Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1406786
Jelle R. Dalenberg, Debora E. Peretti, Lenny R. Marapin, A. M. Madelein van der Stouwe, Remco J. Renken, Marina A. J. Tijssen
IntroductionThe Next Move in Movement Disorders (NEMO) study is an initiative aimed at advancing our understanding and the classification of hyperkinetic movement disorders, including tremor, myoclonus, dystonia, and myoclonus-dystonia. The study has two main objectives: (a) to develop a computer-aided tool for precise and consistent classification of these movement disorder phenotypes, and (b) to deepen our understanding of brain pathophysiology through advanced neuroimaging techniques. This protocol review details the neuroimaging data acquisition and preprocessing procedures employed by the NEMO team to achieve these goals.Methods and analysisTo meet the study’s objectives, NEMO utilizes multiple imaging techniques, including T1-weighted structural MRI, resting-state fMRI, motor task fMRI, and 18F-FDG PET scans. We will outline our efforts over the past 4 years to enhance the quality of our collected data, and address challenges such as head movements during image acquisition, choosing acquisition parameters and constructing data preprocessing pipelines. This study is the first to employ these neuroimaging modalities in a standardized approach contributing to more uniformity in the analyses of future studies comparing these patient groups. The data collected will contribute to the development of a machine learning-based classification tool and improve our understanding of disorder-specific neurobiological factors.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the relevant local ethics committee. The NEMO study is designed to pioneer the application of machine learning of movement disorders. We expect to publish articles in multiple related fields of research and patients will be informed of important results via patient associations and press releases.
{"title":"Next move in movement disorders: neuroimaging protocols for hyperkinetic movement disorders","authors":"Jelle R. Dalenberg, Debora E. Peretti, Lenny R. Marapin, A. M. Madelein van der Stouwe, Remco J. Renken, Marina A. J. Tijssen","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1406786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1406786","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe Next Move in Movement Disorders (NEMO) study is an initiative aimed at advancing our understanding and the classification of hyperkinetic movement disorders, including tremor, myoclonus, dystonia, and myoclonus-dystonia. The study has two main objectives: (a) to develop a computer-aided tool for precise and consistent classification of these movement disorder phenotypes, and (b) to deepen our understanding of brain pathophysiology through advanced neuroimaging techniques. This protocol review details the neuroimaging data acquisition and preprocessing procedures employed by the NEMO team to achieve these goals.Methods and analysisTo meet the study’s objectives, NEMO utilizes multiple imaging techniques, including T1-weighted structural MRI, resting-state fMRI, motor task fMRI, and 18F-FDG PET scans. We will outline our efforts over the past 4 years to enhance the quality of our collected data, and address challenges such as head movements during image acquisition, choosing acquisition parameters and constructing data preprocessing pipelines. This study is the first to employ these neuroimaging modalities in a standardized approach contributing to more uniformity in the analyses of future studies comparing these patient groups. The data collected will contribute to the development of a machine learning-based classification tool and improve our understanding of disorder-specific neurobiological factors.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the relevant local ethics committee. The NEMO study is designed to pioneer the application of machine learning of movement disorders. We expect to publish articles in multiple related fields of research and patients will be informed of important results via patient associations and press releases.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1379287
Nidhi V. Banavar, Sharon M. Noh, Christopher N. Wahlheim, Brittany S. Cassidy, C. Brock Kirwan, Craig E. L. Stark, Aaron M. Bornstein
IntroductionThe Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) is a widely used measure of individual tendency to discern small differences between remembered and presently presented stimuli. Significant work has established this measure as a reliable index of neurological and cognitive dysfunction and decline. However, questions remain about the neural and psychological mechanisms that support performance in the task.MethodsHere, we provide new insights into these questions by fitting seven previously-collected MST datasets (total N = 519), adapting a three-choice evidence accumulation model (the Linear Ballistic Accumulator). The model decomposes choices into automatic and deliberative components.ResultsWe show that these decomposed processes both contribute to the standard measure of behavior in this task, as well as capturing individual variation in this measure across the lifespan. We also exploit a delayed test/re-test manipulation in one of the experiments to show that model parameters exhibit improved stability, relative to the standard metric, across a 1 week delay. Finally, we apply the model to a resting-state fMRI dataset, finding that only the deliberative component corresponds to off-task co-activation in networks associated with long-term, episodic memory.DiscussionTaken together, these findings establish a novel mechanistic decomposition of MST behavior and help to constrain theories about the cognitive processes that support performance in the task.
