methodology. Viscosity, elastic modulus (G'), viscous modulus (G″), and firmness were measured. Results indicated that both time and temperature significantly improved rheological and textural properties. The optimal conditions (35.6 min and 84.2 °C) yielded a viscosity of 3.66 × 10⁴ ± 4.49 × 102 Pa·s and a G' at 1 Hz of 2596 ± 128 Pa. The final product exhibited the desirable texture, was free of added sugars, had low lipid content, and retained its bioactive compounds. Applying apple pomace in the formulation allows a more efficient hydrocolloid system, promotes a circular economy, and combats food waste.

果汁加工会产生大量废弃物,但有效地重新利用一些副产品不仅能减少对环境的影响,还能增加价值,从而提高食品工业的可持续性。这项研究评估了水胶体在果酱制备中的应用,以及时间和温度对苹果渣凝胶化的影响。采用响应面方法分析了不同加工条件的影响。测量了粘度、弹性模量(G')、粘模量(G″)和坚固度。结果表明,时间和温度都能明显改善流变和纹理特性。最佳条件(35.6 分钟和 84.2 °C)下的粘度为 3.66 × 10⁴ ± 4.49 × 102 Pa-s,1 Hz 时的 G' 为 2596 ± 128 Pa。最终产品具有理想的质地,不含添加糖,脂质含量低,并保留了生物活性化合物。在配方中应用苹果渣可实现更高效的水胶体系统,促进循环经济,减少食物浪费。
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引用次数: 0
Polymeric Dural Biomaterials in Spinal Surgery: A Review. 脊柱手术中的聚合物硬膜生物材料:综述。
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090579
Taoxu Yan, Junyao Cheng, Qing He, Yifan Wang, Chuyue Zhang, Da Huang, Jianheng Liu, Zheng Wang

Laminectomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure by orthopedic and neurosurgeons, aimed at alleviating nerve compression and reducing pain. However, in some cases, excessive proliferation of fibrous scar tissue in the epidural space post-surgery can lead to persistent and intractable lower back pain, a condition known as Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS). The persistent fibrous tissue causes both physical and emotional distress for patients and also makes follow-up surgeries more challenging due to reduced visibility and greater technical difficulty. It has been established that the application of biomaterials to prevent epidural fibrosis post-lumbar surgery is more beneficial than revision surgeries to relieve dural fibrosis. Hydrogel-based biomaterials, with their excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and injectability and tunable mechanical properties, have been increasingly introduced by clinicians and researchers. This paper, building on the foundation of epidural fibrosis, primarily discusses the strategies for the preparation of natural and polymeric biomaterials to prevent epidural fibrosis, their physicochemical properties, and their ability to mitigate the excessive proliferation of fibroblasts. It also emphasizes the challenges that need to be addressed to translate laboratory research into clinical practice and the latest advancements in this field.

椎板切除术是骨科和神经外科医生常用的手术方法,目的是减轻神经压迫和减轻疼痛。然而,在某些情况下,术后硬膜外间隙纤维瘢痕组织的过度增生会导致顽固难治的下背痛,这种情况被称为背部手术失败综合症(FBSS)。顽固的纤维组织会给患者带来身体和精神上的痛苦,而且由于能见度降低和技术难度增加,后续手术更具挑战性。已经证实,应用生物材料预防腰椎手术后硬膜外纤维化比缓解硬膜纤维化的翻修手术更有益。水凝胶类生物材料具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性、可注射性和可调机械性能,已被越来越多的临床医生和研究人员所采用。本文在硬膜外纤维化的基础上,主要讨论了制备天然和高分子生物材料以预防硬膜外纤维化的策略、其理化性质及其缓解成纤维细胞过度增殖的能力。报告还强调了将实验室研究成果转化为临床实践所面临的挑战以及该领域的最新进展。
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引用次数: 0
Formulation and Evaluation of Turmeric- and Neem-Based Topical Nanoemulgel against Microbial Infection. 姜黄和印度楝树外用纳米凝胶抗微生物感染的制备与评估
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090578
Sumon Giri, Anhic Chakraborty, Chiranjit Mandal, Tushar Kanti Rajwar, Jitu Halder, Zainab Irfan, Mostafa M Gouda

