Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494390
D. R. Martinez
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, commonly abbreviated as ISR, refers to the system of sensors (data collection assets) and data analysis and dissemination resources used to provide information about strategic and tactical threats. The advances in ISR sensor technologies and the large amount of data generated from ISR systems are putting a significant demand on signal processing and data exploitation. For example, an electro-optical system can easily generate several billion bits per second while searching an area the size of a small city. Therefore, onboard front-end signal processing is needed to reduce the amount of information to a manageable size and to make the outputs compatible with existing and future communication links. Similarly, there is increasing interest in allowing data exploitation on board the platforms. This talk will address examples of front-end signal processing, demands in data exploitation, and associated high-performance embedded computing for ISR systems. The discussion will conclude with an emphasis on graph exploitation approaches to address the conversion of sensor information into knowledge that military forces and/or strategic analysts can act on in a timely manner.
{"title":"ISR sensor processing and data exploitation","authors":"D. R. Martinez","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494390","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, commonly abbreviated as ISR, refers to the system of sensors (data collection assets) and data analysis and dissemination resources used to provide information about strategic and tactical threats. The advances in ISR sensor technologies and the large amount of data generated from ISR systems are putting a significant demand on signal processing and data exploitation. For example, an electro-optical system can easily generate several billion bits per second while searching an area the size of a small city. Therefore, onboard front-end signal processing is needed to reduce the amount of information to a manageable size and to make the outputs compatible with existing and future communication links. Similarly, there is increasing interest in allowing data exploitation on board the platforms. This talk will address examples of front-end signal processing, demands in data exploitation, and associated high-performance embedded computing for ISR systems. The discussion will conclude with an emphasis on graph exploitation approaches to address the conversion of sensor information into knowledge that military forces and/or strategic analysts can act on in a timely manner.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115070850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For along-track multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR), this paper proposes a novel ground moving target signal model in the high-resolution complex image domain. It is shown that moving targets can be divided into three types according to the 2D motion distribution and the SPP approximation conditions. Moreover, a single target can be split into two targets in the image. All types of targets will have the same Doppler interferometric effect along multichannel images, which is decided by the target's ambiguous Doppler frequency. Furthermore, with our derived signal model, the complex image properties, i.e., amplitude reduction, azimuth shift, azimuth defocus, range blur, 2D slant, second-order phase modulation, split, interferometry and the effects of 2D accelerations are analyzed for airborne and spaceborne SAR, respectively. Finally, some experimental results are also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed signal model and analysis.
{"title":"Signal modelling for ground moving target in complex image domain of multi-channel SAR","authors":"Jia Xu, Yu Zuoi, Bingfeng Xia, X. Xia, Yingning Peng, Yong-Liang Wang","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494579","url":null,"abstract":"For along-track multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR), this paper proposes a novel ground moving target signal model in the high-resolution complex image domain. It is shown that moving targets can be divided into three types according to the 2D motion distribution and the SPP approximation conditions. Moreover, a single target can be split into two targets in the image. All types of targets will have the same Doppler interferometric effect along multichannel images, which is decided by the target's ambiguous Doppler frequency. Furthermore, with our derived signal model, the complex image properties, i.e., amplitude reduction, azimuth shift, azimuth defocus, range blur, 2D slant, second-order phase modulation, split, interferometry and the effects of 2D accelerations are analyzed for airborne and spaceborne SAR, respectively. Finally, some experimental results are also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed signal model and analysis.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115243273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494574
M. Pace
The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter is applied to realistic three-dimensional aerial and naval scenarios to illustrate its performance in detecting, initiating and terminating tracks in presence of clutter. Radar measurements are available every two seconds. A comparisons between different approximations of the PHD recursion, namely the sequential Monte Carlo and the Gaussian Mixture approximation, is given on different scenarios using the OSPA metric and different levels of clutter.
{"title":"Comparison of PHD based filters for the tracking of 3D aerial and naval scenarios","authors":"M. Pace","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494574","url":null,"abstract":"The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter is applied to realistic three-dimensional aerial and naval scenarios to illustrate its performance in detecting, initiating and terminating tracks in presence of clutter. Radar measurements are available every two seconds. A comparisons between different approximations of the PHD recursion, namely the sequential Monte Carlo and the Gaussian Mixture approximation, is given on different scenarios using the OSPA metric and different levels of clutter.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114825033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494405
A. Theil, M. Schouten, A. D. de Jong
A wind turbine placed in the vicinity of a primary radar system (PSR) can impact the performance of that system. This paper discusses criteria by which wind turbine placement can be assessed. The effects considered are desensitization overhead and shadowing. The criteria have been implemented in a wind turbine acceptance program that is going to be applied in The Netherlands. We discuss adverse effects that wind turbines placed in the vicinity of a PSR may have on the radar performance, as well as mitigating measures. Subsequently, the models used to assess the influence of the wind turbine are described.
