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Review of geological and seismotectonic investigations related to 1998 Mw5.6 and 2004 Mw5.2 earthquakes in Krn Mountains 克恩山1998年Mw5.6和2004年Mw5.2地震的地质和地震构造调查综述
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-31 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2019.002
A. Gosar
A review of geological and seismotectonic investigations conducted in the two decades after the 12 April 1998 earthquake in Krn Mountains, according to its magnitude the strongest earthquake in Slovenia in the 20 th century, is given. Many of these studies have wider scientific meaning than expected from the size of the earthquake. This was the first case in Slovenia that a strong earthquake was undoubtedly related to a particular fault. Seismotectonic studies of seismogenic Ravne fault revealed that it is an actively propagating strike-slip fault growing by interaction of individual right stepping fault segments and breaching of local transtensional step-over zones. Airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) of Idrija and Ravne faults, which resulted in high resolution bare earth digital elevation model, was in 2005 for the first time used to study surface expression of an active fault in Europe. Among the primary characteristics of the 1998 earthquake were extensive environmental effects expressed mainly as massive rockfalls. They were systematically documented and evaluated for intensity assessment using European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) scale introduced in 2007, because application of the data on damage to buildings was limited in sparsely populated high mountains epicentral area. These studies were pioneering due to novelty of both intensity scales, indicating their strong points and weaknesses. Large variations in damage to buildings in the upper Soča valley at similar epicentral distances pointed to strong site effects due to very heterogeneous glacial and fluvial deposits in sedimentary basins and valleys. Therefore, different seismic microzonation maps were prepared to evaluate the influence of soft sediments on seismic ground motion. Conducted studies fostered development of several earthquake geology research methods in Slovenia as tectonic geomorphology, evaluation of environmental seismic effects and seismotectonics. They had positive impact also on the university education in the fields of geophysics, seismology and structural geology.
回顾了1998年4月12日克恩山地震后20年来进行的地质和地震构造调查,根据其震级,这是斯洛文尼亚20世纪以来最强的地震。这些研究中的许多具有比从地震规模来看预期的更广泛的科学意义。这是斯洛文尼亚第一个强烈地震无疑与特定断层有关的案例。对发震Ravne断层的地震构造研究表明,它是一条由单个右阶断层段的相互作用和局部张性阶跃带的突破而形成的主动传播走滑断层。2005年,首次将Idrija和Ravne断层的机载激光扫描(LiDAR)用于研究欧洲活动断层的表面表现,该扫描产生了高分辨率裸地球数字高程模型。1998年地震的主要特征是广泛的环境影响,主要表现为巨大的落石。使用2007年引入的欧洲宏观地震等级(EMS-98)和环境地震强度等级(ESI)对其进行了系统的记录和评估,以进行强度评估,因为在人口稀少的高山震中地区,建筑物损坏数据的应用受到限制。这些研究是开创性的,因为这两种强度尺度都很新颖,表明了它们的优点和缺点。在类似的震中距离上,Soča山谷上部建筑物受损情况的巨大变化表明,由于沉积盆地和山谷中非常不均匀的冰川和河流沉积物,产生了强烈的场地影响。因此,编制了不同的地震微区划图,以评估软沉积物对地震动的影响。开展的研究促进了斯洛文尼亚几种地震地质研究方法的发展,如构造地貌学、环境地震效应评估和地震构造。它们还对大学在地球物理、地震学和结构地质学领域的教育产生了积极影响。
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引用次数: 8
Geochemical background and threshold for 47 chemical elements in Slovenian topsoil 斯洛文尼亚表层土中47种化学元素的地球化学背景和阈值
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2019-03-12 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2019.001
Gosar Mateja, Šajn Robert, Bavec Špela, G. Martin, P. Valentina, Miler Miloš
Geochemical background and threshold values need to be established to identify areas with unusually high concentrations of elements. High concentrations are caused by natural or anthropogenic processes. The <2 mm fraction of 817 collected topsoil (0 – 10 cm) samples at a 5 × 5 km grid on the territory of Slovenia was analysed. Results are used here to establish the geochemical background variation and threshold values, derived statistically from the data set, in order to identify unusually high element concentrations for these elements in the soil samples. Geochemical threshold values were determined following different methods of calculation for (1) whole of Slovenia and (2) for 8 spatial units determined on the base of geological structure, lithology, relief, climate and vegetation. Medians and geochemical thresholds for whole of Slovenia were compared with data for Europe and for southern Europe separately, since large differences in the spatial distribution of many elements are observed between northern and southern Europe. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn, are of particular interest. Medians of these PTE elements are all higher in Slovenia than in southern Europe. Medians of Pb and Mo are 1.5 times higher and medians of Hg and Cd are even more than 2 times higher in Slovenia. Geochemical thresholds for As, Cr, Co, Ni, Sb and Zn are of similar values in both Slovenia and southern Europe and some lower for Cu and Ni. Up to 1.5 times higher are tresholds in Slovenia for Mo and Pb and more than 2.5 times higher for Cd and Hg. These values were then compared to existing Slovenian soil guideline values for these elements.
