This research work focused on the optimisation of the cassava wastewater medium for ethanol fermentation. The main thrust was the investigation of the influence of the glucose concentration, nutrient (NH 4 Cl) level, and cell concentration on the yield of ethanol from cassava wastewater. Twenty experiments based on rotatable central composite design (CCD) were conducted. The factors affecting the ethanol yield were optimised within the following range of values (15 to 25) g/l of glucose concentration, (2 to 4) g NH 4 Cl level and (300 to 400) CFU cell concentration in 100 ml of the substrate using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum values of these factors- glucose concentration, nutrient level, and cell concentration were found to be 24.991 g/l, 3.991 g and 399.94 CFU respectively. These gave a yield of 8.69 % v/v of ethanol in the broth within the range of the values of the factors that were investigated. Optimising cassava wastewater as the medium for ethanol production would improve the ethanol yield, and thereby reduce the cost of production. Keywords : Ethanol, cassava wastewater, optimization, culture medium, response surface methodology
{"title":"Optimization of the Ethanol Fermentation of Cassava Wastewater using Response Surface Method","authors":"A. Umo, K. Egemba, E. Bassey, B. Etuk","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This research work focused on the optimisation of the cassava wastewater medium for ethanol fermentation. The main thrust was the investigation of the influence of the glucose concentration, nutrient (NH 4 Cl) level, and cell concentration on the yield of ethanol from cassava wastewater. Twenty experiments based on rotatable central composite design (CCD) were conducted. The factors affecting the ethanol yield were optimised within the following range of values (15 to 25) g/l of glucose concentration, (2 to 4) g NH 4 Cl level and (300 to 400) CFU cell concentration in 100 ml of the substrate using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum values of these factors- glucose concentration, nutrient level, and cell concentration were found to be 24.991 g/l, 3.991 g and 399.94 CFU respectively. These gave a yield of 8.69 % v/v of ethanol in the broth within the range of the values of the factors that were investigated. Optimising cassava wastewater as the medium for ethanol production would improve the ethanol yield, and thereby reduce the cost of production. Keywords : Ethanol, cassava wastewater, optimization, culture medium, response surface methodology","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90465214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is an agro-waste material. It is found locally in abundance in Nigeria and many other parts of the world. Rice Husks pose environmental nuisance in developing countries. Efforts have been made to convert the material to economic usage. RHA is a form of pozzolan, a potential cementitious material. The material was mixed with 45 per cent slaked lime. The resultant product ‘cement’ has a specific gravity of 2.1. The initial and final setting times were found to be 4 ½ and 76 hours respectively. The pozzolanic Activity Index of the ash was determined. It was found to be highly pozzolanic. The average compressive strength was found to be 3.2 N/mm 2 (32.6 kg/cm 2 ). The relationship between the compressive strength of its concrete and water-cement ratio was also studied. The optimum water-cement ratio was found to be 0.86. Keywords: Rice Husk Ash, Pozzolan, Compressive strength, Setting times.