The combination of nanoemulgel and phytochemistry has resulted in several recent discoveries in the field of topical delivery systems. The present study aimed to prepare nanoemulgel based on turmeric (Curcuma longa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against microbial infection as topical drug delivery. Olive oil (oil phase), Tween 80 (surfactant), and PEG600 (co-surfactant) were used for the preparation of nanoemulsion. Carbopol 934 was used as a gelling agent to convert the nanoemulsion to nanoemulgel and promote the control of the release of biological properties of turmeric and neem. The nanoemulsion was characterized based on particle size distribution, PDI values, and compatibility using FTIR analysis. In contrast, the nanoemulgel was evaluated based on pH, viscosity, spreadability, plant extract and excipient compatibility or physical state, in vitro study, ex vivo mucoadhesive study, antimicrobial properties, and stability. The resulting nanoemulsion was homogeneous and stable during the centrifugation process, with the smallest droplets and low PDI values. FTIR analysis also confirmed good compatibility and absence of phase separation between the oil substance, surfactant, and co-surfactant with both plant extracts. The improved nanoemulgel also demonstrated a smooth texture, good consistency, good pH, desired viscosity, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength with the highest spreadability, and 18 h in vitro drug release. Additionally, it exhibited better antimicrobial properties against different microbial strains. Stability studies also revealed that the product had good rheological properties and physicochemical state for a period of over 3 months. The present study affirmed that turmeric- and neem-based nanoemulgel is a promising alternative for microbial infection particularly associated with microorganisms via topical application.

纳米凝胶与植物化学的结合导致了局部给药系统领域的一些最新发现。本研究旨在制备基于姜黄(Curcuma longa)和印楝(Azadirachta indica)的纳米凝胶,作为局部给药的抗微生物感染药物。制备纳米乳液时使用了橄榄油(油相)、吐温 80(表面活性剂)和 PEG600(辅助表面活性剂)。Carbopol 934 用作胶凝剂,将纳米乳液转化为纳米凝胶,促进控制姜黄和印楝素生物特性的释放。根据粒度分布、PDI 值和傅立叶变换红外光谱分析对纳米乳液进行了表征。而纳米凝胶则根据 pH 值、粘度、铺展性、植物提取物与辅料的相容性或物理状态、体外研究、体内外粘附性研究、抗菌特性和稳定性进行了评估。所得纳米乳液在离心过程中均匀稳定,液滴最小,PDI 值较低。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析也证实了油类物质、表面活性剂和辅助表面活性剂与两种植物提取物之间良好的相容性和无相分离现象。改进后的纳米凝胶还具有光滑的质地、良好的稠度、良好的 pH 值、理想的粘度、体内粘附力和最高的铺展性,以及 18 小时的体外药物释放。此外,它还对不同的微生物菌株表现出更好的抗菌特性。稳定性研究还表明,该产品在超过 3 个月的时间内具有良好的流变特性和理化状态。本研究证实,基于姜黄和印楝素的纳米凝胶是通过局部应用治疗微生物感染(尤其是与微生物有关的感染)的一种很有前景的替代品。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation of Composite Hydrogels Based on Cysteine-Silver Sol and Methylene Blue as Promising Systems for Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. 制备基于半胱氨酸-银溶胶和亚甲蓝的复合水凝胶,作为抗癌光动力疗法的前景看好的系统。
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090577
Dmitry V Vishnevetskii, Fedor A Metlin, Yana V Andrianova, Elizaveta E Polyakova, Alexandra I Ivanova, Dmitry V Averkin, Arif R Mekhtiev

In this study, a novel supramolecular composite, "photogels", was synthesized by mixing of cysteine-silver sol (CSS) and methylene blue (MB). A complex of modern physico-chemical methods of analysis such as viscosimetry, UV spectroscopy, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that MB molecules are uniformly localized mainly in the space between fibers of the gel-network formed by CSS particles. Molecules of the dye also bind with the surface of CSS particles by non-covalent interactions. This fact is reflected in the appearance of a synergistic anticancer effect of gels against human squamous cell carcinoma even in the absence of light irradiation. A mild toxic influence of hydrogels was observed in normal keratinocyte cells. Photodynamic exposure significantly increased gel activity, and there remained a synergistic effect. The study of free-radical oxidation in cells has shown that gels are not only capable of generating reactive oxygen species, but also have other targets of action. Flow cytometric analysis allowed us to find out that obtained hydrogels caused cell cycle arrest both without irradiation and with light exposure. The obtained gels are of considerable interest both from the point of view of academics and applied science, for example, in the photodynamic therapy of superficial neoplasms.

