Pub Date : 2019-11-22DOI: 10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.231
Paweł Rutkiewicz, I. Malik
The main aim of this study was the reconstruction of the environmental changes (identifiable at this stage of research) resulting from large-scale charcoal production for the needs of historical water-powered metallurgy in selected sites in the Mala Panew basin. The identification of the remains of charcoal hearths was carried out by analysing shaded relief models. Shaded relief models were created from data from Airborne Laser Scanning (LIDAR). In order to verify the charcoal hearth remains identified in digital images, ground proofing was carried out. The charcoal hearth remains were subjected to sampling. Fragments of charcoal were extracted from the samples, which were then sent for analysis to identify tree species. In order to determine the age of chosen charcoal hearth remains, 10 charcoal pieces were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The following taxa were identified: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), alder (Alnus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), Norway spruce / larch (Picea abies / Larix sp.), Silver fir (cf. Abies alba) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The taxa identified are dominated by Scots pine (56%). This research demonstrates that valuable wood of deciduous species might have been overexploited at the initial stage of metallurgical production and very quickly exhausted, being replaced by fast-growing coniferous species. The excessive exploitation of the forests might have had negative environmental effects such as the transformation/modification of the species composition of the forest cover, significant deforestation of exploited areas, intensification of floods or the initiation of aeolian transport of sands. All the charcoal hearth remains investigated date to the period from 1677 to 1957 AD.
{"title":"Environmental effects of historical charcoal burning associated with water-powered ferrous metallurgy (Mała Panew basin, southern Poland)","authors":"Paweł Rutkiewicz, I. Malik","doi":"10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.231","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study was the reconstruction of the environmental changes (identifiable at this stage of research) resulting from large-scale charcoal production for the needs of historical water-powered metallurgy in selected sites in the Mala Panew basin. The identification of the remains of charcoal hearths was carried out by analysing shaded relief models. Shaded relief models were created from data from Airborne Laser Scanning (LIDAR). In order to verify the charcoal hearth remains identified in digital images, ground proofing was carried out. The charcoal hearth remains were subjected to sampling. Fragments of charcoal were extracted from the samples, which were then sent for analysis to identify tree species. In order to determine the age of chosen charcoal hearth remains, 10 charcoal pieces were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The following taxa were identified: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), alder (Alnus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), Norway spruce / larch (Picea abies / Larix sp.), Silver fir (cf. Abies alba) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The taxa identified are dominated by Scots pine (56%). This research demonstrates that valuable wood of deciduous species might have been overexploited at the initial stage of metallurgical production and very quickly exhausted, being replaced by fast-growing coniferous species. The excessive exploitation of the forests might have had negative environmental effects such as the transformation/modification of the species composition of the forest cover, significant deforestation of exploited areas, intensification of floods or the initiation of aeolian transport of sands. All the charcoal hearth remains investigated date to the period from 1677 to 1957 AD.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79668354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-22DOI: 10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.207
M. Oettingen
The paper presents the methodology applied to the cost modelling of the uranium-thorium nuclear reactor cycle for PWR reactors as well as brief introduction to the environmental impact of the nuclear fuel cycle. The reactor core contains seed uranium fuel and blanket thorium fuel. In such a cycle, energy is produced in the fission of 235U included in the fresh fuel and in the fission of 233U bread from the fertile 232Th. A modified methodology developed by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency was used for the reactor cycle cost modelling. The method is based on the levelized lifetime cost methodology for a reactor cycle, which is directly related to the heavy metal mass balance. Contrary to the case of uranium-fuelled nuclear reactors, the cost modelling includes the additional cash flow for thorium fuel. The abundance of thorium in the Earth’s crust is about 3–5 times larger than that of uranium, which suggests its promising potential as a nuclear fuel. However, this needs to be proved economically.