{"title":"Radar and wind turbines: A guide to acceptance criteria","authors":"A. Theil, M. Schouten, A. D. de Jong","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494405","url":null,"abstract":"A wind turbine placed in the vicinity of a primary radar system (PSR) can impact the performance of that system. This paper discusses criteria by which wind turbine placement can be assessed. The effects considered are desensitization overhead and shadowing. The criteria have been implemented in a wind turbine acceptance program that is going to be applied in The Netherlands. We discuss adverse effects that wind turbines placed in the vicinity of a PSR may have on the radar performance, as well as mitigating measures. Subsequently, the models used to assess the influence of the wind turbine are described.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115264917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494462
R. Prasanth, G. Titi
Successful geolocation of ground moving targets utilizing monopulse techniques requires accurate characterization of the array manifold (i.e. monopulse response to off-boresight targets) and antenna pointing information. Utilizing techniques similar, in spirit, to those applied in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to estimate the Doppler centroid of an image, we develop techniques to accurately estimate azimuth monopulse slope and boresight shift of an airborne ground moving target indicator (GMTI) antenna utilizing clutter returns from normally scheduled CPIs that are also used for target detection and geolocation. A statistical signal model is developed for the clutter returns as observed through the monopulse channels. Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are developed for monopulse slope and boresight shift and compared to CRLB developed with SAR centroiding techniques as summarized in the literature. Analytical and numerical CRLB results show potential gains of one to two orders of magnitude at moderate to high clutter to noise ratios for a sum-difference system.
{"title":"Cramér-Rao lower bounds for monopulse calibration using clutter returns","authors":"R. Prasanth, G. Titi","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494462","url":null,"abstract":"Successful geolocation of ground moving targets utilizing monopulse techniques requires accurate characterization of the array manifold (i.e. monopulse response to off-boresight targets) and antenna pointing information. Utilizing techniques similar, in spirit, to those applied in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to estimate the Doppler centroid of an image, we develop techniques to accurately estimate azimuth monopulse slope and boresight shift of an airborne ground moving target indicator (GMTI) antenna utilizing clutter returns from normally scheduled CPIs that are also used for target detection and geolocation. A statistical signal model is developed for the clutter returns as observed through the monopulse channels. Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are developed for monopulse slope and boresight shift and compared to CRLB developed with SAR centroiding techniques as summarized in the literature. Analytical and numerical CRLB results show potential gains of one to two orders of magnitude at moderate to high clutter to noise ratios for a sum-difference system.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123215285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494612
E. Zaugg, M. Edwards, Alexander Margulis
The SlimSAR is a small, low-cost, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and represents a new advancement in highperformance SAR. ARTEMIS employed a unique design methodology that exploits previous developments in designing the Slim-SAR to be smaller, lighter, and more flexible while consuming less power than typical SAR systems. With an L-band core, and frequency block converters, the system is very suitable for use on a number of small UAS's. Both linear-frequency-modulated continuous-wave (LFM-CW), which achieves high signal-to-noise ratio while transmitting with less power, and pulsed mode have been tested. The flexible control software allows us to change the radar parameters in flight. The system has a built-in high quality GPS/IMU motion measurement solution and can also be packaged with a small data link and a gimbal for high frequency antennas. Multi-frequency SAR provides day and night imaging through smoke, dust, rain, and clouds with the advantages of additional capabilites at different frequencies (i.e. dry ground and foliage penetration at low frequencies, and change detection at high frequencies.)
{"title":"The SlimSAR: A small, multi-frequency, Synthetic Aperture Radar for UAS operation","authors":"E. Zaugg, M. Edwards, Alexander Margulis","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494612","url":null,"abstract":"The SlimSAR is a small, low-cost, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and represents a new advancement in highperformance SAR. ARTEMIS employed a unique design methodology that exploits previous developments in designing the Slim-SAR to be smaller, lighter, and more flexible while consuming less power than typical SAR systems. With an L-band core, and frequency block converters, the system is very suitable for use on a number of small UAS's. Both linear-frequency-modulated continuous-wave (LFM-CW), which achieves high signal-to-noise ratio while transmitting with less power, and pulsed mode have been tested. The flexible control software allows us to change the radar parameters in flight. The system has a built-in high quality GPS/IMU motion measurement solution and can also be packaged with a small data link and a gimbal for high frequency antennas. Multi-frequency SAR provides day and night imaging through smoke, dust, rain, and clouds with the advantages of additional capabilites at different frequencies (i.e. dry ground and foliage penetration at low frequencies, and change detection at high frequencies.)","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125877714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494391
D. Chebanov, G. Lu
This paper studies autocorrelation properties of a train of identical signals overlaid with a phase coding in the case when the uncoded signal forming the train consists of several groups of identical bits. It is shown that, if the coding patterns are the rows of a mutually orthogonal complementary set matrix, the waveform's autocorrelation sidelobes around the main lobe area can be completely removed. At the same time, repetition of some bits of the uncoded signal can be used to achieve a low sidelobe level in the close vicinity of the main lobe.
