Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1447997
Gebru Tesfaye Sherka, Habte Dulla Berry
Because of their quantum confinement effects and adjustable features, semiconductor nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention for their various uses in optoelectronic devices. This study investigates how size and shape variations affect the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanoparticles InX (X = As, Sb, and P). Using unified thermodynamics modeling, it explores the effects of these nanoparticles’ diameters on their electronic band structures, optical properties, and charge carrier dynamics. The inquiry focuses on InX nanoparticles with different sizes and nanostructure morphologies. By examining electronic band structures, the density of states, and optical absorption spectra, the size-dependent quantum confinement processes that govern the optical band gap transitions and excitonic behaviors in these semiconductor nanoparticles were made clear. Also, the influence of the shape of the nanoparticles on carrier mobility and electronic band alignment is investigated, offering insights into the possibility of controlling the morphology to customize optoelectronic capabilities. This theoretical analysis indicates that altering the optoelectronic properties of InX semiconductor nanoparticles is mostly dependent on their size and shape. Smaller nanoparticles show stronger quantum size effects, which lead to improved exciton confinement and blue shifts in the optical absorption spectra. Shape-dependent differences in the density of states and electronic band structures indicate the impact of morphology on the dynamics and recombination of charge carriers in the nanoparticles. In conclusion, this work provides important insights for the design and optimization of semiconductor nanomaterials for photovoltaic, sensing, and light-emitting applications by thoroughly examining the impact of size and shape on the optoelectronic properties of InX semiconductor nanoparticles.
{"title":"Insight into impact of size and shape on optoelectronic properties of InX (X = As, Sb, and P) semiconductor nanoparticles: a theoretical study","authors":"Gebru Tesfaye Sherka, Habte Dulla Berry","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1447997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1447997","url":null,"abstract":"Because of their quantum confinement effects and adjustable features, semiconductor nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention for their various uses in optoelectronic devices. This study investigates how size and shape variations affect the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanoparticles InX (X = As, Sb, and P). Using unified thermodynamics modeling, it explores the effects of these nanoparticles’ diameters on their electronic band structures, optical properties, and charge carrier dynamics. The inquiry focuses on InX nanoparticles with different sizes and nanostructure morphologies. By examining electronic band structures, the density of states, and optical absorption spectra, the size-dependent quantum confinement processes that govern the optical band gap transitions and excitonic behaviors in these semiconductor nanoparticles were made clear. Also, the influence of the shape of the nanoparticles on carrier mobility and electronic band alignment is investigated, offering insights into the possibility of controlling the morphology to customize optoelectronic capabilities. This theoretical analysis indicates that altering the optoelectronic properties of InX semiconductor nanoparticles is mostly dependent on their size and shape. Smaller nanoparticles show stronger quantum size effects, which lead to improved exciton confinement and blue shifts in the optical absorption spectra. Shape-dependent differences in the density of states and electronic band structures indicate the impact of morphology on the dynamics and recombination of charge carriers in the nanoparticles. In conclusion, this work provides important insights for the design and optimization of semiconductor nanomaterials for photovoltaic, sensing, and light-emitting applications by thoroughly examining the impact of size and shape on the optoelectronic properties of InX semiconductor nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1448175
Lambert Münster, Martin Weigel
The description of thermodynamic phase transitions in terms of percolation transitions of suitably defined clusters has a long tradition and boasts a number of important successes, the most prominent ones being in ferromagnetic lattice models. Spin glasses and other frustrated systems are not among them as the clusters of aligned spins usually considered in this context start to percolate in the disordered phase and hence fail to indicate the onset of ordering. In this mini-review we provide an overview of the state of the art in this field, including recent advances, and outline the main open questions in the area.