{"title":"A response time model of the three-choice Mnemonic Similarity Task provides stable, mechanistically interpretable individual-difference measures","authors":"Nidhi V. Banavar, Sharon M. Noh, Christopher N. Wahlheim, Brittany S. Cassidy, C. Brock Kirwan, Craig E. L. Stark, Aaron M. Bornstein","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1379287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1379287","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) is a widely used measure of individual tendency to discern small differences between remembered and presently presented stimuli. Significant work has established this measure as a reliable index of neurological and cognitive dysfunction and decline. However, questions remain about the neural and psychological mechanisms that support performance in the task.MethodsHere, we provide new insights into these questions by fitting seven previously-collected MST datasets (total <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 519), adapting a three-choice evidence accumulation model (the Linear Ballistic Accumulator). The model decomposes choices into automatic and deliberative components.ResultsWe show that these decomposed processes both contribute to the standard measure of behavior in this task, as well as capturing individual variation in this measure across the lifespan. We also exploit a delayed test/re-test manipulation in one of the experiments to show that model parameters exhibit improved stability, relative to the standard metric, across a 1 week delay. Finally, we apply the model to a resting-state fMRI dataset, finding that only the deliberative component corresponds to off-task co-activation in networks associated with long-term, episodic memory.DiscussionTaken together, these findings establish a novel mechanistic decomposition of MST behavior and help to constrain theories about the cognitive processes that support performance in the task.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1409148
Jiang-Li Zhao, Pei-Ming Chen, Tao Zhang, Hao Xie, Wen-Wu Xiao, Shamay S. M Ng, Chu-Huai Wang
BackgroundUpper limb motor impairment is a common consequence of stroke, and the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of rehabilitation therapy for improving upper limb function remain uncertain. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, a reliable wearable neuroimaging technique, holds promise for investigating brain activity during functional tasks. This study aims to explore the synchronous oxygenation characteristics of the central cortex and upper-limb flexors during a grasping task and investigate the rehabilitation mechanisms of upper limb motor function in individuals with stroke.MethodsParticipants with stroke who demonstrate the ability to grasp and lift cubic wood blocks of different sizes (2.5cm3, 5cm3, and 10cm3) using their affected hand will be divided into three groups: A, B, and C. Each group will consist of twenty stroke patients, resulting in a total of sixty participants with stroke. Additionally, twenty matched healthy subjects will be enrolled as a control group. Comprehensive assessments will be conducted before and after the intervention, including blood oxygen parameter monitoring of the cerebral cortex and upper limb flexors using fNIRS during the grasping task. Other assessments will include MyotonPRO, the Modified Ashworth Scale, the upper extremity section of the Fugl–Meyer Assessment, the Action Research Arm Test, and the Modified Barthel Index. The study will be undertaken between January 2024 and September 2025.ConclusionsThe results of this trial will provide an in-depth understanding of the Characteristics of central cortex and upper-limb flexors synchronous oxygenation during grasping task and how it may relate to the rehabilitation mechanism of upper limb motor function in people with stroke.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2400080619.