{"title":"Pozzolanicity and Some Engineering Properties of Rice Husk Ash","authors":"S. Obam, S. Tyagher, S. Tsenongo","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is an agro-waste material. It is found locally in abundance in Nigeria and many other parts of the world. Rice Husks pose environmental nuisance in developing countries. Efforts have been made to convert the material to economic usage. RHA is a form of pozzolan, a potential cementitious material. The material was mixed with 45 per cent slaked lime. The resultant product ‘cement’ has a specific gravity of 2.1. The initial and final setting times were found to be 4 ½ and 76 hours respectively. The pozzolanic Activity Index of the ash was determined. It was found to be highly pozzolanic. The average compressive strength was found to be 3.2 N/mm 2 (32.6 kg/cm 2 ). The relationship between the compressive strength of its concrete and water-cement ratio was also studied. The optimum water-cement ratio was found to be 0.86. Keywords: Rice Husk Ash, Pozzolan, Compressive strength, Setting times.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"45-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81937168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dimension stone quarry is believed to be type of mining operation that always result to low recovery since what is expected from the extracting operation is a cubical block with no fracture. It is noticed that majority of the damage in the natural blocks are always from poor extraction method. In aggregate quarry, series of work have been done on powder factor that gives economical blasting. In this research work, breaking factor is used in place of powder factor since breaking is required not powder. The aim of this research work is to establish a standard breaking factor for bench blasting in dimension quarries that will improve recovery. Two cases were considered. In case 1, gun powder is used for basal cutting. Of the seven patterns considered, pattern3 gives highest recovery (70%) with breaking factor of 23.15g/m 3 (i.e. 5kg of Gun powder for (6 by 6 by 6) m bench design). In the case 2, dynacord is used for basal cutting. Of the four patterns considered, pattern 2 gives highest recovery (55%) with breaking factor of 15g/m 3 ( i.e. 3.24kg of explosive for (6 by 6 by 6) m bench design. Keywords: Extracting, powder factor, aggregate, recovery, breaking factor
{"title":"Bench Blasting Design for Optimum Recovery of Blocks in Dimension Stone Quarries: A Case Study of Crushed Rock Industry, Supare-Nigeria","authors":"M. Saliu, Shaib Abdulazeez Shehu","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Dimension stone quarry is believed to be type of mining operation that always result to low recovery since what is expected from the extracting operation is a cubical block with no fracture. It is noticed that majority of the damage in the natural blocks are always from poor extraction method. In aggregate quarry, series of work have been done on powder factor that gives economical blasting. In this research work, breaking factor is used in place of powder factor since breaking is required not powder. The aim of this research work is to establish a standard breaking factor for bench blasting in dimension quarries that will improve recovery. Two cases were considered. In case 1, gun powder is used for basal cutting. Of the seven patterns considered, pattern3 gives highest recovery (70%) with breaking factor of 23.15g/m 3 (i.e. 5kg of Gun powder for (6 by 6 by 6) m bench design). In the case 2, dynacord is used for basal cutting. Of the four patterns considered, pattern 2 gives highest recovery (55%) with breaking factor of 15g/m 3 ( i.e. 3.24kg of explosive for (6 by 6 by 6) m bench design. Keywords: Extracting, powder factor, aggregate, recovery, breaking factor","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"112 1","pages":"85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85442525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rate of biogas production using cow manure as substrate was monitored in two laboratory scale batch reactors (13 liter and 108 liter capacities). Two empirical models based on the Gompertz and the modified logistic equations were used to fit the experimental data based on non-linear regression analysis using Solver tool in Microsoft Excel. The 13-liter reactor was used in Experiments1 & 2 and in Experiment 3 the 108-liter reactor was used. In all the three experiments, Gompertz model gave a better goodness of fit than the modified Logistic model. The cross correlation coefficients for experiment 3 are 0.9972 and 0.9965 for Gompertz and Modified Logistic models respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis of the biogas indicates that its methane content is above 70% in both reactors. Keywords : Empirical model, Non-linear regression, biogas production, cow manure.
