Determination of the dispersion number or dispersion coefficient of a pollutant in a receiving stream or a treatment plant is a very important aspect of pollution control. A model describing the relationship between the dispersion number of a settleable solid (d 2 ) and that of a dissolvable tracer (d 1 ) was presented and verified with data collected from a laboratory channel. The model predicted results closer to experimental data than the existing model. The method applied in this research allows for in-situ determination of a pollutant settling velocity more realistically than both stokes equation and quiescent settling analysis. It was shown that using a dissolvable tracer instead of a setteable solid could lead to error. The implication of this in waste stabilization pond design was also discussed. Keywords : Dispersion, settleable pollutants, waste stabilization ponds.
{"title":"Dispersion Characteristics of Settleable and Dissolvable Pollutants in Waste Stabilization Ponds","authors":"E. Ukpong, J. Agunwamba","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of the dispersion number or dispersion coefficient of a pollutant in a receiving stream or a treatment plant is a very important aspect of pollution control. A model describing the relationship between the dispersion number of a settleable solid (d 2 ) and that of a dissolvable tracer (d 1 ) was presented and verified with data collected from a laboratory channel. The model predicted results closer to experimental data than the existing model. The method applied in this research allows for in-situ determination of a pollutant settling velocity more realistically than both stokes equation and quiescent settling analysis. It was shown that using a dissolvable tracer instead of a setteable solid could lead to error. The implication of this in waste stabilization pond design was also discussed. Keywords : Dispersion, settleable pollutants, waste stabilization ponds.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"63 1","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84001478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP) are designed to provide control environment for wastewater treatment. The primary purpose of wastewater treatment is the reduction of pathogenic contamination, suspended solids, oxygen demand and nutrient environment. The geometry of the pond could be structured in order to give the desired dispersion condition. However, the variation of pond shape and parameters such as coliform bacteria, suspended solids (ss), BOD 5 , dispersion number and detention time ( θ ) have been studied, analysed and compared between rectangular and trapezoidal pond in order to determine their performance efficiency. The results of the experimental analysis reveal that the performance of the rectangular pond was better than that of the trapezoidal pond in term of bacteria reduction, BOD 5 and dispersion number, respectively. Keywords: Geometry, coliform bacteria, dispersion number, trapezoidal pond, rectangular pond.
{"title":"Variation of Some Waste Stabilization Pond Parameters With Shape","authors":"E. Ukpong","doi":"10.4314/gjer.v11i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjer.v11i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP) are designed to provide control environment for wastewater treatment. The primary purpose of wastewater treatment is the reduction of pathogenic contamination, suspended solids, oxygen demand and nutrient environment. The geometry of the pond could be structured in order to give the desired dispersion condition. However, the variation of pond shape and parameters such as coliform bacteria, suspended solids (ss), BOD 5 , dispersion number and detention time ( θ ) have been studied, analysed and compared between rectangular and trapezoidal pond in order to determine their performance efficiency. The results of the experimental analysis reveal that the performance of the rectangular pond was better than that of the trapezoidal pond in term of bacteria reduction, BOD 5 and dispersion number, respectively. Keywords: Geometry, coliform bacteria, dispersion number, trapezoidal pond, rectangular pond.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"107-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87831284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With over fifty years of oil industry operation in Nigeria, the sector is still largely foreign-technology driven. The national government’s involvement has been classified into three distinct era: (1) The Era of Royalty (1956-1970) when government played passive facilitative role limited to the collection of royalties, rents, taxes and other forms of dues from the oil companies; (2) the Era of Shareholding (1971-2004) when petroleum was established as a strategic rational resource which meant that ownership, control and exploitation should be vested in the Federal Government and (3) the Era of Active Involvement (2004-date) in which government seeks greater indigenous involvement through the encouragement of indigenous participation in upstream operations (Marginal Fields Development Programme) and the internalization of input in the industry by increasing the quantum of composite value added or created in the Nigerian economy through the utilization of Nigerian human and material resources (Local Content Development Programme). The latter programme is thus an attempt at circumventing both the capitalist and the critical social theories of technology transfer and developing an indigenous technology initiative. Physical infrastructure and social macroeconomic environment, institutional framework as well as attitudinal changes are identified as critical to the successful Nigerianization of oil industry in Nigeria. Keywords: Technology transfer, challenges, local content development, capitalist and critical social theories.
