{"title":"Climatic and tectonic effects on the origin and evolution of the Dereiçi travertines (the Başkale Basin, Eastern Türkiye), and neotectonic implications","authors":"Ç. Yeşilova","doi":"10.7306/gq.1659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1659","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46202818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Silesian Beskid mountains (Outer Western Carpathians) are affected by landslides, many being large, of rocky character and with clearly visible relief. I provide a new morphostructural analysis of mountain relief and landslide development, based on detailed field mapping and spatial analysis of a digital terrain model based on LiDAR data. The index of landslide occurrence was calculated at 22.57%. The basic geometrical features of the landslides mapped may be related to the morphostructure of the study area. Factors influencing long and wide landslides include lithology, slopes relative to stratal orientation, and developmental trends, while wide landslides are of frontal type. Tectonic structures are important controls on landslide shape.
{"title":"Geological and geomorphological conditions of landslide development in the Wisła source area of the Silesian Beskid mountains (Outer Carpathians, southern Poland)","authors":"Rafał Sikora","doi":"10.7306/gq.1651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1651","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Silesian Beskid mountains (Outer Western Carpathians) are affected by landslides, many being large, of rocky character and with clearly visible relief. I provide a new morphostructural analysis of mountain relief and landslide development, based on detailed field mapping and spatial analysis of a digital terrain model based on LiDAR data. The index of landslide occurrence was calculated at 22.57%. The basic geometrical features of the landslides mapped may be related to the morphostructure of the study area. Factors influencing long and wide landslides include lithology, slopes relative to stratal orientation, and developmental trends, while wide landslides are of frontal type. Tectonic structures are important controls on landslide shape.</p>","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138528617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the influence of groundwater flow patterns and denitrification on nitrate migration in a regional recharge zone. It has been shown that nitrate contamination has a different behaviour in regions where groundwater is exploited (where deep percolation of nitrate takes place) than where natural gradients exist (with no deep aquifer zone contamination). Multicomponent chemical tracers and isotopic methods were used in the investigation. A contaminant plume was discovered in shallow parts of the aquifer which percolated into deeper parts of the flow system in those regions with a downwards gradient induced by groundwater withdrawal, where the influence of denitrification was limited. Local conditions leading to intense denitrification, i.e., local changes in geological conditions (low-permeability silt intercalations), were also documented. Therefore, vertical changes in groundwater chemistry should be examined to ensure groundwater resource management and protection, as these are extremely important in regional recharge zones with a downwards gradient.
{"title":"Vertical nitrate migration and denitrification zones in a regional recharge area (Lwówek region, Poland)","authors":"Krzysztof Dragon, Józef Górski, Diana Burghardt","doi":"10.7306/gq.1647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1647","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examine the influence of groundwater flow patterns and denitrification on nitrate migration in a regional recharge zone. It has been shown that nitrate contamination has a different behaviour in regions where groundwater is exploited (where deep percolation of nitrate takes place) than where natural gradients exist (with no deep aquifer zone contamination). Multicomponent chemical tracers and isotopic methods were used in the investigation. A contaminant plume was discovered in shallow parts of the aquifer which percolated into deeper parts of the flow system in those regions with a downwards gradient induced by groundwater withdrawal, where the influence of denitrification was limited. Local conditions leading to intense denitrification, i.e., local changes in geological conditions (low-permeability silt intercalations), were also documented. Therefore, vertical changes in groundwater chemistry should be examined to ensure groundwater resource management and protection, as these are extremely important in regional recharge zones with a downwards gradient.</p>","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138528649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Subsurface imaging of fluvial deposits of the Vistula River valley in Kraków (southern Poland) by 2D ERT survey","authors":"G. Bania, T. Woźniak","doi":"10.7306/gq.1655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1655","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42295296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Castoridae (Rodentia) from the Villafranchian site of Węże 2 in southern Poland","authors":"Michał Czernielewski","doi":"10.7306/gq.1650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1650","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46966853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Gholamalian, Mohamad-Javad Hassani, M. Keshavarz