{"title":"Spin glasses and percolation","authors":"Lambert Münster, Martin Weigel","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1448175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1448175","url":null,"abstract":"The description of thermodynamic phase transitions in terms of percolation transitions of suitably defined clusters has a long tradition and boasts a number of important successes, the most prominent ones being in ferromagnetic lattice models. Spin glasses and other frustrated systems are not among them as the clusters of aligned spins usually considered in this context start to percolate in the disordered phase and hence fail to indicate the onset of ordering. In this mini-review we provide an overview of the state of the art in this field, including recent advances, and outline the main open questions in the area.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1412352
A. D. Filippov, P. Sharma, F. Helmendach, J. A. Dijksman, R. C. Hidalgo
Adhesives can be made by patterning surfaces with discrete adhesive elements. Nature uses this approach to provide animals with highly adaptive and robust approaches towards gaining an effective grip on surfaces. The mechanism of patterned surface adhesion involve many different attachment principles, adhesive site interactions, and probabilistic effects, the interplay of which is not understood. This limits our ability to design patterned surface adhesives for engineering applications. In this work, we quantify how a mechanically patterned adhesive based on passive mushroom-shaped elements performs. We explore a range of surface design features and model the mechanical adhesion dynamics with an approach based on the fiber bundle model (FBM). We find that the fiber bundle model can be used to rationalize the observations after modifying it to capture the initial non-linear force response of the adhesives. Additionally, we investigate the behavior of the system’s elastic energy and damage energy, as it is stretched under strain-controlled conditions. Our experimental data indicates that the elastic energy has a maximum that appears after the macroscopic strength (σc), corresponding to strains where a full rupture of the system can no longer be prevented. Moreover, we observed that below the maximum of the constitutive curve σc, the elastic energy consistently exceeds the damage energy. Finally, we found that the derivative of the elastic energy has a maximum, which always appears before σc. Therefore, the derivative of the elastic energy would serve as a reliable signal of upcoming catastrophic failure in experiments under stress-controlled conditions.
{"title":"Fibre bundle models as a framework for the detachment dynamics of soft probabilistic fasteners","authors":"A. D. Filippov, P. Sharma, F. Helmendach, J. A. Dijksman, R. C. Hidalgo","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1412352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1412352","url":null,"abstract":"Adhesives can be made by patterning surfaces with discrete adhesive elements. Nature uses this approach to provide animals with highly adaptive and robust approaches towards gaining an effective grip on surfaces. The mechanism of patterned surface adhesion involve many different attachment principles, adhesive site interactions, and probabilistic effects, the interplay of which is not understood. This limits our ability to design patterned surface adhesives for engineering applications. In this work, we quantify how a mechanically patterned adhesive based on passive mushroom-shaped elements performs. We explore a range of surface design features and model the mechanical adhesion dynamics with an approach based on the fiber bundle model (FBM). We find that the fiber bundle model can be used to rationalize the observations after modifying it to capture the initial non-linear force response of the adhesives. Additionally, we investigate the behavior of the system’s elastic energy and damage energy, as it is stretched under strain-controlled conditions. Our experimental data indicates that the elastic energy has a maximum that appears after the macroscopic strength <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>, corresponding to strains where a full rupture of the system can no longer be prevented. Moreover, we observed that below the maximum of the constitutive curve <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>, the elastic energy consistently exceeds the damage energy. Finally, we found that the derivative of the elastic energy has a maximum, which always appears before <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>. Therefore, the derivative of the elastic energy would serve as a reliable signal of upcoming catastrophic failure in experiments under stress-controlled conditions.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today’s era of increasing energy constraints, harnessing the power of electromagnetic waves and converting them into directly usable energy has great potential in the field of renewable energy. This paper presents a highly efficient electromagnetic energy harvester with wide operation angles based on metasurface. The metasurface unit comprises four rotated copper rings plated on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. This unique design incorporates a 3.6 kΩ resistor within each of the four-cornered rotating metal rings, effectively emulating the input impedance circuit of a rectifier. Simulation results reveal that the metasurface achieves a remarkable electromagnetic wave harvesting efficiency of up to 92.3% at a frequency of 5.85 GHz. Additionally, it exhibits polarization insensitivity, enhancing its versatility and suitability for wide incident angles, which augments its practicality in various environments. The proposed metasurface energy harvester represents a significant advancement in electromagnetic energy collection technology, offering an efficient and reliable energy harvesting solution that contributes to addressing energy shortages and is applicable across multiple scenarios.