{"title":"Characteristics of central cortex and upper-limb flexors synchrony oxygenation during grasping in people with stroke: a controlled trial study protocol","authors":"Jiang-Li Zhao, Pei-Ming Chen, Tao Zhang, Hao Xie, Wen-Wu Xiao, Shamay S. M Ng, Chu-Huai Wang","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1409148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1409148","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundUpper limb motor impairment is a common consequence of stroke, and the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of rehabilitation therapy for improving upper limb function remain uncertain. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, a reliable wearable neuroimaging technique, holds promise for investigating brain activity during functional tasks. This study aims to explore the synchronous oxygenation characteristics of the central cortex and upper-limb flexors during a grasping task and investigate the rehabilitation mechanisms of upper limb motor function in individuals with stroke.MethodsParticipants with stroke who demonstrate the ability to grasp and lift cubic wood blocks of different sizes (2.5cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>, 5cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>, and 10cm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>) using their affected hand will be divided into three groups: A, B, and C. Each group will consist of twenty stroke patients, resulting in a total of sixty participants with stroke. Additionally, twenty matched healthy subjects will be enrolled as a control group. Comprehensive assessments will be conducted before and after the intervention, including blood oxygen parameter monitoring of the cerebral cortex and upper limb flexors using fNIRS during the grasping task. Other assessments will include MyotonPRO, the Modified Ashworth Scale, the upper extremity section of the Fugl–Meyer Assessment, the Action Research Arm Test, and the Modified Barthel Index. The study will be undertaken between January 2024 and September 2025.ConclusionsThe results of this trial will provide an in-depth understanding of the Characteristics of central cortex and upper-limb flexors synchronous oxygenation during grasping task and how it may relate to the rehabilitation mechanism of upper limb motor function in people with stroke.Clinical trial registration<jats:uri>https://www.chictr.org.cn</jats:uri>, identifier ChiCTR2400080619.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436179
Mohamed Hesham Khalil
While the human brain has evolved extraordinary abilities to dominate nature, modern living has paradoxically trapped it in a contemporary “cage” that stifles neuroplasticity. Within this modern environment lurk unseen natural laws with power to sustain the human brain’s adaptive capacities - if consciously orchestrated into the environments we design. For too long our contemporary environments have imposed an unyielding static state, while still neglecting the brain’s constant adaptive nature as it evolves to dominate the natural world with increasing sophistication. The theory introduced in this article aims to go back in nature without having to go back in time, introducing and expounding Neurosustainability as a novel paradigm seeing beyond the contemporary confines to architect environments and brains in parallel. Its integrated neuro-evidenced framework proposes four enrichment scopes—spatial, natural, aesthetic, and social—each holding multifaceted attributes promising to sustain regions like the hippocampus, cortex and amygdala. Neurosustainability aims to liberate the quintessential essence of nature to sustain and enhance neuroplastic processes through a cycle that begins with design and extends through epigenetic changes. This paradigm shift aims to foster cognitive health and wellness by addressing issues like stress, depression, anxiety and cognitive decline common in the contemporary era thereby offering a path toward a more neurosustainable era aiming to nurture the evolution of the human brain now and beyond.
{"title":"Neurosustainability","authors":"Mohamed Hesham Khalil","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436179","url":null,"abstract":"While the human brain has evolved extraordinary abilities to dominate nature, modern living has paradoxically trapped it in a contemporary “cage” that stifles neuroplasticity. Within this modern environment lurk unseen natural laws with power to sustain the human brain’s adaptive capacities - if consciously orchestrated into the environments we design. For too long our contemporary environments have imposed an unyielding static state, while still neglecting the brain’s constant adaptive nature as it evolves to dominate the natural world with increasing sophistication. The theory introduced in this article aims to go back in nature without having to go back in time, introducing and expounding Neurosustainability as a novel paradigm seeing beyond the contemporary confines to architect environments and brains in parallel. Its integrated neuro-evidenced framework proposes four enrichment scopes—spatial, natural, aesthetic, and social—each holding multifaceted attributes promising to sustain regions like the hippocampus, cortex and amygdala. Neurosustainability aims to liberate the quintessential essence of nature to sustain and enhance neuroplastic processes through a cycle that begins with design and extends through epigenetic changes. This paradigm shift aims to foster cognitive health and wellness by addressing issues like stress, depression, anxiety and cognitive decline common in the contemporary era thereby offering a path toward a more neurosustainable era aiming to nurture the evolution of the human brain now and beyond.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1392788
Yuxin Hao, Jiawen Guo, Hong Zhu, Bing Bai
Visual word recognition is crucial for improving reading skills in second language learners (L2Ls). It is unclear whether L2Ls who are native speakers of languages that use alphabetic scripts can recognize Chinese characters at an early stage of visual processing and if their visual specialization can reach a level of word recognition comparable to that of native Chinese speakers. This study aims to uncover the visual specialization mechanism of Chinese L2Ls. A delayed-color matching task was carried out with participants who were Chinese first language speakers (L1Ss) and advanced Chinese L2Ls with Indonesian as their first language. The results of the event-related potentials (ERPs) indicated that L2Ls exhibited significant visual specialization with a predominant distribution of the left-lateralized N170, along with some activation in the right hemisphere. These findings suggest that the early processing stage of Chinese characters by advanced L2Ls is similar to that of adult native speakers, although it is still influenced by their first language and its writing system.