{"title":"Modelling of the reactor cycle cost for thorium-fuelled PWR and environmental aspects of a nuclear fuel cycle","authors":"M. Oettingen","doi":"10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.207","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the methodology applied to the cost modelling of the uranium-thorium nuclear reactor cycle for PWR reactors as well as brief introduction to the environmental impact of the nuclear fuel cycle. The reactor core contains seed uranium fuel and blanket thorium fuel. In such a cycle, energy is produced in the fission of 235U included in the fresh fuel and in the fission of 233U bread from the fertile 232Th. A modified methodology developed by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency was used for the reactor cycle cost modelling. The method is based on the levelized lifetime cost methodology for a reactor cycle, which is directly related to the heavy metal mass balance. Contrary to the case of uranium-fuelled nuclear reactors, the cost modelling includes the additional cash flow for thorium fuel. The abundance of thorium in the Earth’s crust is about 3–5 times larger than that of uranium, which suggests its promising potential as a nuclear fuel. However, this needs to be proved economically.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"54 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78319202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-22DOI: 10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.219
Jacinta N. CHUKWUMA-ORJI, E. Okosun, Funmilayo Daramola Gana
Palynofacies analyses of the strata penetrated by Ida-4 wells were carried out with the aim of studying the stratigraphic sequence penetrated by the well in order to establish palynostratigraphic zones, relative age and the paleoenvironment of deposition. Fifty ditch cutting samples within the interval of 2179–3523 m were analyzed. The acid methods of sample preparation for palynofacies analyses were followed. The result of the analyses yielded low to abundant occurrences of pollen and spores with an abundance of small, medium and large sizes of palynomacerals 1 and 2, few occurrences of palynomacerals 3 and 4. The lithology consists of the alternation of shale and sandstone units with few intercalations of argillaceous sandstone units, indicating that the studied interval belongs to the Agbada Formation. The studied intervals were dated to the middle Miocene to late Miocene, based on the recovered age diagnostic marker species such as Zonocostatites ramonae, Multiareolites formosus, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus, Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni and Racemonocolpites hians. Two interval range palynostratigraphic zones: Multiareolites formosus – Zonocostatites ramonae, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus – Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni and a taxon range zone: Ainipollinite verus zone were proposed. Paleoenvironmental interpretation was based on the palynofacies association and the lithology which revealed that the stratigraphic interval studied was deposited in the Coastal-deltaic (marginal marine) environments.
{"title":"Palynofacies analysis of Ida-4 well, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria","authors":"Jacinta N. CHUKWUMA-ORJI, E. Okosun, Funmilayo Daramola Gana","doi":"10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2019.45.3.219","url":null,"abstract":"Palynofacies analyses of the strata penetrated by Ida-4 wells were carried out with the aim of studying the stratigraphic sequence penetrated by the well in order to establish palynostratigraphic zones, relative age and the paleoenvironment of deposition. Fifty ditch cutting samples within the interval of 2179–3523 m were analyzed. The acid methods of sample preparation for palynofacies analyses were followed. The result of the analyses yielded low to abundant occurrences of pollen and spores with an abundance of small, medium and large sizes of palynomacerals 1 and 2, few occurrences of palynomacerals 3 and 4. The lithology consists of the alternation of shale and sandstone units with few intercalations of argillaceous sandstone units, indicating that the studied interval belongs to the Agbada Formation. The studied intervals were dated to the middle Miocene to late Miocene, based on the recovered age diagnostic marker species such as Zonocostatites ramonae, Multiareolites formosus, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus, Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni and Racemonocolpites hians. Two interval range palynostratigraphic zones: Multiareolites formosus – Zonocostatites ramonae, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus – Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoveni and a taxon range zone: Ainipollinite verus zone were proposed. Paleoenvironmental interpretation was based on the palynofacies association and the lithology which revealed that the stratigraphic interval studied was deposited in the Coastal-deltaic (marginal marine) environments.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74044497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.133
O. Adizua, Kenechukwu Emmanuel Anakwuba, Ajana Godwin Onwuemesi
The near-surface imaging and characterization of an onshore prospect field in the Niger Delta was successfully carried out in a previous study (Adizua et al. 2019) using an integrated approach of combining inversion of refracted arrivals and uphole measurements. The output of that study which revealed the layer characteristics of the near-surface (0–500 m) over the prospect field is now being used as a starting model to derive a complete refraction statics solution to be adapted for processing the 3D seismic dataset from the prospect field. The complete statics solution derived included the field or datum statics, refraction statics, and the 1st and 2nd residual statics which addressed the unresolved and remnant spatial long and short wavelength statics effect on the traces across the investigated field. The comprehensive solution was then incorporated into a PROMAXTM routine and applied to the seismic datasets using appropriate flow commands to perform the statics correction procedure. The outcome of the derived and implemented statics correction was demonstrated on shot gathers from the field in FFID configuration. Results from the several shot gathers analyzed after the application of the statics correction across the field showed that traces were adjusted back to their appropriate positions. The reflectors became better aligned and assumed a near-hyperbolic pattern which is a positive indication that the derived and applied refraction statics solution was the most appropriate for the dataset.