{"title":"High-efficiency and wide-angle metasurface electromagnetic energy harvester","authors":"Anjie Cao, Shuyin Xu, Yeping Huang, Leiting Zhang, Cuijun Liu, Zhansheng Chen","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1423036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1423036","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s era of increasing energy constraints, harnessing the power of electromagnetic waves and converting them into directly usable energy has great potential in the field of renewable energy. This paper presents a highly efficient electromagnetic energy harvester with wide operation angles based on metasurface. The metasurface unit comprises four rotated copper rings plated on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. This unique design incorporates a 3.6 k<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Ω</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> resistor within each of the four-cornered rotating metal rings, effectively emulating the input impedance circuit of a rectifier. Simulation results reveal that the metasurface achieves a remarkable electromagnetic wave harvesting efficiency of up to 92.3% at a frequency of 5.85 GHz. Additionally, it exhibits polarization insensitivity, enhancing its versatility and suitability for wide incident angles, which augments its practicality in various environments. The proposed metasurface energy harvester represents a significant advancement in electromagnetic energy collection technology, offering an efficient and reliable energy harvesting solution that contributes to addressing energy shortages and is applicable across multiple scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1455778
Marlom Ramalho, Jouni Suhonen, Andrei Neacsu, Sabin Stoica
Experimental and theoretical studies of <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> electrons (electrons emitted in <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>-decay transitions) and their <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>-electron spectra have recently experienced a rapid expansion. These <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectral shapes have been used to study total <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectra of fission-product nuclei in the quest for explanation of the reactor-flux anomalies, and individual <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> transitions in search for <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectral shapes sensitive to the effective value of the weak axial coupling <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>. In the former case the TAGS (total absorption gamma-ray spectroscopy) can be efficiently used to measure the total <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectral shapes and in the latter case dedicated measurements of the involved forbidden nonunique <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> transitions have been deployed. The fourth-forbidden nonunique decay transitions <jats:sup>113</jats:sup><jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>g.s.</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.27em"/></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>113</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>9</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2
{"title":"Spectral shapes of second-forbidden single-transition nonunique β decays assessed using the nuclear shell model","authors":"Marlom Ramalho, Jouni Suhonen, Andrei Neacsu, Sabin Stoica","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1455778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1455778","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental and theoretical studies of <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> electrons (electrons emitted in <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>-decay transitions) and their <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>-electron spectra have recently experienced a rapid expansion. These <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectral shapes have been used to study total <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectra of fission-product nuclei in the quest for explanation of the reactor-flux anomalies, and individual <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> transitions in search for <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectral shapes sensitive to the effective value of the weak axial coupling <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>. In the former case the TAGS (total absorption gamma-ray spectroscopy) can be efficiently used to measure the total <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> spectral shapes and in the latter case dedicated measurements of the involved forbidden nonunique <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> transitions have been deployed. The fourth-forbidden nonunique decay transitions <jats:sup>113</jats:sup><jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">d</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>g.s.</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mspace width=\"0.27em\"/></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>113</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">I</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>9</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1433347
L. Consiglio, A. Flammini, A. Ianni, A. Marasciulli, G. Panella, L. Pietrofaccia, D. Sablone, R. Tartaglia
The NUOVA OFFICINA ASSERGI (NOA) is a new facility for the production and integration of large-area silicon photodetectors operating at cryogenic temperatures. Silicon photomultipliers are proving to be a promising technology for next-generation experiments searching for rare events in underground laboratories. New photosensor technology with high performance at cryogenic temperature has been developed by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) and integrated at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) into large-area optical units, thus opening the frontiers toward the realization of scalable liquid argon experiments probing dark matter. The massive production of such detectors is now feasible in NOA, a clean room of 421 m2 designed to operate in a radon-free mode. NOA, commissioned and operational at LNGS, hosts the most advanced packaging machines and electronic test facilities for the integration of silicon devices in a dust-controlled environment. The infrastructure layout is split into two experimental areas: one for the production of electronic devices and cryogenic temperature tests and the other for operating with large detector installations. The NOA facility can be operated with a radon abatement system, making it a unique facility for packaging and testing SiPM-based photosensors and for assembling detector components in a radon-free environment. Therefore, NOA supports the deployment of underground experiments at LNGS and the development of new technologies for the search of rare events, such as dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay.