{"title":"Stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of late Pleistocene molluscs from the northern coast of the Persian Gulf","authors":"H. Gholamalian, Mohamad-Javad Hassani, M. Keshavarz","doi":"10.7306/gq.1649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49502452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Staré Mìsto Belt (SMB) in the Cen tral Sudetes forms a Variscan tec tonic bound ary zone that is lo cated be tween the Saxothuringian and Brunovistulian ter ranes of the Bo he mian Mas sif. The three thrust-bounded up per, mid dle and lower lithotectonic units of the SMB are com posed of metasedimentary and Late Cam brian meta vol can ic rocks. A new LA-ICP-MS zir con geo chron ol ogy sup ported by zir con typology stud ies of the mica schists of the up per unit and the migmatitic paragneisses of the mid dle unit pro vides new in sights into the prov e nance and evo lu tion of the SMB. Our new data were ob - tained from metasedimentary rocks and com pared to the pre vi ously pub lished zir con ages of the SMB meta vol can ic rocks. The re sults in di cate that the metasedimentary and bi modal meta vol can ic rocks in the sep a rate lithotectonic units of the SMB orig i nally formed Late Cam brian vol cano-sed i men tary suc ces sions. The source ar eas of the sed i men tary bas ins stud ied were dom i nated by Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic crys tal line rocks that were pre sum ably lo cated near the West Af ri - can Craton of Gond wana. A com par i son of the de tri tal age spec tra ob tained with those pre vi ously pub lished from the re gion in di cates a strong as so ci a tion of the en tire SMB with the Saxothuringian terrane of the Bo he mian Mas sif. Dur ing par tial melt - ing of the metasedimentary rocks of the mid dle unit of the SMB, Cam brian and older zir con grains were af fected by solid-state trans for ma tions that caused par tial re set ting of the U-Pb dates, changes in in ter nal zir con tex tures and re duc tions in Th/U ra tios.
苏台德中部的StaréMísto带（SMB）形成了一个华力西时期的主音边界带，位于Bo河沿岸的Saxoturinian和Brunovistulian地区之间。SMB的上、中、下三个逆冲构造单元由变质沉积岩和晚Cambrian变质火山岩组成。一种新的LA-ICP-MS地质年代，由上单元云母片岩和中单元混合岩化副片麻岩的类型学研究提供，为SMB的证明和演化提供了新的视角。我们的新数据是从变质沉积岩中获得的，并与之前公布的SMB变质火山岩的zir年龄进行了比较。结果表明，SMB的个别岩石构造单元中的变质沉积岩和双模变质火山岩最初形成了晚Cambrian火山。所研究的地质基础的来源主要是新元古代和古元古代的crystal line岩石，这些岩石在Gond wana的West Af ri-can克拉通附近被预先确定。这是一个三年时期规格的儿子，与那些从该地区预先出版的产品一起，是一个强大的SMB与Bo河的Saxoturinian地体。SMB中单元的变质沉积岩、Cambrian和较老的zir颗粒在初始熔融过程中受到固态迁移的影响，固态迁移导致U-Pb日期的初始重置、初始zir性质的变化和Th/U ra tios的减少。
{"title":"Detrital zircon analysis of metasedimentary rocks of the Staré Město Belt, Sudetes: implications for the provenance and evolution of the eastern margin of the Saxothuringian terrane, NE Bohemian Massif","authors":"M. Sliwinski, M. Jastrzębski, J. Sláma","doi":"10.7306/gq.1653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1653","url":null,"abstract":"The Staré Mìsto Belt (SMB) in the Cen tral Sudetes forms a Variscan tec tonic bound ary zone that is lo cated be tween the Saxothuringian and Brunovistulian ter ranes of the Bo he mian Mas sif. The three thrust-bounded up per, mid dle and lower lithotectonic units of the SMB are com posed of metasedimentary and Late Cam brian meta vol can ic rocks. A new LA-ICP-MS zir con geo chron ol ogy sup ported by zir con typology stud ies of the mica schists of the up per unit and the migmatitic paragneisses of the mid dle unit pro vides new in sights into the prov e nance and evo lu tion of the SMB. Our new data were ob - tained from metasedimentary rocks and com pared to the pre vi ously pub lished zir con ages of the SMB meta vol can ic rocks. The re sults in di cate that the metasedimentary and bi modal meta vol can ic rocks in the sep a rate lithotectonic units of the SMB orig i nally formed Late Cam brian vol cano-sed i men tary suc ces sions. The source ar eas of the sed i men tary bas ins stud ied were dom i nated by Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic crys tal line rocks that were pre sum ably lo cated near the West Af ri - can Craton of Gond wana. A com par i son of the de tri tal age spec tra ob tained with those pre vi ously pub lished from the re gion in di cates a strong as so ci a tion of the en tire SMB with the Saxothuringian terrane of the Bo he mian Mas sif. Dur ing par tial melt - ing of the metasedimentary rocks of the mid dle unit of the SMB, Cam brian and older zir con grains were af fected by solid-state trans for ma tions that caused par tial re set ting of the U-Pb dates, changes in in ter nal zir con tex tures and re duc tions in Th/U ra tios.","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46629042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Wimbledon, A. Svobodová, V. Bakhmutov, I. Poliachenko, D. Hlavatskyi