{"title":"The left-lateralized N170 for visual specialization in advanced L2 Chinese learners","authors":"Yuxin Hao, Jiawen Guo, Hong Zhu, Bing Bai","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1392788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1392788","url":null,"abstract":"Visual word recognition is crucial for improving reading skills in second language learners (L2Ls). It is unclear whether L2Ls who are native speakers of languages that use alphabetic scripts can recognize Chinese characters at an early stage of visual processing and if their visual specialization can reach a level of word recognition comparable to that of native Chinese speakers. This study aims to uncover the visual specialization mechanism of Chinese L2Ls. A delayed-color matching task was carried out with participants who were Chinese first language speakers (L1Ss) and advanced Chinese L2Ls with Indonesian as their first language. The results of the event-related potentials (ERPs) indicated that L2Ls exhibited significant visual specialization with a predominant distribution of the left-lateralized N170, along with some activation in the right hemisphere. These findings suggest that the early processing stage of Chinese characters by advanced L2Ls is similar to that of adult native speakers, although it is still influenced by their first language and its writing system.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1466853
Melanie Klapprott, Stefan Debener
Research on brain function in natural environments has become a new interest in cognitive science. In this study, we aim to advance mobile electroencephalography (EEG) participant and device mobility. We investigated the feasibility of measuring human brain activity using mobile EEG during a full-body motion task as swimming, by the example of cognitive-motor interference (CMI). Eleven participants were given an auditory oddball task while sitting and swimming, with mobile EEG recording ongoing brain activity. Measures of interest were event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by experimental stimuli. While the auditory N100 was measured to verify signal quality, the P300 to task-relevant stimuli served as a marker of CMI effects. Analyzes were first performed within subjects, while binomial tests assessed the proportion of significant effects. Event-related changes in the time-frequency domain around turns during swimming were analyzed in an exploratory fashion. The successful recording of the N100 in all conditions shows that the setup was functional throughout the experiment. Regarding CMI, we did not find reliable changes in P300 amplitude in different motor settings in all subjects. However, we found plausible modulations in the alpha/mu and beta bands before and after turns. This study shows that it is generally feasible to measure mobile EEG in the time and time-frequency domain in an aquatic environment while subjects are freely moving. We see promising potential in the use of mobile EEG in extreme settings, advancing toward the application of mobile EEG in more real-life situations.
{"title":"Mobile EEG for the study of cognitive-motor interference during swimming?","authors":"Melanie Klapprott, Stefan Debener","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1466853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1466853","url":null,"abstract":"Research on brain function in natural environments has become a new interest in cognitive science. In this study, we aim to advance mobile electroencephalography (EEG) participant and device mobility. We investigated the feasibility of measuring human brain activity using mobile EEG during a full-body motion task as swimming, by the example of cognitive-motor interference (CMI). Eleven participants were given an auditory oddball task while sitting and swimming, with mobile EEG recording ongoing brain activity. Measures of interest were event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by experimental stimuli. While the auditory N100 was measured to verify signal quality, the P300 to task-relevant stimuli served as a marker of CMI effects. Analyzes were first performed within subjects, while binomial tests assessed the proportion of significant effects. Event-related changes in the time-frequency domain around turns during swimming were analyzed in an exploratory fashion. The successful recording of the N100 in all conditions shows that the setup was functional throughout the experiment. Regarding CMI, we did not find reliable changes in P300 amplitude in different motor settings in all subjects. However, we found plausible modulations in the alpha/mu and beta bands before and after turns. This study shows that it is generally feasible to measure mobile EEG in the time and time-frequency domain in an aquatic environment while subjects are freely moving. We see promising potential in the use of mobile EEG in extreme settings, advancing toward the application of mobile EEG in more real-life situations.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1476971
Federico d'Oleire Uquillas,Ryan S Falck,Barry S Oken
{"title":"Editorial: The cognitive neuroscience of aging: where we are and where we are going.","authors":"Federico d'Oleire Uquillas,Ryan S Falck,Barry S Oken","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1476971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1476971","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1432830
Eric D. Kirby, Justin W. Andrushko, Lara A. Boyd, Karl Koschutnig, Ryan C. N. D’Arcy
IntroductionIn past work we demonstrated different patterns of white matter (WM) plasticity in females versus males associated with learning a lab-based unilateral motor skill. However, this work was completed in neurologically intact older adults. The current manuscript sought to replicate and expand upon these WM findings in two ways: (1) we investigated biological sex differences in neurologically intact young adults, and (2) participants learned a dynamic full-body balance task.Methods24 participants (14 female, 10 male) participated in the balance training intervention, and 28 were matched controls (16 female, 12 male). Correlational tractography was used to analyze changes in WM from pre- to post-training.ResultsBoth females and males demonstrated skill acquisition, yet there were significant differences in measures of WM between females and males. These data support a growing body of evidence suggesting that females exhibit increased WM neuroplasticity changes relative to males despite comparable changes in motor behavior (e.g., balance).DiscussionThe biological sex differences reported here may represent an important factor to consider in both basic research (e.g., collapsing across females and males) as well as future clinical studies of neuroplasticity associated with motor function (e.g., tailored rehabilitation approaches).