{"title":"NUOVA OFFICINA ASSERGI: a novel infrastructure for the production of cryogenic and radiopure Si-based photodetectors","authors":"L. Consiglio, A. Flammini, A. Ianni, A. Marasciulli, G. Panella, L. Pietrofaccia, D. Sablone, R. Tartaglia","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1433347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1433347","url":null,"abstract":"The NUOVA OFFICINA ASSERGI (NOA) is a new facility for the production and integration of large-area silicon photodetectors operating at cryogenic temperatures. Silicon photomultipliers are proving to be a promising technology for next-generation experiments searching for rare events in underground laboratories. New photosensor technology with high performance at cryogenic temperature has been developed by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) and integrated at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) into large-area optical units, thus opening the frontiers toward the realization of scalable liquid argon experiments probing dark matter. The massive production of such detectors is now feasible in NOA, a clean room of 421 <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> designed to operate in a radon-free mode. NOA, commissioned and operational at LNGS, hosts the most advanced packaging machines and electronic test facilities for the integration of silicon devices in a dust-controlled environment. The infrastructure layout is split into two experimental areas: one for the production of electronic devices and cryogenic temperature tests and the other for operating with large detector installations. The NOA facility can be operated with a radon abatement system, making it a unique facility for packaging and testing SiPM-based photosensors and for assembling detector components in a radon-free environment. Therefore, NOA supports the deployment of underground experiments at LNGS and the development of new technologies for the search of rare events, such as dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1454585
Qiuyue Nie, Guoqiang Wei, Zhonglin Zhang, Zelin Zhang, Peiqi Chen, Xin Ai, Liang Qian, Changshi Yan
Manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves by plasma–dielectric–plasma (PDP) waveguides or plasma array structures presents significant potential in microwave signal processing, such as filtering, signal delay, and EM enhancement or shielding. Owing to the simple structure and easy fabrication, the waveguide with a tooth-shaped resonator has been a strong candidate as a filtering device. Based on our previous work focusing on U-shaped filtering excited by PDP waveguides with a double-teeth structure, in this work, the formation mechanism of a U-shape filtering spectrum is systematically explored by transmission line theory (TLT) with proper field distributions. The results indicate that the U-shape spectrum consists of boundary edges and a filtering stopband. The boundary edges are attributed to Fano-type resonance, and the enhanced destructive interference from double teeth is responsible for the stopband. Such an approach shows a specific and clear mechanism for the generated U-shaped spectrum. In addition, the theoretical analysis of double teeth without Fano-type resonances is rigorously demonstrated using TLT, which significantly contributes to bandwidth modulation of stopband filtering in theory. These results contribute to the understanding of the formation mechanism of a U-shaped spectrum from a gap plasmon waveguide (such as PDP or metal–insulator–metal (MIM)) with tooth-shaped resonators, offering a feasible direction for the optimization of filtering properties, as well as offering significant parameters for subsequent experimental design.