{"title":"Empirical Model for Predicting Rate of Biogas Production","authors":"A. Adamu, E. Aluyor","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Rate of biogas production using cow manure as substrate was monitored in two laboratory scale batch reactors (13 liter and 108 liter capacities). Two empirical models based on the Gompertz and the modified logistic equations were used to fit the experimental data based on non-linear regression analysis using Solver tool in Microsoft Excel. The 13-liter reactor was used in Experiments1 & 2 and in Experiment 3 the 108-liter reactor was used. In all the three experiments, Gompertz model gave a better goodness of fit than the modified Logistic model. The cross correlation coefficients for experiment 3 are 0.9972 and 0.9965 for Gompertz and Modified Logistic models respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis of the biogas indicates that its methane content is above 70% in both reactors. Keywords : Empirical model, Non-linear regression, biogas production, cow manure.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"45 13 1","pages":"63-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90329419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serge Roland Sanou, F. Zougmore, Z. Koalaga, M. B. Kebre
A comparative study of digital m-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (mQAM) channel coding signals for optical high-speed transmission is presented in this article. The needs to transmit information at high speed are topical and relevant to the images, the sounds, and data of any kind, etc. The photonic networks are the subject of much research on the application in optical domain of techniques already used in wireless networks such as mQAM digital modulations and error correcting codes. The mQAM digital modulations interest lies in the fact that they are now being used as subchannel modulation techniques in other advanced modulations such as Othogonal Frenquency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Indeed, OFDM using mQAM modulation seems to be a good candidate in high speed networks. This allows considering transmission systems at very high speeds in optical transmission networks. The performance of channel coding is based on the estimation of the Bit Error Rate (BER) implementing techniques of Convolutional codes, Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes in a 10Gbps transmission. The BER is estimated as a function of the OSNR and also as a function of the transmission distance. The study was conducted in a software cosimulation environment with VPITransmissionMaker and Matlab software. The simulation results showed that error correcting codes and particularly LDPC codes are effective and provide satisfactory solutions to reduce the BER by fighting against optical transmission channel disturbances such as chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities. Keywords : mQAM, broadband, BER, optical fiber, error correcting codes.
{"title":"BER Reduction for mQAM High-Speed Tranmission in Optical Fiber Networks Using Convalutional BCH, RS and LDPC Error Correcting Codes","authors":"Serge Roland Sanou, F. Zougmore, Z. Koalaga, M. B. Kebre","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative study of digital m-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (mQAM) channel coding signals for optical high-speed transmission is presented in this article. The needs to transmit information at high speed are topical and relevant to the images, the sounds, and data of any kind, etc. The photonic networks are the subject of much research on the application in optical domain of techniques already used in wireless networks such as mQAM digital modulations and error correcting codes. The mQAM digital modulations interest lies in the fact that they are now being used as subchannel modulation techniques in other advanced modulations such as Othogonal Frenquency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Indeed, OFDM using mQAM modulation seems to be a good candidate in high speed networks. This allows considering transmission systems at very high speeds in optical transmission networks. The performance of channel coding is based on the estimation of the Bit Error Rate (BER) implementing techniques of Convolutional codes, Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes in a 10Gbps transmission. The BER is estimated as a function of the OSNR and also as a function of the transmission distance. The study was conducted in a software cosimulation environment with VPITransmissionMaker and Matlab software. The simulation results showed that error correcting codes and particularly LDPC codes are effective and provide satisfactory solutions to reduce the BER by fighting against optical transmission channel disturbances such as chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities. Keywords : mQAM, broadband, BER, optical fiber, error correcting codes.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":"35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80822168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the path loss model that seeks to predict the signal strength degradation of Radio Nigeria, FM station, Makurdi which is normally a major component in the analysis and design of link budget of a telecommunication system. For the purpose of this work, Benue state was divided into four (4) routes for ease of data gathering, namely northern, southern, eastern and western parts and a Potomac FIM-41 field strength meter was used to measure the signal strength of the FM signal at selected locations. The values obtained are compared with those computed from Basic Transmission Loss Model for consistency. The result shows that values obtained from the model are slightly higher than the measured and it returned ninety-five percent (95%) confidence interval for the two samples using degree of freedom of 22. A null hypothesis was applied and the measure of the level of significant difference between the model and measured values is 10.3%. The results present no significant difference between the model and measured data. It can therefore be concluded that the model is valid and can be used to estimate path losses of FM signals in Benue State of Nigeria.