在这项研究中,半胱氨酸银溶胶(CSS)和亚甲基蓝(MB)混合合成了一种新型超分子复合材料 "光凝胶"。粘度测定法、紫外光谱法、动态和电泳光散射法、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱法等现代物理化学分析方法的综合应用表明,甲基溴分子主要均匀地分布在 CSS 颗粒形成的凝胶网络的纤维之间的空间。染料分子还通过非共价作用与 CSS 颗粒表面结合。即使在没有光照射的情况下,凝胶对人类鳞状细胞癌也有协同抗癌作用,这就反映了这一事实。在正常角质细胞中观察到了水凝胶的轻微毒性影响。光动力照射明显提高了凝胶的活性,而且仍然存在协同效应。对细胞中自由基氧化的研究表明,凝胶不仅能产生活性氧,而且还有其他作用靶点。通过流式细胞仪分析,我们发现所获得的水凝胶在没有照射和有光照的情况下都会导致细胞周期停滞。从学术和应用科学的角度来看,所获得的凝胶在表皮肿瘤的光动力疗法等方面都具有重大意义。
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引用次数: 0
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles via Ganoderma Lucidum Extract: Structural and Functional Analysis in Polymer Composites. 灵芝提取物绿色合成氧化锌纳米粒子:聚合物复合材料的结构与功能分析
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090576
Ayça Can, Kadriye Kızılbey

Metallic nanoparticles are of growing interest due to their broad applications. This study presents the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (ZnNPs) using Ganoderma Lucidum mushroom extract, characterized by DLS, SEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy analyses. The synthesis parameters, including extract/salt ratio and mixing time, significantly influenced nanoparticle yield, size, and polydispersity, with longer mixing times leading to larger, more varied particles. Specifically, the sizes of ZnNPs synthesized at a 1:1 extract/ZnCl2 ratio after 3 h and 24 h were 90.0 nm and 243.3 nm, with PDI values of 48.69% and 51.91%, respectively. At a 1:2 ratio, the sizes were 242.3 nm at 3 h (PDI: 43.19%) and a mixture of 1.5 nm, 117.4 nm, and 647.9 nm at 24 h (PDI: 2.72%, 10.97%, and 12.43%). Polymer films incorporating PVA, chitosan, and ZnNPs were analyzed for their morphological, spectroscopic, and mechanical properties. Chitosan reduced tensile strength and elongation due to its brittleness, while ZnNPs further increased film brittleness and structural degradation. A comparison of the tensile strength of films A and C revealed that the addition of chitosan to the PVA film resulted in an approximately 10.71% decrease in tensile strength. Similarly, the analysis of films B1 and B2 showed that the tensile strength of the B2 film decreased by 10.53%. Swelling tests showed that ZnNPs initially enhanced swelling, but excessive amounts led to reduced capacity due to aggregation. This pioneering study demonstrates the potential of Ganoderma Lucidum extract in nanoparticle synthesis and provides foundational insights for future research, especially in wound dressing applications.

金属纳米粒子因其广泛的应用而日益受到关注。本研究利用灵芝提取物绿色合成了氧化锌(ZnO)纳米颗粒(ZnNPs),并通过 DLS、SEM、XRD 和傅立叶变换红外光谱分析对其进行了表征。合成参数(包括提取物/盐比例和混合时间)对纳米粒子的产量、尺寸和多分散性有显著影响,混合时间越长,粒子越大、越多样。具体而言,萃取液/氯化锌比例为 1:1 时,3 小时和 24 小时后合成的 ZnNPs 尺寸分别为 90.0 nm 和 243.3 nm,PDI 值分别为 48.69% 和 51.91%。在 1:2 的比例下,3 小时后的尺寸为 242.3 nm(PDI:43.19%),24 小时后的尺寸为 1.5 nm、117.4 nm 和 647.9 nm 的混合物(PDI:2.72%、10.97% 和 12.43%)。分析了含有 PVA、壳聚糖和 ZnNPs 的聚合物薄膜的形态、光谱和机械性能。壳聚糖因其脆性而降低了拉伸强度和伸长率,而 ZnNPs 则进一步增加了薄膜的脆性和结构退化。对薄膜 A 和 C 的拉伸强度进行比较后发现,在 PVA 薄膜中添加壳聚糖会导致拉伸强度降低约 10.71%。同样,对薄膜 B1 和 B2 的分析表明,B2 薄膜的拉伸强度降低了 10.53%。膨胀测试表明,ZnNPs 最初能增强膨胀,但过量的 ZnNPs 会因聚集而导致膨胀能力下降。这项开创性的研究证明了灵芝提取物在纳米粒子合成中的潜力,并为未来的研究,特别是伤口敷料应用提供了基础性的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Key Factors Influencing Gelation in Plant vs. Animal Proteins: A Comparative Mini-Review. 影响植物蛋白与动物蛋白凝胶化的关键因素:比较小综述。
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090575
Mohammadreza Khalesi, Kyeesha Glenn-Davi, Nima Mohammadi, Richard J FitzGerald

This review presents a comparative analysis of gelation properties in plant-based versus animal-based proteins, emphasizing key factors such as pH, ionic environment, temperature, and anti-nutritional factors. Gelation, a crucial process in food texture formation, is influenced by these factors in varying ways for plant and animal proteins. Animal proteins, like casein, whey, meat, and egg, generally show stable gelation properties, responding predictably to pH, temperature, and ionic changes. In contrast, plant proteins such as soy, pea, wheat, and oilseed show more variable gelation, often requiring specific conditions, like the presence of NaCl or optimal pH, to form effective gels. Animal proteins tend to gel more reliably, while plant proteins require precise environmental adjustments for similar results. Understanding these factors is crucial for selecting and processing proteins to achieve desired textures and functionalities in food products. This review highlights how changing these key factors can optimize gel properties in both plant- and animal-based proteins.