需要确定地球化学背景和阈值,以确定元素浓度异常高的区域。高浓度是由自然或人为过程引起的。对斯洛文尼亚境内5×5km网格上817个表层土(0–10 cm)样本中<2 mm的部分进行了分析。这里的结果用于建立从数据集统计得出的地球化学背景变化和阈值,以确定土壤样品中这些元素的异常高的元素浓度。根据地质结构、岩性、地形、气候和植被,对(1)整个斯洛文尼亚和(2)8个空间单元采用不同的计算方法确定了地球化学阈值。将整个斯洛文尼亚的介质和地球化学阈值分别与欧洲和南欧的数据进行了比较,因为在北欧和南欧之间观察到许多元素的空间分布存在很大差异。潜在有毒元素(PTEs),即As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb和Zn,特别令人感兴趣。这些PTE元素的中间基在斯洛文尼亚都高于南欧。斯洛文尼亚Pb和Mo的中位数高出1.5倍,Hg和Cd的中位数甚至高出2倍多。在斯洛文尼亚和南欧,As、Cr、Co、Ni、Sb和Zn的地球化学阈值相似,Cu和Ni的阈值更低。在斯洛文尼亚,Mo和Pb的阈值高达1.5倍,Cd和Hg的阈值高出2.5倍以上。然后将这些值与斯洛文尼亚现有的这些元素的土壤指导值进行比较。
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引用次数: 10
Hydrogeological investigation of landslides Urbas and Čikla above the settlement of Koroška Bela (NW Slovenia) Koroška Bela定居点上方Urbas和Čikla滑坡的水文地质调查(斯洛文尼亚西北部)
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2018.013
M. Janža, Luka Serianz, Dejan Šram, Matjaž Klasinc
The area above the settlement of Koroška Bela is highly prone to slope mass movements and poses a high risk for the safety of the settlement. To get an insight into the hydrogeological conditions and processes which can affect mass movements in this area, hydrogeological investigations, including hydrogeological mapping, discharge measurements of springs, performance of infiltrometer and slug tests were performed. The results of these investigations show complex and heterogeneous hydrogeological conditions, predisposed by geological and tectonic setting and active mass movements which cannot be uniformly described. Observed large fluctuations in the rate of discharge of springs and groundwater level in observation wells are highly dependent on meteorological conditions. Estimated hydraulic conductivity of the soil is relatively high (2×10-4 m/s) and reflects the loose structure and high content of organic matter in the upper part of the forest soil. Hydraulic conductivity of more permeable sections of boreholes is in general higher in the upper parts, in predominantly gravel layers (in range from 2×10-3 to 1×10-5 m/s), than in the deeper clayey gravel parts (3×10-5 to 1×10-7 m/s). In the area of the Čikla landslide the average hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 8.99×10-4 m/s and is higher than in the area of the Urbas landslide (3.05×10-4 m/s).