This is an account of finds of stratigraphically useful calcareous nannofossils and the magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary interval of the eastern Crimean peninsula (southern Ukraine). We compare these new complementary results with those presented by our team in earlier publications. A missing interval in the Crimean sequence is filled, and the position of the Tithonian-Berriasian (J/K) boundary is confirmed
{"title":"Further observations on the bio- and magnetostratigraphy of the J/K boundary interval in southern Ukraine","authors":"W. Wimbledon, A. Svobodová, V. Bakhmutov, I. Poliachenko, D. Hlavatskyi","doi":"10.7306/gq.1643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1643","url":null,"abstract":"This is an account of finds of stratigraphically useful calcareous nannofossils and the magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary interval of the eastern Crimean peninsula (southern Ukraine). We compare these new complementary results with those presented by our team in earlier publications. A missing interval in the Crimean sequence is filled, and the position of the Tithonian-Berriasian (J/K) boundary is confirmed","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47279975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roksana Kruć-Fijałkowska, K. Dragon, D. Drożdżyński
Pharmaceutical compounds were investigated in river and riverbank filtration (RBF) water at the Mosina-Krajkowo site (Poland), in 6 sampling campaigns between November 2019 and June 2020. All of the ten pharmaceutical compounds tested for were detected in the water. Carbamazepine, fluconazole, tramadol, sulphamethoxazole and sulphapyridine were the most frequently found, the highest concentrations being observed in surface water. There was a reduction in their levels in the horizontal well (HW) with drains located below the river bottom, averaging 17%. Significantly higher reductions (53–71%) were observed in vertical wells (VWs). Mixing, sorption and biodegradation were distinguished as processes conditioning the reduction of pharmaceutical compounds along flow paths from the river to the wells. Their reduction in the HW occurs due to sorption onto fine sediments with high organic matter content and aerobic biodegradation, while in the VWs it is the effect of aerobic biodegradation and water mixing with unpolluted groundwater. Sorption on riverbed fine sediments can also occur, especially during low water levels in the river. Biodegradation develops in oxic conditions with aerobic bacteria. VWs located at similar distances from the river yielded different concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds, because of differences in geological structure, hydrogeological conditions and well operation parameters.
{"title":"Factors affecting the concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in river and groundwaters: efficiency of riverbank filtration (Mosina-Krajkowo well field, Poland)","authors":"Roksana Kruć-Fijałkowska, K. Dragon, D. Drożdżyński","doi":"10.7306/gq.1635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1635","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical compounds were investigated in river and riverbank filtration (RBF) water at the Mosina-Krajkowo site (Poland), in 6 sampling campaigns between November 2019 and June 2020. All of the ten pharmaceutical compounds tested for were detected in the water. Carbamazepine, fluconazole, tramadol, sulphamethoxazole and sulphapyridine were the most frequently found, the highest concentrations being observed in surface water. There was a reduction in their levels in the horizontal well (HW) with drains located below the river bottom, averaging 17%. Significantly higher reductions (53–71%) were observed in vertical wells (VWs). Mixing, sorption and biodegradation were distinguished as processes conditioning the reduction of pharmaceutical compounds along flow paths from the river to the wells. Their reduction in the HW occurs due to sorption onto fine sediments with high organic matter content and aerobic biodegradation, while in the VWs it is the effect of aerobic biodegradation and water mixing with unpolluted groundwater. Sorption on riverbed fine sediments can also occur, especially during low water levels in the river. Biodegradation develops in oxic conditions with aerobic bacteria. VWs located at similar distances from the river yielded different concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds, because of differences in geological structure, hydrogeological conditions and well operation parameters.","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47301066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Uchman, Z. Lebanidze, T. Beridze, N. Kobakhidze, Koba Lobzhanidze, Sophio Khutsishvili, R. Chagelishvili, Davit Makadze, K. Koiava, N. Khundadze
Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 is a characteristic deep-sea trace fossil belonging to the group of graphoglyptids and mostly preserved as a network of irregular meshes in hypichnial semirelief. So far, eleven ichnospecies have been distinguished under this ichnogenus, though commonly on weak evidence. The so-far poorly known ichnospecies Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 is described here on the basis of the numerous, newly discovered specimens from deep-sea siliciclastic deposits of the Bolevani Subsuite (lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus of Georgia, together with other collections and published examples. A neotype of this ichnospecies is designated and the diagnosis emended. M. aequale occurs in lower Cambrian to upper Miocene deep-sea turbiditic deposits, mostly in the Paleogene. It is characterized by relatively small, variable meshes, which have mostly irregular sub-pentagonal, sub-hexagonal or sub-heptagonal shapes that are variable in size and are bordered by curved or straight semicircular ridges. It has been mistaken for Paleodictyon, which forms regular hexagonal nets. Paleodictyon imperfectum Seilacher, 1977 is included in M. aequale as the ichnosubspecies M. a. imperfectum, which is characterized by relatively thin bordering ridges. After critical analysis of all ichnospecies, only M. irregulare Książkiewicz, 1968, M. submontanum (Azpeitia Moros, 1933), and M. aequale are recommended for further use. These are distinguished on the basis of the prevailing morphology of the meshes, irrespective of large differences in morphometric parameters within the ichnospecies. Irredictyon chaos Vialov, 1972 is included in M. irregulare as the ichnosubspecies M. i. chaos, which is characterized by relatively thick bordering ridges. Megagrapton is interpreted as a cast of a subsurface open burrow network with a few connections to the sea floor. The burrows probably functioned as a trap for small organisms (ethological subcategory irretichnia).
{"title":"Revision of the trace fossil Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 with focus on Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 from the lower Eocene of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia","authors":"A. Uchman, Z. Lebanidze, T. Beridze, N. Kobakhidze, Koba Lobzhanidze, Sophio Khutsishvili, R. Chagelishvili, Davit Makadze, K. Koiava, N. Khundadze","doi":"10.7306/gq.1640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1640","url":null,"abstract":"Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 is a characteristic deep-sea trace fossil belonging to the group of graphoglyptids and mostly preserved as a network of irregular meshes in hypichnial semirelief. So far, eleven ichnospecies have been distinguished under this ichnogenus, though commonly on weak evidence. The so-far poorly known ichnospecies Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 is described here on the basis of the numerous, newly discovered specimens from deep-sea siliciclastic deposits of the Bolevani Subsuite (lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus of Georgia, together with other collections and published examples. A neotype of this ichnospecies is designated and the diagnosis emended. M. aequale occurs in lower Cambrian to upper Miocene deep-sea turbiditic deposits, mostly in the Paleogene. It is characterized by relatively small, variable meshes, which have mostly irregular sub-pentagonal, sub-hexagonal or sub-heptagonal shapes that are variable in size and are bordered by curved or straight semicircular ridges. It has been mistaken for Paleodictyon, which forms regular hexagonal nets. Paleodictyon imperfectum Seilacher, 1977 is included in M. aequale as the ichnosubspecies M. a. imperfectum, which is characterized by relatively thin bordering ridges. After critical analysis of all ichnospecies, only M. irregulare Książkiewicz, 1968, M. submontanum (Azpeitia Moros, 1933), and M. aequale are recommended for further use. These are distinguished on the basis of the prevailing morphology of the meshes, irrespective of large differences in morphometric parameters within the ichnospecies. Irredictyon chaos Vialov, 1972 is included in M. irregulare as the ichnosubspecies M. i. chaos, which is characterized by relatively thick bordering ridges. Megagrapton is interpreted as a cast of a subsurface open burrow network with a few connections to the sea floor. The burrows probably functioned as a trap for small organisms (ethological subcategory irretichnia).","PeriodicalId":12587,"journal":{"name":"Geological Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48796901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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