利用等离子体-介质-等离子体（PDP）波导或等离子体阵列结构操纵电磁波（EM），在微波信号处理（如滤波、信号延迟、电磁增强或屏蔽）方面具有巨大潜力。由于结构简单、易于制造，带有齿形谐振器的波导一直是滤波设备的理想选择。基于我们之前对双齿结构 PDP 波导所激发的 U 型滤波的研究，本研究利用适当场分布的传输线理论（TLT）系统地探讨了 U 型滤波频谱的形成机制。结果表明，U 型频谱由边界边缘和滤波阻带组成。边界边缘归因于法诺型共振，而双齿增强的破坏性干扰则是阻带的原因。这种方法显示了产生 U 型频谱的具体而清晰的机制。此外，还利用 TLT 对无 Fano 型共振的双齿进行了严格的理论分析，这在理论上大大有助于止带滤波的带宽调制。这些结果有助于理解带有齿形谐振器的间隙等离子体波导（如 PDP 或金属-绝缘体-金属 (MIM)）U 形频谱的形成机制，为优化滤波特性提供了可行的方向，并为后续实验设计提供了重要参数。
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Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1407534
I. Kudashev, M. Scotto d’Abusco, A. Glasser, E. Serre, F. Schwander, H. Bufferand, G. Ciraolo, P. Ghendrih, P. Tamain
This paper deals with the distribution of sources, transport, and exhaust of particles in a tokamak. Knowledge and understanding of all the physical phenomena involved in the global particle buildup are necessary to study and predict density regimes and subsequently to develop optimized scenarios for tokamak operation in order to control heat and particle exhaust. Neutral particles and their interactions with plasma are central in this perspective. This paper discusses the impact of varying the intensity of particle fueling in 2D transport simulations of a WEST discharge. Simulations are performed with an updated version of SOLEDGE-HDG that allows a more realistic transport of neutrals using a self-consistent diffusive model based on charge exchange and ionization processes. New code capabilities allow the entire WEST poloidal cross section to be simulated in a realistic configuration for both geometry and the range of control parameters. A gas puff scan illustrates the main features of the sheath-limited, high-recycling, and detached regimes, such as the buildup of the temperature gradient and the pressure drop in the scrape-off layer (SOL), the target temperature falling to 1 eV, and the ionization source moving away from the targets, as well as the particle flux rollover. A crude estimate of wall erosion is also provided, showing the respective role of each plasma wall component in each of these regimes.
本文涉及托卡马克中粒子的来源、传输和排气的分布。要研究和预测密度状态，并随后制定托卡马克运行的优化方案，以控制热量和粒子废气，就必须了解和理解全球粒子聚集所涉及的所有物理现象。中性粒子及其与等离子体的相互作用是这一观点的核心。本文讨论了在 WEST 放电的二维传输模拟中改变粒子燃料强度的影响。模拟是使用 SOLEDGE-HDG 的更新版本进行的，该版本允许使用基于电荷交换和电离过程的自洽扩散模型对中性粒子进行更真实的传输。新的代码功能允许以逼真的配置模拟整个 WEST 极性截面的几何形状和控制参数范围。气体脉冲扫描说明了鞘限制、高循环和分离状态的主要特征，如温度梯度的积累和刮除层（SOL）的压力下降、目标温度下降到 1 eV、电离源远离目标以及粒子通量翻转。此外，还提供了对壁面侵蚀的粗略估计，显示了等离子体壁各组成部分在上述每种情况下各自发挥的作用。
{"title":"Global particle buildup simulations with gas puff scan: application to WEST discharge","authors":"I. Kudashev, M. Scotto d’Abusco, A. Glasser, E. Serre, F. Schwander, H. Bufferand, G. Ciraolo, P. Ghendrih, P. Tamain","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1407534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1407534","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the distribution of sources, transport, and exhaust of particles in a tokamak. Knowledge and understanding of all the physical phenomena involved in the global particle buildup are necessary to study and predict density regimes and subsequently to develop optimized scenarios for tokamak operation in order to control heat and particle exhaust. Neutral particles and their interactions with plasma are central in this perspective. This paper discusses the impact of varying the intensity of particle fueling in 2D transport simulations of a WEST discharge. Simulations are performed with an updated version of SOLEDGE-HDG that allows a more realistic transport of neutrals using a self-consistent diffusive model based on charge exchange and ionization processes. New code capabilities allow the entire WEST poloidal cross section to be simulated in a realistic configuration for both geometry and the range of control parameters. A gas puff scan illustrates the main features of the sheath-limited, high-recycling, and detached regimes, such as the buildup of the temperature gradient and the pressure drop in the scrape-off layer (SOL), the target temperature falling to 1 eV, and the ionization source moving away from the targets, as well as the particle flux rollover. A crude estimate of wall erosion is also provided, showing the respective role of each plasma wall component in each of these regimes.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1422098
Abdul Hakeem, Nek Muhammad Katbar, Hisamuddin Shaikh, Fikadu Tesgera Tolasa, Oshaque Ali Abro
Topological indices are mathematical descriptors of the structure of a molecule that can be used to predict its properties. They are derived from the graph theory, which describes the topology of a molecule and its connectivity. The main objective is mathematical modeling and topological properties of ϒ-graphyne. Current research focuses on two structures made from hexagonal honeycomb graphite lattices named triangular ϒ-graphyne and triangular ϒ-graphyne chains. The authors have simultaneously computed the first and second Reverse Zagreb indices, reverse hyper-Zagreb indices, and their polynomials. This research also derives mathematical closed-form formulas for some of its fundamental degree-based molecular descriptors. Researchers have been trying to synthesize a novel carbon form called Graphyne. For over a decade but with no success. Recently, some researchers have made a breakthrough in generating Carbons elusive allotrope and solved a long-standing problem in carbon materials. This wonder material is created to rival the conductivity of graphene but with control. These results opened new ways of research in the fields of semiconductors, electronics and optics. Furthermore, graphical and tabular results will help to investigate the structure-property relationships in γ-graphyne.