{"title":"Prediction of Path loss Estimate for a Frequency Modulation (FM) Station Using Basic Transmission Loss Model","authors":"N. Goshwe, J. Orinya, G. Igwue","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the path loss model that seeks to predict the signal strength degradation of Radio Nigeria, FM station, Makurdi which is normally a major component in the analysis and design of link budget of a telecommunication system. For the purpose of this work, Benue state was divided into four (4) routes for ease of data gathering, namely northern, southern, eastern and western parts and a Potomac FIM-41 field strength meter was used to measure the signal strength of the FM signal at selected locations. The values obtained are compared with those computed from Basic Transmission Loss Model for consistency. The result shows that values obtained from the model are slightly higher than the measured and it returned ninety-five percent (95%) confidence interval for the two samples using degree of freedom of 22. A null hypothesis was applied and the measure of the level of significant difference between the model and measured values is 10.3%. The results present no significant difference between the model and measured data. It can therefore be concluded that the model is valid and can be used to estimate path losses of FM signals in Benue State of Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"488 1","pages":"69-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82510348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adequate information on the characteristics of wastes generated from poultry production particularly in the tropical region is lacking. This study investigated and characterized the wastes of different poultry species which included broiler, cockerel and layer with each under battery cage and or deep litter housing systems. As part of waste management study, this work evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of poultry waste which are needed in the planning and design of components of waste management systems such as handling, transport processing and storage. The results of the tests indicated that wastes collected from battery cage system contain higher values in chemical composition than those from deep litter houses. Physical components of wastes from deep litter are however, higher in values than that of battery cage systems. The broiler wastes recorded the highest values in parameters such as Total solid (14.0mg/l) , Fixed solids (9.1mg/l) and Total dissolved solid (3.9mg/l); for deep litter house; and then dissolved oxygen (2.0mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (120.7mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (241.3mg/l), Nitrogen (432.3ppm), phosphorus (233.3ppm), potassium (343.3ppm) and Amoniacal Nitrogen (56ppm) , under battery cage system. Layer wastes recorded the highest values for moisture contents (45.3%), volatile solid (9.4%) and pH (8.2) under battery cage system. The results of the analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicate that poultry species and housing systems have high significant effect on all the parameters tested at 1% probability level. Keywords: Poultry waste, characterization, housing types, bird species, physco-chemical properties
{"title":"Effects of Poultry Species and Housing Types on the Poultry Wastes Physco-Chemical Characteristics","authors":"Tu Nwakonobi, U. Ahiaba, Se Tyavtser","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate information on the characteristics of wastes generated from poultry production particularly in the tropical region is lacking. This study investigated and characterized the wastes of different poultry species which included broiler, cockerel and layer with each under battery cage and or deep litter housing systems. As part of waste management study, this work evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of poultry waste which are needed in the planning and design of components of waste management systems such as handling, transport processing and storage. The results of the tests indicated that wastes collected from battery cage system contain higher values in chemical composition than those from deep litter houses. Physical components of wastes from deep litter are however, higher in values than that of battery cage systems. The broiler wastes recorded the highest values in parameters such as Total solid (14.0mg/l) , Fixed solids (9.1mg/l) and Total dissolved solid (3.9mg/l); for deep litter house; and then dissolved oxygen (2.0mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (120.7mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (241.3mg/l), Nitrogen (432.3ppm), phosphorus (233.3ppm), potassium (343.3ppm) and Amoniacal Nitrogen (56ppm) , under battery cage system. Layer wastes recorded the highest values for moisture contents (45.3%), volatile solid (9.4%) and pH (8.2) under battery cage system. The results of the analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicate that poultry species and housing systems have high significant effect on all the parameters tested at 1% probability level. Keywords: Poultry waste, characterization, housing types, bird species, physco-chemical properties","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87430795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to evaluate the use of bamboo as porous pipe (line source) emitter in trickle irrigation at the Cross River University of