{"title":"Derivation of refraction statics solution for 3D seismic data in an onshore prospect Niger Delta field","authors":"O. Adizua, Kenechukwu Emmanuel Anakwuba, Ajana Godwin Onwuemesi","doi":"10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.133","url":null,"abstract":"The near-surface imaging and characterization of an onshore prospect field in the Niger Delta was successfully carried out in a previous study (Adizua et al. 2019) using an integrated approach of combining inversion of refracted arrivals and uphole measurements. The output of that study which revealed the layer characteristics of the near-surface (0–500 m) over the prospect field is now being used as a starting model to derive a complete refraction statics solution to be adapted for processing the 3D seismic dataset from the prospect field. The complete statics solution derived included the field or datum statics, refraction statics, and the 1st and 2nd residual statics which addressed the unresolved and remnant spatial long and short wavelength statics effect on the traces across the investigated field. The comprehensive solution was then incorporated into a PROMAXTM routine and applied to the seismic datasets using appropriate flow commands to perform the statics correction procedure. The outcome of the derived and implemented statics correction was demonstrated on shot gathers from the field in FFID configuration. Results from the several shot gathers analyzed after the application of the statics correction across the field showed that traces were adjusted back to their appropriate positions. The reflectors became better aligned and assumed a near-hyperbolic pattern which is a positive indication that the derived and applied refraction statics solution was the most appropriate for the dataset.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88186364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.99
R. Pöykiö, Mika Grönvall, G. Watkins, I. Välimäki, P. Perämäki, O. Dahl
Finland launched a new Government Decree, the so-called MARA-regulation, on the utilization of certain wastes in earth construction on 1.1.2018. This statutory regulation sets limit values for the solubility of heavy metals (Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn, V, Hg), chloride, sulphate, fluoride and dissolved organic carbon, as well as for organic substance (petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, naphthalene, TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), PAH-, phenolic- and PCB-compounds). In this case study, the concentrations of these harmful substances in the used traction sand collected in the city of Kemi, Northern Finland, were lower than their limit values set in the MARA-regulation. Therefore, this residue is a potential material to be used at earth construction sites such as in roads and roadways, in field and embankment structures, as well as in floor structures of industrial or storage buildings. However, if the used traction sand is to be utilized for these kinds of civil engineering purposes, an environmental permit is still needed because this material is not yet included in the scope of the MARA-regulation. This paper also gives an overview of the relevant Finnish environmental legislation on the utilization of wastes as an earth construction material.
{"title":"Characterisation of used traction sand for utilization aspects in earth construction based on the requirements of Finnish environmental legislation","authors":"R. Pöykiö, Mika Grönvall, G. Watkins, I. Välimäki, P. Perämäki, O. Dahl","doi":"10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.99","url":null,"abstract":"Finland launched a new Government Decree, the so-called MARA-regulation, on the utilization of certain wastes in earth construction on 1.1.2018. This statutory regulation sets limit values for the solubility of heavy metals (Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn, V, Hg), chloride, sulphate, fluoride and dissolved organic carbon, as well as for organic substance (petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, naphthalene, TEX (toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), PAH-, phenolic- and PCB-compounds). In this case study, the concentrations of these harmful substances in the used traction sand collected in the city of Kemi, Northern Finland, were lower than their limit values set in the MARA-regulation. Therefore, this residue is a potential material to be used at earth construction sites such as in roads and roadways, in field and embankment structures, as well as in floor structures of industrial or storage buildings. However, if the used traction sand is to be utilized for these kinds of civil engineering purposes, an environmental permit is still needed because this material is not yet included in the scope of the MARA-regulation. This paper also gives an overview of the relevant Finnish environmental legislation on the utilization of wastes as an earth construction material.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81149672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.111
M. Widera
This study focuses on discussing the relationship between the accumulation of peat and its compaction in the overbank zone of the Miocene river system. The examined 2nd Lusatian lignite seam is characteristically interbedded with sandy deposits and these are less compressible than peat. Therefore, in favourable conditions such as those found at Chlapowo Cliff (on the Baltic Sea coast in northern Poland), it is possible to identify the effects of an even or uneven lowering of the mire surface, resulting from diversified compaction of the underlying phytogenic beds. The research problem was applied to two examples located close to each other within the lignite seam. The first case shows the accumulation of fresh peat layers of almost equal thickness, while the second one presents a reduction in the thickness of fresh peat beds over the fossilised channel-fill sandy body. Only the latter example allows us to calculate the peat-to-lignite compaction ratio. The results of the compaction ratio obtained, Cr ≈ 7.37, mean that the youngest, fresh peat layers were compacted at least 7 times, transforming them into lignite beds. However, such a high compaction value, estimated for the top layers of the Miocene mire, cannot be directly taken into account when reconstructing the total thickness of the peat seam prior to covering it with mineral overburden. The published peat-to-lignite compaction ratios, determined using other research methods, for the 2nd Lusatian lignite seam or its stratigraphic equivalents range from 1.7 to 6.0 in most cases, with averages of 2.2 to 4.0. The differences between the data in the literature and the results given in this paper are due to the fact that the process of peat/lignite compaction is ongoing and cumulative.