{"title":"Reverse degree-based topological indices study of molecular structure in triangular ϒ-graphyne and triangular ϒ-graphyne chain","authors":"Abdul Hakeem, Nek Muhammad Katbar, Hisamuddin Shaikh, Fikadu Tesgera Tolasa, Oshaque Ali Abro","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1422098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1422098","url":null,"abstract":"Topological indices are mathematical descriptors of the structure of a molecule that can be used to predict its properties. They are derived from the graph theory, which describes the topology of a molecule and its connectivity. The main objective is mathematical modeling and topological properties of ϒ-graphyne. Current research focuses on two structures made from hexagonal honeycomb graphite lattices named triangular ϒ-graphyne and triangular ϒ-graphyne chains. The authors have simultaneously computed the first and second Reverse Zagreb indices, reverse hyper-Zagreb indices, and their polynomials. This research also derives mathematical closed-form formulas for some of its fundamental degree-based molecular descriptors. Researchers have been trying to synthesize a novel carbon form called Graphyne. For over a decade but with no success. Recently, some researchers have made a breakthrough in generating Carbons elusive allotrope and solved a long-standing problem in carbon materials. This wonder material is created to rival the conductivity of graphene but with control. These results opened new ways of research in the fields of semiconductors, electronics and optics. Furthermore, graphical and tabular results will help to investigate the structure-property relationships in γ-graphyne.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142219706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1456491
Swastik Kumar Sahu, Kaushik Mazumdar
Quantum computing provides a revolution in computational competences, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to process data in fundamentally novel ways. This paper explores the profound implications of quantum computing on cryptography, focusing on the vulnerabilities it introduces to classical encryption methods such as RSA and ECC, and the emergence of quantum-resistant algorithms. We review the core principles of quantum mechanics, including superposition and entanglement, which underpin quantum computing and cryptography. Additionally, we examine quantum encryption algorithms, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols and post-quantum cryptographic methods, highlighting their potential to secure communications in the quantum era. This analysis emphasizes the urgent need for developing robust quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions to safeguard sensitive information against the imminent threats posed by advancing quantum technologies.
{"title":"State-of-the-art analysis of quantum cryptography: applications and future prospects","authors":"Swastik Kumar Sahu, Kaushik Mazumdar","doi":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1456491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1456491","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum computing provides a revolution in computational competences, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to process data in fundamentally novel ways. This paper explores the profound implications of quantum computing on cryptography, focusing on the vulnerabilities it introduces to classical encryption methods such as RSA and ECC, and the emergence of quantum-resistant algorithms. We review the core principles of quantum mechanics, including superposition and entanglement, which underpin quantum computing and cryptography. Additionally, we examine quantum encryption algorithms, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols and post-quantum cryptographic methods, highlighting their potential to secure communications in the quantum era. This analysis emphasizes the urgent need for developing robust quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions to safeguard sensitive information against the imminent threats posed by advancing quantum technologies.","PeriodicalId":12507,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Physics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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