本综述对植物性蛋白质和动物性蛋白质的凝胶特性进行了比较分析,强调了 pH 值、离子环境、温度和抗营养因素等关键因素。凝胶化是食品质构形成的关键过程,植物蛋白和动物蛋白受这些因素的影响程度各不相同。动物蛋白质(如酪蛋白、乳清、肉和蛋)通常具有稳定的凝胶特性,对 pH 值、温度和离子变化的反应是可预测的。相比之下,植物蛋白(如大豆、豌豆、小麦和油籽)的凝胶变化较大,通常需要特定的条件(如氯化钠的存在或最佳 pH 值)才能形成有效的凝胶。动物蛋白的凝胶效果往往更可靠,而植物蛋白则需要精确的环境调整才能达到类似的效果。了解这些因素对于选择和加工蛋白质以实现食品所需的质地和功能至关重要。本综述将重点介绍如何通过改变这些关键因素来优化植物蛋白和动物蛋白的凝胶特性。
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引用次数: 0
Development and Evaluation of the Biological Activities of a Plain Mucoadhesive Hydrogel as a Potential Vehicle for Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery. 开发和评估作为口腔黏膜给药潜在载体的普通黏液黏性水凝胶的生物活性。
IF 5 3区 化学 Q1 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090574
Ana G Pardo-Rendón, Jorge L Mejía-Méndez, Edgar R López-Mena, Sergio A Bernal-Chávez

This study aimed to develop HGs based on cationic guar gum (CGG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (PG), and citric acid (CA) using a 2k factorial experimental design to optimize their properties. HGs were characterized through FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biological activities of HGs were determined by evaluating their mucoadhesive capacity and antibacterial activity in vitro, whereas their toxicity was analyzed using Artemia salina nauplii as an in vivo model. Results revealed that HGs were successfully optimized for their viscosity, pH, and sensory properties, and it was observed that varying concentrations of PEG-75 did not influence them. Through SEM analyses, it was noted that increased levels of PEG-75 resulted in HGs with distinct porosity and textures, whereas FTIR and Raman spectroscopy exhibited representative peaks of the raw materials used during the synthesis process. TGA studies indicated the thermal stability of HGs, as they presented degradation patterns at 100 and 300 °C. The synthesized HGs exhibited similar mucoadhesion kinetic profiles, demonstrating a displacement factor at an equilibrium of 0.57 mm/mg at 5 min. The antibacterial activity of HGs was appraised as poor against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to their MIC90 values (>500 μg/mL). Regarding A. salina, treatment with HGs neither decreased their viability nor induced morphological changes. The obtained results suggest the suitability of CGG/PEG HGs for oral mucosa drug delivery and expand the knowledge about their mucoadhesive capacity, antibacterial potential, and in vivo biocompatibility.

本研究旨在开发基于阳离子瓜尔胶 (CGG)、聚乙二醇 (PEG)、丙二醇 (PG) 和柠檬酸 (CA) 的 HGs,采用 2K 因式实验设计来优化其特性。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和热重分析(TGA)对 HGs 进行了表征。通过评估 HGs 的体外粘附能力和抗菌活性确定了 HGs 的生物活性,并以鲑鱼稚鱼为体内模型分析了 HGs 的毒性。结果显示,成功地优化了 HGs 的粘度、pH 值和感官特性,并观察到不同浓度的 PEG-75 不会对其产生影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析发现,PEG-75 含量的增加导致 HG 具有不同的孔隙率和纹理,而傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱则显示出合成过程中所用原材料的代表性峰值。热重分析(TGA)研究表明了 HGs 的热稳定性,因为它们在 100 和 300 °C 时呈现降解模式。合成的 HGs 表现出相似的粘液粘附动力学曲线,5 分钟时的平衡位移因子为 0.57 mm/mg。由于 HGs 的 MIC90 值(大于 500 μg/mL),其对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的抗菌活性较差。至于盐水青霉,使用 HGs 处理既不会降低其存活率,也不会引起形态变化。这些结果表明 CGG/PEG HGs 适合用于口腔黏膜给药,并拓展了人们对其黏附能力、抗菌潜力和体内生物相容性的认识。
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