Koroška Bela定居点上方的区域极易发生斜坡体运动,对定居点的安全构成高风险。为了深入了解可能影响该地区岩体运动的水文地质条件和过程,进行了水文地质调查,包括水文地质测绘、泉水流量测量、渗透计性能和段塞试验。这些调查的结果表明,水文地质条件复杂而不均匀,受地质和构造环境以及无法统一描述的活跃岩体运动的影响。观测到的泉水流量和观测井中地下水位的大幅波动在很大程度上取决于气象条件。土壤的估计导水率相对较高(2×10-4m/s),反映了森林土壤上部结构疏松、有机质含量高。钻孔透水性更强的部分的导水率通常在上部较高,主要是砾石层(范围为2×10-3至1×10-5 m/s),而在较深的粘性砾石部分(3×10-5至1×10-4 m/s)。Čikla滑坡区域的平均导水率估计为8.99×10-4 m/s,高于Urbas滑坡区域的导水率(3.05×10-4/s)。
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引用次数: 6
Correspondence between Vasily Vasilyevich Nikitin and Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky 瓦西里·瓦西里耶维奇·尼基金与弗拉基米尔·伊万诺维奇·维尔纳德斯基的通信
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2018.016
M. Brenčič
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引用次数: 1
Geostructural mapping of karstifid limestones 岩溶灰岩地质构造填图
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2018.010
Jože Čar
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引用次数: 6
Engineering-geological conditions of landslides above the settlement of Koroška Bela (NW Slovenia) Koroška Bela(斯洛文尼亚西北部)定居点上方山体滑坡的工程地质条件
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2018.012
Tina Peternel, J. Jež, Blaž Milanič, Anže Markelj, M. J. Auflič
This paper focuses on the studying of landslides in the hinterland area of the Koroška Bela settlement, NW Slovenia. Research has shown that these landslides have the potential to mobilize the material into a debris flow. The area of interest is located on the Karavanke mountain ridge, above the settlement of Koroška Bela, which lies on the outskirts of the town of Jesenice. In order to recognize and understand the kinematics of landslides and their triggering mechanisms, a multidisciplinary approach using engineering-geological and geotechnical investigations was applied. Thus, landslide source areas were determined based on engineering-geological mapping. Furthermore, landslide boundaries, types of landslides and sediments that are involved in processes of sliding were mapped in detail. Geotechnical monitoring is beneficial in evaluating rates of movement and failures in the ground under real conditions in the field. Current investigations as well as historical evidence and previous research prove that the hinterland of Koroška Bela is prone to various types of landslides that together form a source area that has the potential to mobilize into larger debris flow.
本文重点研究了斯洛文尼亚西北部Koroška Bela定居点腹地的山体滑坡。研究表明,这些滑坡有可能将物质动员成泥石流。感兴趣的地区位于Karavanke山脊上,Koroška Bela定居点上方,该定居点位于Jesenice镇郊区。为了认识和理解滑坡的运动学及其触发机制,采用了工程地质和岩土工程勘察的多学科方法。因此,在工程地质测绘的基础上确定了滑坡源区。此外,还详细绘制了滑坡边界、滑坡类型和参与滑坡过程的沉积物。岩土工程监测有利于评估现场实际条件下的地面移动率和破坏率。目前的调查以及历史证据和以前的研究证明,科罗斯卡-贝拉腹地容易发生各种类型的山体滑坡,这些滑坡共同形成了一个有可能演变成更大泥石流的源区。
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引用次数: 12
Systematic overview of geological learning objectives and textbook contents for primary schools and gymnasiums 系统概述小学、体育馆地质学学习目标与教材内容
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/geologija.2018.017
R. Brajkovič, Mojca Bedjanič, Neža Malenšek Andolšek, Nina Rman, M. Novak, Kaja Šušmelj, P. Ž. Rožič
Teaching of geological contents in elementary school and gymnasiums has not yet been systematically addressed. Under the auspices of Slovenian Geological Society, members of the Task Group for the Popularization of Geology, have set themselves the goal of gaining insight into the teaching of geological contents in elementary schools and gymnasiums. Review also covered general matura examination as it represents the completion of secondary education. In order to provide an overview of the teaching of geological contents, we first reviewed the subject curricula and the knowledge catalog for general matura subjects. We also reviewed valid textbooks and general matura exam questions. The extracted geological contents were classified into six general geological content assemblages. All extracted geological content was evaluated according to Bloom's taxonomy, which, on the basis of structure, enables the recognition of the taxonomic complexity of learning objectives and knowledge tests. We also evaluated cross-curricular relationships. We have discovered that geological contents are taught in elementary school in obligatory subjects such as Society, Natural sciences and engineering, Natural sciences, Geography, Biology and in optional subject Environmental education. In gymnasiums geological contents are taught in the subjects Geography and Biology, where knowledge is also checked at general matura. Learning objectives and contents are mostly appropriately upgraded, but the content presented in textbooks is often insufficient and professionally inadequate. There is also a lack of the important geological topics in the field of formal education. For individual cross-curricular sections, we have made recommendations for promoters of science to contribute to a better understanding and the correct and professional content presentation in public. The presentation of geology in the textbooks is discrete, often professionally flawed, and the content is very limited. This research provies a starting point for starting the placement of updated and appropriate geological contents into formal education.
