The strong basicity of fluoride ions leads to detrimental nucleophilic attack on organic components in the electrolytes, such as β-hydrogen elimination reactions with organic cations and solvents, converting "naked" F- into corrosive and unstable bifluoride (HF2-) ions. These reactions significantly constrain the choice of suitable solvents and salts to develop electro(chemical) stable fluoride ion electrolytes. In this work, we replaced the triple water ligands typically present in industrial organic fluoride salts with dual 1,3-diphenylurea (DPU) coordination via hydrogen bonding interaction. This modification successfully suppressed the Lewis basicity of fluoride ions, providing long-term chemical stability (over 1000 hours) across a wide range of aprotic solvents, a broadened electrochemical stability window (-2.5 ~ 0.9 V vs. Ag+/Ag) and high ionic conductivity (1.7 mS cm-1) at room temperature. Additionally, the weaker hydrogen bonding in F--DPU coordination, compared to the conventional boron-based anion acceptor (AA) strategy that relies on intensive Lewis acid-base interactions, facilitates faster (de)fluorination kinetics at the electrode. The proposed room temperature fluoride ion batteries sustain improved electrochemical performance by pairing with the Pb-PbF2 anode and BiF3 or Ag cathode.
Liquid-liquid phase separation towards the formation of synthetic coacervate droplets represents a rapidly advancing frontier in the fields of synthetic biology, material science, and biomedicine. These artificial constructures mimic the biophysical principles and dynamic features of natural biomolecular condensates that are pivotal for cellular regulation and organization. Via adapting biological concepts, synthetic condensates with dynamic phase-separation control provide crucial insights into the fundamental cell processes and regulation of complex biological pathways. They are increasingly designed with the ability to display more complex and ambitious cell-like features and behaviors, which offer innovative solutions for cytomimetic modeling and engineering active materials with sophisticated functions. In this minireview, we highlight recent advancements in the design and construction of synthetic coacervate droplets; including their biomimicry structure and organization to replicate life-like properties and behaviors, and the dynamic control towards engineering active coacervates. Moreover, we highlight the unique applications of synthetic coacervates as catalytic centers and promising delivery vehicles, so that these biomimicry assemblies can be translated into practical applications.
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