Technology Teaching and Research Farm Obubra. Two sets of bamboo laterals: opened and plugged ends were used for the trial. The experiment was conducted using four different pressure heads calibrated by pressure gauge. The volume of water discharged from each emitter and pressure drops along the respective laterals were recorded. The results showed that the mean values for the emitter discharge increased as the operating pressure head increases for the respective laterals. However, the overall mean discharge for plugged end lateral significantly (P ≤ 0.05) differed from the opened end lateral. Pressure drops decreased as the emitter distance increases along the respective laterals. The pressure drop overall mean values did not significantly (P > 0.05) vary between the laterals, but the value recorded for the opened end lateral was about 17.99% higher than the plugged end lateral. The emission exponent (X) and proportionality constant (K) were also computed for the respective laterals. There was a significant difference between the laterals with respect to the overall mean values of X and K. The relationship between operating pressure and discharge, emitter distance and pressure drops were also established. A highly positive significant value of “r” (0.97**) for opened end and non significant “r” value (0.96) for plugged end were obtained in relating discharge and operating pressure. For the pressure drops and emitter distance, a strong negative significant “r” values of -0.98** and -0.99** were obtained for opened and plugged ends, respectively. These findings are observed to be in accordance with the principle of trickle irrigation and suggest that the use of bamboo as line source emitter might be possible, if appropriate measures such as environmental, socio-economic and technical issues could be considered. Keywords : Trickle irrigation, Bamboo, emitter, Porous-pipe
{"title":"Evaluation of Bamboo Porous Pipe as Line Source Emitter in Trickle Irrigation System","authors":"E. Obio, R. Antigha, Arif Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v12i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v12i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to evaluate the use of bamboo as porous pipe (line source) emitter in trickle irrigation at the Cross River University of Technology Teaching and Research Farm Obubra. Two sets of bamboo laterals: opened and plugged ends were used for the trial. The experiment was conducted using four different pressure heads calibrated by pressure gauge. The volume of water discharged from each emitter and pressure drops along the respective laterals were recorded. The results showed that the mean values for the emitter discharge increased as the operating pressure head increases for the respective laterals. However, the overall mean discharge for plugged end lateral significantly (P ≤ 0.05) differed from the opened end lateral. Pressure drops decreased as the emitter distance increases along the respective laterals. The pressure drop overall mean values did not significantly (P > 0.05) vary between the laterals, but the value recorded for the opened end lateral was about 17.99% higher than the plugged end lateral. The emission exponent (X) and proportionality constant (K) were also computed for the respective laterals. There was a significant difference between the laterals with respect to the overall mean values of X and K. The relationship between operating pressure and discharge, emitter distance and pressure drops were also established. A highly positive significant value of “r” (0.97**) for opened end and non significant “r” value (0.96) for plugged end were obtained in relating discharge and operating pressure. For the pressure drops and emitter distance, a strong negative significant “r” values of -0.98** and -0.99** were obtained for opened and plugged ends, respectively. These findings are observed to be in accordance with the principle of trickle irrigation and suggest that the use of bamboo as line source emitter might be possible, if appropriate measures such as environmental, socio-economic and technical issues could be considered. Keywords : Trickle irrigation, Bamboo, emitter, Porous-pipe","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74625993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A time domain numerical procedure is presented for a simulation of electromagnetic wave phenomena. The technique is an adaptation of the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) approach usually applied to model electromagnetic wave propagation. In this paper a simple 2D implementation of FDTD algorithm in mathematica environment is presented. Source implementation and the effect of conductivity on the incident field are investigated. Simple illustrations of propagation in a non-conducting, partial conducting and conducting medium are provided. For the computational space, Cartesian grids of fixed size were used as it makes grid generation to be relatively easy. The numerical data generated by the program code were sampled at various time steps from t0=1 to 90 along the computational space. The simulation results show the advancement of the pulse into the medium at various time stepping, shift in the peak of the amplitude was observed on the pulse for all the time steps. An attempt to further show the attenuation as the wave propagates into the stratified medium is made. The amplitude of the pulse falls sharply from 0.006 to 1x10 -11 for t0=1 and t0=50. The results indicate the working of the model and it could be used to study the behavior of the wave as it does propagate across the medium. Keywords: Stratified Medium, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), mathematica, Maxwell’s Equations, Electromagnetic Waves (EM)