{"title":"What can be learned about the deposition and compaction of peat from the Miocene lignite seam exposed in the Chłapowo Cliff on the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea?","authors":"M. Widera","doi":"10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on discussing the relationship between the accumulation of peat and its compaction in the overbank zone of the Miocene river system. The examined 2nd Lusatian lignite seam is characteristically interbedded with sandy deposits and these are less compressible than peat. Therefore, in favourable conditions such as those found at Chlapowo Cliff (on the Baltic Sea coast in northern Poland), it is possible to identify the effects of an even or uneven lowering of the mire surface, resulting from diversified compaction of the underlying phytogenic beds. The research problem was applied to two examples located close to each other within the lignite seam. The first case shows the accumulation of fresh peat layers of almost equal thickness, while the second one presents a reduction in the thickness of fresh peat beds over the fossilised channel-fill sandy body. Only the latter example allows us to calculate the peat-to-lignite compaction ratio. The results of the compaction ratio obtained, Cr ≈ 7.37, mean that the youngest, fresh peat layers were compacted at least 7 times, transforming them into lignite beds. However, such a high compaction value, estimated for the top layers of the Miocene mire, cannot be directly taken into account when reconstructing the total thickness of the peat seam prior to covering it with mineral overburden. The published peat-to-lignite compaction ratios, determined using other research methods, for the 2nd Lusatian lignite seam or its stratigraphic equivalents range from 1.7 to 6.0 in most cases, with averages of 2.2 to 4.0. The differences between the data in the literature and the results given in this paper are due to the fact that the process of peat/lignite compaction is ongoing and cumulative.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86511948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.77
K. Mathews, A. Sowiżdżał
Some Renewable Energy Sources (RES), such as wind power, are often regarded as intermittent. That means they are not available on demand, but rather depend on external conditions e.g. such as the weather. In order to manage these resources, it is advised to combine them with energy storage or other energy sectors, what is known as “sector coupling”. This approach is set to mitigate the negative impact of unstable renewable energy sources and manage the generated surpluses. In this study, a system combining wind turbines, district heating network and short-term thermal energy storage was proposed and examined for the instance of the Westfjords, Iceland. Isafjorður, Patreksfjorður, Bolungarvik and Flateyri are the exemplary communities with existing district heating networks, chosen to investigate the implementation of the system. A short review of the current state of the energy sector in Iceland was provided to present the local conditions. Wind potential in the described area was estimated as high in comparison with average wind turbine generation in the European Union and a few instances of wind turbines placement were analyzed in this study. For locations close to the district heating network, a long-term correlation between power generation and usage was proven. However, locating wind turbines in places with better wind conditions, provides stable output and a similar amount of energy produced by fewer generators.