{"title":"Technology Transfer and the Challenges of Local Content Development in the Nigerian Oil Industry","authors":"O. Akpanika","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"With over fifty years of oil industry operation in Nigeria, the sector is still largely foreign-technology driven. The national government’s involvement has been classified into three distinct era: (1) The Era of Royalty (1956-1970) when government played passive facilitative role limited to the collection of royalties, rents, taxes and other forms of dues from the oil companies; (2) the Era of Shareholding (1971-2004) when petroleum was established as a strategic rational resource which meant that ownership, control and exploitation should be vested in the Federal Government and (3) the Era of Active Involvement (2004-date) in which government seeks greater indigenous involvement through the encouragement of indigenous participation in upstream operations (Marginal Fields Development Programme) and the internalization of input in the industry by increasing the quantum of composite value added or created in the Nigerian economy through the utilization of Nigerian human and material resources (Local Content Development Programme). The latter programme is thus an attempt at circumventing both the capitalist and the critical social theories of technology transfer and developing an indigenous technology initiative. Physical infrastructure and social macroeconomic environment, institutional framework as well as attitudinal changes are identified as critical to the successful Nigerianization of oil industry in Nigeria. Keywords: Technology transfer, challenges, local content development, capitalist and critical social theories.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"85 1","pages":"123-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76855431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a new approach of unified power quality conditioner which is made up of a matrix converter to mitigate the current harmonics, voltage sags and swells and control the power flow with Bi directional capability for windmill. Matrix converter injects the compensation voltage on the load-side, so it is possible to mitigate the voltage sag/swell problems, resulting in an efficient solution for mitigating voltage and current related power quality problems. Thus, the proposed topology can mitigate the voltage fluctuations and current harmonics without energy storage elements and the total harmonic distortion produced by the system also very low. Due to the bidirectional power flow capability of matrix converter the proposed unified power quality conditioner capable to control the power flow of the windmill more over it also transfer power bi -directional. The space-vector modulation (SVM) is used to control the matrix converter. Matlab/Simulink based simulation results are presented to validate the approachstorage elements and the total harmonic distortion produced by the system also very low.Due to the bidirectional power flow capability of matrix converter the proposed unified power quality conditioner capable to control the power flow of the windmill more over it also transfer power bi -directional. The space-vector modulation (SVM) is used to control the matrix converter. Matlab/Simulink based simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
{"title":"A Novel Unified Power Quality Conditioning System for Power Quality Improvement and Bidirectional Power Flow Control for Windmill","authors":"L. Padmasuresh","doi":"10.19026/RJASET.7.665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19026/RJASET.7.665","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new approach of unified power quality conditioner which is made up of a matrix converter to mitigate the current harmonics, voltage sags and swells and control the power flow with Bi directional capability for windmill. Matrix converter injects the compensation voltage on the load-side, so it is possible to mitigate the voltage sag/swell problems, resulting in an efficient solution for mitigating voltage and current related power quality problems. Thus, the proposed topology can mitigate the voltage fluctuations and current harmonics without energy storage elements and the total harmonic distortion produced by the system also very low. Due to the bidirectional power flow capability of matrix converter the proposed unified power quality conditioner capable to control the power flow of the windmill more over it also transfer power bi -directional. The space-vector modulation (SVM) is used to control the matrix converter. Matlab/Simulink based simulation results are presented to validate the approachstorage elements and the total harmonic distortion produced by the system also very low.Due to the bidirectional power flow capability of matrix converter the proposed unified power quality conditioner capable to control the power flow of the windmill more over it also transfer power bi -directional. The space-vector modulation (SVM) is used to control the matrix converter. Matlab/Simulink based simulation results are presented to validate the approach.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82244531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-08DOI: 10.34257/GJREAVOL12IS7PG31
Hassen Nigatu, A. Singh, Dr. Solomon Seid Kebede
This paper presents a new approach to the velocity and acceleration analyses 3DOF parallel manipulators. Building on the definition of the „acceleration motor‟, the forward and inverse velocity and acceleration equations are formulated such that the relevant analysis can be integrated under a unified framework that is based on the generalized Jacobian. A new Hessian matrix of serial kinematic chains (or limbs) is developed in an explicit and compact form using Lie brackets. This idea is then extended to cover parallel manipulators by considering the loop closure constraints. A 3- PRS parallel manipulator with coupled translational and rotational motion capabilities is analyzed to illustrate the generality and effectiveness of this approach.