{"title":"FDTD Modelling of Electromagnetic waves in Stratified Medium","authors":"N. Faruk, U. Gana","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V12I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V12I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"A time domain numerical procedure is presented for a simulation of electromagnetic wave phenomena. The technique is an adaptation of the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) approach usually applied to model electromagnetic wave propagation. In this paper a simple 2D implementation of FDTD algorithm in mathematica environment is presented. Source implementation and the effect of conductivity on the incident field are investigated. Simple illustrations of propagation in a non-conducting, partial conducting and conducting medium are provided. For the computational space, Cartesian grids of fixed size were used as it makes grid generation to be relatively easy. The numerical data generated by the program code were sampled at various time steps from t0=1 to 90 along the computational space. The simulation results show the advancement of the pulse into the medium at various time stepping, shift in the peak of the amplitude was observed on the pulse for all the time steps. An attempt to further show the attenuation as the wave propagates into the stratified medium is made. The amplitude of the pulse falls sharply from 0.006 to 1x10 -11 for t0=1 and t0=50. The results indicate the working of the model and it could be used to study the behavior of the wave as it does propagate across the medium. Keywords: Stratified Medium, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), mathematica, Maxwell’s Equations, Electromagnetic Waves (EM)","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84518759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rainwater harvesting is receiving increased attention worldwide as an alternative source of drinking water. Although, some people typically consume collected rainwater without any type of disinfection, the microbial and other physic-chemical qualities of this water source can be poor. In this paper, the variability of rain water quality due to roof characteristics was investigated using some randomly collected data from both industrialized and rural areas in Gboko, Nigeria. Questionnaires were randomly administered in the rural areas to obtain data on the type of roofing materials and age of the roof. In addition, samples were also collected from both areas and examined for alkalinity, pH, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , dissolved heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cr), and total coliform (not detected). The examined parameters gave average values of alkalinity, pH, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe, Zn as 4.8mg/l, 7.77, 23.9mg/l, 1.2mg/l, 26.1mg/l, 120.3mg/l, 99.6mg/l, 0.12mg/l, 0.13mg/l respectively. It was discovered that, the period of rainfall, environmental factors, type and age of roofing materials have varying effects on the characteristics of rainwater. From the experimental result, the roof drainage water quality in Gboko can be used as grey water for domestic purposes but requires treatment to be used as drinking water. KEYWORDS: Rainwater quality, Water availability, Rainwater harvesting, Variability, Roof drainage
{"title":"Variability of Rain Water Quality due to Roof Characteristics","authors":"J. Utsev","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Rainwater harvesting is receiving increased attention worldwide as an alternative source of drinking water. Although, some people typically consume collected rainwater without any type of disinfection, the microbial and other physic-chemical qualities of this water source can be poor. In this paper, the variability of rain water quality due to roof characteristics was investigated using some randomly collected data from both industrialized and rural areas in Gboko, Nigeria. Questionnaires were randomly administered in the rural areas to obtain data on the type of roofing materials and age of the roof. In addition, samples were also collected from both areas and examined for alkalinity, pH, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , dissolved heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cr), and total coliform (not detected). The examined parameters gave average values of alkalinity, pH, NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe, Zn as 4.8mg/l, 7.77, 23.9mg/l, 1.2mg/l, 26.1mg/l, 120.3mg/l, 99.6mg/l, 0.12mg/l, 0.13mg/l respectively. It was discovered that, the period of rainfall, environmental factors, type and age of roofing materials have varying effects on the characteristics of rainwater. From the experimental result, the roof drainage water quality in Gboko can be used as grey water for domestic purposes but requires treatment to be used as drinking water. KEYWORDS: Rainwater quality, Water availability, Rainwater harvesting, Variability, Roof drainage","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81062158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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