一些可再生能源(RES)，如风能，通常被认为是间歇性的。这意味着它们不是按需供应的，而是取决于外部条件，比如天气。为了管理这些资源，建议将它们与储能或其他能源部门相结合，即所谓的“部门耦合”。这种方法旨在减轻不稳定的可再生能源的负面影响，并管理产生的盈余。本研究以冰岛西峡湾为例，提出了一种结合风力涡轮机、区域供热网络和短期热能储存的系统。isafjoror or、patreksfjoror or or、Bolungarvik和Flateyri是现有区域供热网络的示范社区，被选中调查该系统的实施情况。简要审查了冰岛能源部门的现状，以介绍当地的情况。据估计，与欧盟的平均风力涡轮机发电量相比，该地区的风力潜力很高，本研究分析了风力涡轮机放置的几个实例。对于靠近区域供热网络的地点，发电和使用之间的长期相关性得到了证明。然而，将风力涡轮机安置在风力条件较好的地方，可以提供稳定的输出，并且用较少的发电机产生类似的能量。
{"title":"Study of wind power utilization in district heating systems in the Westfjords, Iceland","authors":"K. Mathews, A. Sowiżdżał","doi":"10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.77","url":null,"abstract":"Some Renewable Energy Sources (RES), such as wind power, are often regarded as intermittent. That means they are not available on demand, but rather depend on external conditions e.g. such as the weather. In order to manage these resources, it is advised to combine them with energy storage or other energy sectors, what is known as “sector coupling”. This approach is set to mitigate the negative impact of unstable renewable energy sources and manage the generated surpluses. In this study, a system combining wind turbines, district heating network and short-term thermal energy storage was proposed and examined for the instance of the Westfjords, Iceland. Isafjorður, Patreksfjorður, Bolungarvik and Flateyri are the exemplary communities with existing district heating networks, chosen to investigate the implementation of the system. A short review of the current state of the energy sector in Iceland was provided to present the local conditions. Wind potential in the described area was estimated as high in comparison with average wind turbine generation in the European Union and a few instances of wind turbines placement were analyzed in this study. For locations close to the district heating network, a long-term correlation between power generation and usage was proven. However, locating wind turbines in places with better wind conditions, provides stable output and a similar amount of energy produced by fewer generators.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"185 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74476765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.145
Joseph Aisabokhae, O. Bamidele
Aeromagnetic data was processed in order to delineate structural trends which may be indicative of potential gold mineral traps in the Watari hill gold prospect located between longitude 5°8''and 5°16'', and latitude 11°24'' and 11°30'' in Garin Hawal district, northwest Nigeria. Landsat-8 OLI data was processed to produce colour composite, band ratio and minimum noise fraction images that mapped the hydrothermal alteration zone in the study area. The multispectral images which were displayed in Red-Green-Blue colours were subsequently pan-sharpened to display a greater image resolution of the area. The application of enhancement algorithms such as an analytic signal to the aeromagnetic data over the alteration zone helped in mapping the mafic metavolcanics, felsic metasediments and intruding granitoid complexes. Further reductions using the second vertical derivative and tilt angle derivative filters aided in delineating fracture/faults and the contact zones of the formations, especially the metasediments-metavolcanic boundary that delineates the shear zone. This study showed that the low-angle geologic structure between the metasediments and metavolcanics where hydrothermal alteration is present is likely to accommodate veins of gold mineralization in the study area.
{"title":"The magnetic response of hydrothermal alteration in iron-oxide basement complex, NW Nigeria","authors":"Joseph Aisabokhae, O. Bamidele","doi":"10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.145","url":null,"abstract":"Aeromagnetic data was processed in order to delineate structural trends which may be indicative of potential gold mineral traps in the Watari hill gold prospect located between longitude 5°8''and 5°16'', and latitude 11°24'' and 11°30'' in Garin Hawal district, northwest Nigeria. Landsat-8 OLI data was processed to produce colour composite, band ratio and minimum noise fraction images that mapped the hydrothermal alteration zone in the study area. The multispectral images which were displayed in Red-Green-Blue colours were subsequently pan-sharpened to display a greater image resolution of the area. The application of enhancement algorithms such as an analytic signal to the aeromagnetic data over the alteration zone helped in mapping the mafic metavolcanics, felsic metasediments and intruding granitoid complexes. Further reductions using the second vertical derivative and tilt angle derivative filters aided in delineating fracture/faults and the contact zones of the formations, especially the metasediments-metavolcanic boundary that delineates the shear zone. This study showed that the low-angle geologic structure between the metasediments and metavolcanics where hydrothermal alteration is present is likely to accommodate veins of gold mineralization in the study area.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86965323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.2.121
M. Dreger
Hard coal is extracted in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) from deeper and deeper coal seams every year. In 2000, the average depth of coal extraction was 600 m, in 2010 – 700 m, but in the last two years (2016–2017) this has been extended to a depth of 770 m. The USCB is not homogeneous in layout in terms of methane hazard, but rather very diverse. Therefore, the USCB has been divided into seven gassy regions to show differences in methane danger distribution. Northern and central USCB regions (I, II and III) are the mostly naturally degassed, so the most dangerous gassy conditions are in the IV and V regions, where methane content in coal seams varies from 6 m3/Mg coaldaf to above 18 m3/Mg coaldaf. The two westernmost USCB gassy regions (VI and VII) are poorer in methane than the IV and V areas. Six representative coal mines were chosen: Myslowice-Wesola, Budryk, Brzeszcze, Pniowek, Marcel and Rydultowy-Anna based on their high hard coal production and total methane emissions. The reason for the highest methane emission in those regions might be fault tectonics facilitating methane migration and also the thick and continuous Miocene cover constituting a hermetic screen for gases in the southern part of the USCB.