{"title":"Acceleration Analysis of 3DOF Parallel Manipulators","authors":"Hassen Nigatu, A. Singh, Dr. Solomon Seid Kebede","doi":"10.34257/GJREAVOL12IS7PG31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJREAVOL12IS7PG31","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new approach to the velocity and acceleration analyses 3DOF parallel manipulators. Building on the definition of the „acceleration motor‟, the forward and inverse velocity and acceleration equations are formulated such that the relevant analysis can be integrated under a unified framework that is based on the generalized Jacobian. A new Hessian matrix of serial kinematic chains (or limbs) is developed in an explicit and compact form using Lie brackets. This idea is then extended to cover parallel manipulators by considering the loop closure constraints. A 3- PRS parallel manipulator with coupled translational and rotational motion capabilities is analyzed to illustrate the generality and effectiveness of this approach.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"31-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72741582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of a storm drainage design and simulation model called MODRAIN is presented. The MODRAIN code is written in visual basic language, version 6.0 (VBL) as well as Fortran IV. It consists of two parts; the MAIN program and a subroutine, SDRAIN. In the MAIN program all the input data are entered on screen for VBL. The MAIN program simulates the catchment runoff while the subroutine, SDRAIN sizes the drain by computing depth and width values of each channel cross-section from simulated runoffs. The program was then validated against the prototype network cited in literature. The error range for the manually computed (textbook solution) and simulated depth and width values of drains as per cross sectional areas is between 0.0 and 18.4%. The modrain program was further applied to the design and assessment of existing drainage network of University of Port Harcourt Permanent site (Unipark) and thus, proved to be a reliable engineering design tool.
{"title":"Development of Stormwater Drainage Network Model: MODRAIN Code","authors":"I. Nwaogazie, I. Ologhadien","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a storm drainage design and simulation model called MODRAIN is presented. The MODRAIN code is written in visual basic language, version 6.0 (VBL) as well as Fortran IV. It consists of two parts; the MAIN program and a subroutine, SDRAIN. In the MAIN program all the input data are entered on screen for VBL. The MAIN program simulates the catchment runoff while the subroutine, SDRAIN sizes the drain by computing depth and width values of each channel cross-section from simulated runoffs. The program was then validated against the prototype network cited in literature. The error range for the manually computed (textbook solution) and simulated depth and width values of drains as per cross sectional areas is between 0.0 and 18.4%. The modrain program was further applied to the design and assessment of existing drainage network of University of Port Harcourt Permanent site (Unipark) and thus, proved to be a reliable engineering design tool.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"149 1","pages":"11-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78297421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on experimental results of a laboratory study on lime and cement stabilized quick clay, carried out at NTNU, Norway, a two yield surface constitutive model has been formulated. The model reproduces the mechanical behavior of the stabilized soil in the p’-q stress space. In the stress space the two yield surfaces appear as a “cap” and a “wedge” respectively. The formulated model “QUICKSTAB” has satisfactorily been able to simulate the overall geomechanical behaviour of stabilized quick clay and it agrees very well with the results established by the laboratory study. Typical model parameter values are also presented herein for various soil-binder mixtures. An extensive parametric study has been recommended to thoroughly explain the behavior of the model, including tests following different stress paths and extension of the study to include anisotropic cap-surface.
{"title":"Constitutive Model for Cemented Quick Clay in Deep-Mix Stabilization","authors":"P. Bujulu, G. Grimstad","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Based on experimental results of a laboratory study on lime and cement stabilized quick clay, carried out at NTNU, Norway, a two yield surface constitutive model has been formulated. The model reproduces the mechanical behavior of the stabilized soil in the p’-q stress space. In the stress space the two yield surfaces appear as a “cap” and a “wedge” respectively. The formulated model “QUICKSTAB” has satisfactorily been able to simulate the overall geomechanical behaviour of stabilized quick clay and it agrees very well with the results established by the laboratory study. Typical model parameter values are also presented herein for various soil-binder mixtures. An extensive parametric study has been recommended to thoroughly explain the behavior of the model, including tests following different stress paths and extension of the study to include anisotropic cap-surface.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87827451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of broken bottles as partial replacement of river sand for production of concrete was investigated. The grading of the broken bottles and sand fell in zone II. The specific gravity of the bottles was 2.55 and that of sand was 2.65. Sand was replaced with the broken bottles in the proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight. The mix of 1:2:4 by weight and watercement ratio of 0.45 were used. Cubes of side 150mm were cast for each proportion, cured by complete immersion in water and tested for density and strength at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. The average compressive strength of the cubes was found to increase with curing age but decrease with increase in the proportion of broken bottles in the mix. The proportion of broken bottles to give a minimum strength of 20N/mm 2 was 30% at 7 and 14 days, and 40% at 28days. The maximum mean compressive strength of 19.0N/mm 2 was obtained at 28days when sand and broken bottles were used in equal proportions. Density did not appear to have a discernible trend. For structural concrete, the proportion of broken bottles should be limited to 30% for early strength concrete and 40% when early strength is not required. For non-structural concrete, proportion greater than 40% can be used.