{"title":"Removing autocorrelation sidelobes of phase-coded waveforms","authors":"D. Chebanov, G. Lu","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494391","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies autocorrelation properties of a train of identical signals overlaid with a phase coding in the case when the uncoded signal forming the train consists of several groups of identical bits. It is shown that, if the coding patterns are the rows of a mutually orthogonal complementary set matrix, the waveform's autocorrelation sidelobes around the main lobe area can be completely removed. At the same time, repetition of some bits of the uncoded signal can be used to achieve a low sidelobe level in the close vicinity of the main lobe.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124971292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494448
S. Rasool, M. Bell
We propose a DFT based pulse Doppler processing receiver for staggered pulse trains. The proposed receiver is a simple extension of traditional DFT based coherent pulse train processing. We show that P DFT processors are required to process the staggered train of pulses as a coherent signal, where P is the number of available pulse positions in each pulse repetition interval (PRI). Thus the complexity of the processing hardware only increases linearly with the number of available positions. We also look at the distribution of ambiguity volume around the delay-Doppler map by varying the pulse positions and the selection of pulse shapes.
{"title":"Efficient pulse-Doppler processing and ambiguity functions of nonuniform coherent pulse trains","authors":"S. Rasool, M. Bell","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494448","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a DFT based pulse Doppler processing receiver for staggered pulse trains. The proposed receiver is a simple extension of traditional DFT based coherent pulse train processing. We show that P DFT processors are required to process the staggered train of pulses as a coherent signal, where P is the number of available pulse positions in each pulse repetition interval (PRI). Thus the complexity of the processing hardware only increases linearly with the number of available positions. We also look at the distribution of ambiguity volume around the delay-Doppler map by varying the pulse positions and the selection of pulse shapes.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130953161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494431
Mei Li, R. Evans, E. Skafidas, B. Moran
We discuss a single chip millimeter wave direct-conversion transceiver fabricated using 65 nm Bulk CMOS technology to produce a low power, ultra low cost radar-on-a-chip (ROACH). The proposed ROACH system operates at carrier frequencies around 77 GHz, and is capable of detecting a 0.5 square meter target at several hundred meters. We present a novel technology based radar equation, called the ROACH Equation, which presents radar performance in terms of technology parameters. In addition, building on the precise relationship between differential phase noise and coherent integration duration, we establish optimal conditions for switching between coherent integration mode and incoherent integration modes. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed integration scheme effectively extends the maximum detection range of the single chip radar with associated benefit of reduced computational cost and hardware implementation complexity.
{"title":"Radar-on-a-chip (ROACH)","authors":"Mei Li, R. Evans, E. Skafidas, B. Moran","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494431","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss a single chip millimeter wave direct-conversion transceiver fabricated using 65 nm Bulk CMOS technology to produce a low power, ultra low cost radar-on-a-chip (ROACH). The proposed ROACH system operates at carrier frequencies around 77 GHz, and is capable of detecting a 0.5 square meter target at several hundred meters. We present a novel technology based radar equation, called the ROACH Equation, which presents radar performance in terms of technology parameters. In addition, building on the precise relationship between differential phase noise and coherent integration duration, we establish optimal conditions for switching between coherent integration mode and incoherent integration modes. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed integration scheme effectively extends the maximum detection range of the single chip radar with associated benefit of reduced computational cost and hardware implementation complexity.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115977541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-05-10DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494538
R. Raj, V. Chen, R. Lipps
We present a novel algorithm for radar imaging of point scatterers using a sparse number of spatially separated sensors. Such sparse sensing scenarios are prototypical of many applications wherein a limited number of sensors are distributed over a geographical area; or where environmental and/or systemic constraints enforce a sparse sampling of angular aperture. Our underlying assumption is that the image is sparse with respect to the Gabor basis set. We then introduce the concept of an orbit-viz. the locus of all projections made by a spatial basis-and formulate the radar imaging problem as that of sparsifying the number of orbits that comprise the radon measurements of the source. We demonstrate how our algorithm outperforms FFT-based and Compressive-sensing based reconstruction algorithms for point-scatterer images, describe relevant theoretical performance bounds of our algorithm, and point to future research arising from this work.
{"title":"A greedy approach for sparse angular aperture radar","authors":"R. Raj, V. Chen, R. Lipps","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2010.5494538","url":null,"abstract":"We present a novel algorithm for radar imaging of point scatterers using a sparse number of spatially separated sensors. Such sparse sensing scenarios are prototypical of many applications wherein a limited number of sensors are distributed over a geographical area; or where environmental and/or systemic constraints enforce a sparse sampling of angular aperture. Our underlying assumption is that the image is sparse with respect to the Gabor basis set. We then introduce the concept of an orbit-viz. the locus of all projections made by a spatial basis-and formulate the radar imaging problem as that of sparsifying the number of orbits that comprise the radon measurements of the source. We demonstrate how our algorithm outperforms FFT-based and Compressive-sensing based reconstruction algorithms for point-scatterer images, describe relevant theoretical performance bounds of our algorithm, and point to future research arising from this work.","PeriodicalId":125591,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116006865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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