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Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.1.21
P. Strzelecki
Petrographic analysis, including the indicator erratics count method of coarse pebbles (20–60 mm), was performed for the first subsurface layer of the glacial till in the vicinity of the city of Radom. Crystalline rocks comprise 60% of the sample, whereas carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks total 18% and 15%, respectively. Among the crystalline rocks, 14% clasts were identified as indicator erratics. The majority of the indictor erratics originated from the Aland region (63%). Significant contributions were also derived from the central Baltic Basin (12%), Angermanland (9%) and Uppland (9%) regions. Trace amounts are recorded from the northern Baltic, Dalarna and Smaland regions. The spatial distribution of crystalline erratic source areas suggests material incorporation into an ice sheet mainly from central-eastern Fennoscandia. The indicator assemblage composition indicates the Odranian (MIS 6) origin of the till. The majority of the erratic sedimentary rocks were derived from the central and southern Baltic Basin while local rocks comprise a minor proportion. The relatively low carbonate clasts content indicates that the till was affected by partial decalcification resulting from post-depositional chemical weathering. This study supplements the results on erratic pebble provenance in the glacial tills of Middle Polish Glaciation Complex in Poland.
对拉多姆市附近的冰川坡地的第一个次表层进行了岩石学分析，包括粗卵石(20-60 mm)的指示误差计数法。结晶岩占样品的60%，碳酸盐岩和碎屑沉积岩分别占18%和15%。在结晶岩中，14%的碎屑被鉴定为指示不稳定物。大多数指标偏差来自奥兰地区(63%)。波罗的海中部盆地(12%)、德国(9%)和高地(9%)地区也做出了重大贡献。在波罗的海北部、达拉尔纳和斯莫兰地区记录到微量。结晶不稳定源区的空间分布表明，物质主要来自芬诺斯坎迪亚中东部的冰盖。指示组合组成表明了该till的Odranian (MIS 6)起源。不稳定沉积岩主要来自波罗的海盆地中部和南部，局部岩石占很小比例。碳酸盐岩碎屑含量较低，表明其受沉积后化学风化作用部分脱钙作用的影响。本研究补充了波兰中波兰冰川复合体冰川碛砾物源不稳定的研究结果。
{"title":"The provenance of erratic pebbles from a till in the vicinity of the city of Radom, central Poland","authors":"P. Strzelecki","doi":"10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/GEOL.2019.45.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"Petrographic analysis, including the indicator erratics count method of coarse pebbles (20–60 mm), was performed for the first subsurface layer of the glacial till in the vicinity of the city of Radom. Crystalline rocks comprise 60% of the sample, whereas carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks total 18% and 15%, respectively. Among the crystalline rocks, 14% clasts were identified as indicator erratics. The majority of the indictor erratics originated from the Aland region (63%). Significant contributions were also derived from the central Baltic Basin (12%), Angermanland (9%) and Uppland (9%) regions. Trace amounts are recorded from the northern Baltic, Dalarna and Smaland regions. The spatial distribution of crystalline erratic source areas suggests material incorporation into an ice sheet mainly from central-eastern Fennoscandia. The indicator assemblage composition indicates the Odranian (MIS 6) origin of the till. The majority of the erratic sedimentary rocks were derived from the central and southern Baltic Basin while local rocks comprise a minor proportion. The relatively low carbonate clasts content indicates that the till was affected by partial decalcification resulting from post-depositional chemical weathering. This study supplements the results on erratic pebble provenance in the glacial tills of Middle Polish Glaciation Complex in Poland.","PeriodicalId":12724,"journal":{"name":"Geology, Geophysics and Environment","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84755916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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