{"title":"Sex differences in patterns of white matter neuroplasticity after balance training in young adults","authors":"Eric D. Kirby, Justin W. Andrushko, Lara A. Boyd, Karl Koschutnig, Ryan C. N. D’Arcy","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1432830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1432830","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionIn past work we demonstrated different patterns of white matter (WM) plasticity in females versus males associated with learning a lab-based unilateral motor skill. However, this work was completed in neurologically intact older adults. The current manuscript sought to replicate and expand upon these WM findings in two ways: (1) we investigated biological sex differences in neurologically intact young adults, and (2) participants learned a dynamic full-body balance task.Methods24 participants (14 female, 10 male) participated in the balance training intervention, and 28 were matched controls (16 female, 12 male). Correlational tractography was used to analyze changes in WM from pre- to post-training.ResultsBoth females and males demonstrated skill acquisition, yet there were significant differences in measures of WM between females and males. These data support a growing body of evidence suggesting that females exhibit increased WM neuroplasticity changes relative to males despite comparable changes in motor behavior (e.g., balance).DiscussionThe biological sex differences reported here may represent an important factor to consider in both basic research (e.g., collapsing across females and males) as well as future clinical studies of neuroplasticity associated with motor function (e.g., tailored rehabilitation approaches).","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436564
Alessandra Barbosa, Gonzalo Ruarte, Anthony J. Ries, Juan E. Kamienkowski, Matias J. Ison
IntroductionIn real-life scenarios, individuals frequently engage in tasks that involve searching for one of the distinct items stored in memory. This combined process of visual search and memory search is known as hybrid search. To date, most hybrid search studies have been restricted to average observers looking for previously well-memorized targets in blank backgrounds.MethodsWe investigated the effects of context and the role of memory in hybrid search by modifying the task’s memorization phase to occur in all-new single trials. In addition, we aimed to assess how individual differences in visual working memory capacity and inhibitory control influence performance during hybrid search. In an online experiment, 110 participants searched for potential targets in images with and without context. A change detection and go/no-go task were also performed to measure working memory capacity and inhibitory control, respectively.ResultsWe show that, in target present trials, the main hallmarks of hybrid search remain present, with a linear relationship between reaction time and visual set size and a logarithmic relationship between reaction time and memory set size. These behavioral results can be reproduced by using a simple drift-diffusion model. Finally, working memory capacity did not predict most search performance measures. Inhibitory control, when relationships were significant, could account for only a small portion of the variability in the data.DiscussionThis study provides insights into the effects of context and individual differences on search efficiency and termination.