{"title":"Suitability of Broken Bottles as Fine Aggregate for Production of Concrete","authors":"St Tyagher, J. Utsev","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The use of broken bottles as partial replacement of river sand for production of concrete was investigated. The grading of the broken bottles and sand fell in zone II. The specific gravity of the bottles was 2.55 and that of sand was 2.65. Sand was replaced with the broken bottles in the proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight. The mix of 1:2:4 by weight and watercement ratio of 0.45 were used. Cubes of side 150mm were cast for each proportion, cured by complete immersion in water and tested for density and strength at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. The average compressive strength of the cubes was found to increase with curing age but decrease with increase in the proportion of broken bottles in the mix. The proportion of broken bottles to give a minimum strength of 20N/mm 2 was 30% at 7 and 14 days, and 40% at 28days. The maximum mean compressive strength of 19.0N/mm 2 was obtained at 28days when sand and broken bottles were used in equal proportions. Density did not appear to have a discernible trend. For structural concrete, the proportion of broken bottles should be limited to 30% for early strength concrete and 40% when early strength is not required. For non-structural concrete, proportion greater than 40% can be used.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"53-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72611061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The characteristics of effluent produced in Uyo Capital city slaughterhouses located at Ntak Inyang and Iba Oku were monitored by water and wastewater parameters. The wastewater from the slaughterhouses generally shows a high pollutant strength. The BOD value of 7.25mg/l, DO value of 0.21mg/l, nutrient values of 1.14 and 1.25mg/l, respectively. The heavy metals concentrations recorded are 0.05, 15.5, 16.05, 0.75 and 0.10mg/l for cadmium, zinc, copper, iron and lead with several million colony forming units (CFU) 100ml of total coliform and other bacteria. The presence of pathogens such as E.coli and others were also present. Effluents from the abattoir sites were found not to increase the BOD, NO 3- , PO 3- 4 , Cd, Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn values of the surface water. These values were lower than the WHO/FMENV limits, due to dilution from the heavy down pours during sampling. The present of microbial populations in the surface water indicate the risk of human infections in the study area.
{"title":"The Impact of Effluent Produced From Ntak Inyang and Iba Oku Slaughterhouses Environment","authors":"E. Ukpong","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of effluent produced in Uyo Capital city slaughterhouses located at Ntak Inyang and Iba Oku were monitored by water and wastewater parameters. The wastewater from the slaughterhouses generally shows a high pollutant strength. The BOD value of 7.25mg/l, DO value of 0.21mg/l, nutrient values of 1.14 and 1.25mg/l, respectively. The heavy metals concentrations recorded are 0.05, 15.5, 16.05, 0.75 and 0.10mg/l for cadmium, zinc, copper, iron and lead with several million colony forming units (CFU) 100ml of total coliform and other bacteria. The presence of pathogens such as E.coli and others were also present. Effluents from the abattoir sites were found not to increase the BOD, NO 3- , PO 3- 4 , Cd, Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn values of the surface water. These values were lower than the WHO/FMENV limits, due to dilution from the heavy down pours during sampling. The present of microbial populations in the surface water indicate the risk of human infections in the study area.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77107727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
River Mu in Makurdi Area of Benue State, Nigeria, was evaluated for its suitability as irrigation water source. Both qualitative and quantitative studies of the river water were carried out. Results of laboratory analysis show that the concentration values of physical and chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, Total dissolved solid, Alkalinity, Magnesium, Chlorine, Boron, Silica, Fluoride, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, Nitrate-Nitrogen and free carbon dioxide fall within the acceptable limit except for Boron and potassium. The discharge of the river was determined as 22.93m 3 /s using the float method giving an estimated average annual discharge (yield) of 723,120,480m 3 . This supply volume exceeds the crop water requirement of sugar cane crop which is dominantly cultivated around River Mu for dry season irrigation.
{"title":"Suitability Evaluation of Surface Water for Irrigation: A Case Study of River Mu in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria","authors":"T. U. Nwakonobi, T. Gwaza","doi":"10.4314/GJER.V11I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/GJER.V11I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"River Mu in Makurdi Area of Benue State, Nigeria, was evaluated for its suitability as irrigation water source. Both qualitative and quantitative studies of the river water were carried out. Results of laboratory analysis show that the concentration values of physical and chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, Total dissolved solid, Alkalinity, Magnesium, Chlorine, Boron, Silica, Fluoride, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, Nitrate-Nitrogen and free carbon dioxide fall within the acceptable limit except for Boron and potassium. The discharge of the river was determined as 22.93m 3 /s using the float method giving an estimated average annual discharge (yield) of 723,120,480m 3 . This supply volume exceeds the crop water requirement of sugar cane crop which is dominantly cultivated around River Mu for dry season irrigation.","PeriodicalId":12520,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Research In Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80068558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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