{"title":"Investigating the effects of context, visual working memory, and inhibitory control in hybrid visual search","authors":"Alessandra Barbosa, Gonzalo Ruarte, Anthony J. Ries, Juan E. Kamienkowski, Matias J. Ison","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436564","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionIn real-life scenarios, individuals frequently engage in tasks that involve searching for one of the distinct items stored in memory. This combined process of visual search and memory search is known as hybrid search. To date, most hybrid search studies have been restricted to average observers looking for previously well-memorized targets in blank backgrounds.MethodsWe investigated the effects of context and the role of memory in hybrid search by modifying the task’s memorization phase to occur in all-new single trials. In addition, we aimed to assess how individual differences in visual working memory capacity and inhibitory control influence performance during hybrid search. In an online experiment, 110 participants searched for potential targets in images with and without context. A change detection and go/no-go task were also performed to measure working memory capacity and inhibitory control, respectively.ResultsWe show that, in target present trials, the main hallmarks of hybrid search remain present, with a linear relationship between reaction time and visual set size and a logarithmic relationship between reaction time and memory set size. These behavioral results can be reproduced by using a simple drift-diffusion model. Finally, working memory capacity did not predict most search performance measures. Inhibitory control, when relationships were significant, could account for only a small portion of the variability in the data.DiscussionThis study provides insights into the effects of context and individual differences on search efficiency and termination.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and objectivesSeveral studies have reported on the resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) power in patients with schizophrenia, with a decrease in α (especially α2) and an increase in δ and β1 power compared with healthy control; however, reports on at-risk mental states (ARMS) are few. In this study, we measured the resting-state EEG power in ARMS, and investigated its features and the relationship between the power of the frequency bands and their diagnostic outcomes.MethodsPatients with ARMS who were not on any psychotropic medication and met the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State criteria were included. Patients who developed psychotic disorders were labeled as the ARMS-P group, while patients with ARMS who were followed up prospectively for more than 2 years and did not develop psychotic disorders were classified as the ARMS-NP group. EEGs were measured in the resting state, and frequencies were analyzed using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). Seven bands (δ, θ, α1, α2, β1–3) underwent analysis. The sLORETA values (current source density [CSD]) were compared between the ARMS-P and ARMS-NP groups. Clinical symptoms were assessed at the time of EEG measurements using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).ResultsOf the 39 patients included (25 males, 14 females, 18.8 ± 4.5 years old), eight developed psychotic disorders (ARMS-P). The ARMS-P group exhibited significantly higher CSD in the β1 power within areas of the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) compared with the ARMS-NP group (best match: X = −35, Y = 25, Z = 50 [MNI coordinates], Area 8, CSD = 2.33, p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the β1/α ratio of the CSD at left MFG and the Somatic concern score measured by the PANSS.DiscussionIncreased β1 power was observed in the resting EEG before the onset of psychosis and correlated with a symptom. This suggests that resting EEG power may be a useful marker for predicting future conversion to psychosis and clinical symptoms in patients with ARMS.
{"title":"Resting-state electroencephalogram in drug-free subjects with at-risk mental states who later developed psychosis: a low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis","authors":"Yuko Higuchi, Shizuka Odagiri, Takahiro Tateno, Michio Suzuki, Tsutomu Takahashi","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1449820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1449820","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectivesSeveral studies have reported on the resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) power in patients with schizophrenia, with a decrease in α (especially α2) and an increase in δ and β1 power compared with healthy control; however, reports on at-risk mental states (ARMS) are few. In this study, we measured the resting-state EEG power in ARMS, and investigated its features and the relationship between the power of the frequency bands and their diagnostic outcomes.MethodsPatients with ARMS who were not on any psychotropic medication and met the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State criteria were included. Patients who developed psychotic disorders were labeled as the ARMS-P group, while patients with ARMS who were followed up prospectively for more than 2 years and did not develop psychotic disorders were classified as the ARMS-NP group. EEGs were measured in the resting state, and frequencies were analyzed using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). Seven bands (δ, θ, α1, α2, β1–3) underwent analysis. The sLORETA values (current source density [CSD]) were compared between the ARMS-P and ARMS-NP groups. Clinical symptoms were assessed at the time of EEG measurements using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).ResultsOf the 39 patients included (25 males, 14 females, 18.8 ± 4.5 years old), eight developed psychotic disorders (ARMS-P). The ARMS-P group exhibited significantly higher CSD in the β1 power within areas of the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) compared with the ARMS-NP group (best match: X = −35, Y = 25, Z = 50 [MNI coordinates], Area 8, CSD = 2.33, p &lt; 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the β1/α ratio of the CSD at left MFG and the Somatic concern score measured by the PANSS.DiscussionIncreased β1 power was observed in the resting EEG before the onset of psychosis and correlated with a symptom. This suggests that resting EEG power may be a useful marker for predicting future conversion to psychosis and clinical symptoms in patients with ARMS.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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