在小学和体育馆的地质内容教学中,还没有系统地解决。在斯洛文尼亚地质学会的主持下,地质学普及工作队的成员为自己设定了一个目标,即深入了解小学和体育馆的地质内容教学。检讨亦包括普通成人考试,因为它代表完成中学教育。为了提供一个概览的教学内容,我们首先回顾了学科课程和一般成熟学科的知识目录。我们还复习了有效的教科书和一般的成人考试问题。将提取的地质成分划分为6个一般地质成分组合。所有提取的地质内容都按照Bloom的分类法进行评价,该分类法在结构的基础上,能够识别学习目标和知识测试的分类复杂性。我们还评估了跨学科关系。我们发现,在小学社会、自然科学与工程、自然科学、地理、生物等必修科目和选修科目环境教育中,都教授地质学内容。在体育馆里,地理和生物科目教授地质学内容,这些科目的知识也在综合考试中进行检查。学习目标和内容大多得到了适当的提升,但教材中呈现的内容往往不足,专业性不足。在正规教育领域也缺乏重要的地质主题。对于个别的跨课程部分,我们已经为科学推动者提出了建议,以帮助他们更好地理解和在公众中正确和专业地展示内容。教科书中对地质学的介绍是分散的,经常有专业上的缺陷,而且内容非常有限。本研究提供了一个起点,开始将更新和适当的地质内容纳入正规教育。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of the fully penetrating well drawdown in leaky aquifers between fiite and infiite radius of inflence under steady-state pumping conditions 稳态泵送条件下有限和无限影响半径下含漏含水层全穿透井降的比较
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/geologija.2018.014
M. Brenčič
In the paper theoretical derivation of steady state groundwater well pumping from leaky aquifers with infinite and finite radius of influence are presented. Based on the extensive literature review following mainly Jacob and Hantush work equations were derived from the cylindrical Bessel partial differential equation and results expressed in the combination of modified Bessel functions of zero order of the first and the second kind (I0, K0). We have shown that equation for steady state well pumping in the infinite aquifer is infinite limit of Hantush integral. Mathematical characteristics of solutions for infinite and finite radius of well influence were combined in the way that they can be represented as relative and absolute differences of drawdowns of each model. In the case when available data do not allow us to make a decision on the type of the radius of influence of the pumping well, they can help us in the interpretation of various errors due to application of different analytical models of pumping test.
本文给出了从无限和有限影响半径的渗漏含水层中抽运地下水的稳态井的理论推导。在大量文献综述的基础上,主要从圆柱贝塞尔偏微分方程中导出Jacob和Hantush工作方程,并将结果表示为第一类和第二类零阶修正贝塞尔函数(I0,K0)的组合。我们证明了无限含水层中的稳态抽油方程是Hantush积分的无限极限。将无限和有限井影响半径的解的数学特征结合起来,使它们可以表示为每个模型的压降的相对差和绝对差。在现有数据不允许我们决定抽油井影响半径的类型的情况下,它们可以帮助我们解释由于应用不同的抽水试验分析模型而产生的各种误差。
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引用次数: 0
Provenance and characteristics of the pavement stone from the courtyard of the Ljubljana Castle 卢布尔雅那城堡庭院铺路石的来源和特点
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2018.018
Kristina Peulič, M. Novak, M. Vrabec
The pavement stone used in the central courtyard of Ljubljana Castle originates from the Kukul area northeast of the town of Prilep in Republic of Macedonia. Several pavers were badly damaged and partly replaced by two other natural stones, because the original stone from Kukul is no longer available on the market. The natural stone that is recently used as a replacement is commercially named “Bianco Sardo” and differs from original rock from Kukul in both, structure and composition. The advancement of the replacement of original pavers with “Bianco Sardo” is resulting in extremely uneven and disturbing appearance of the courtyard. The original Kukul stone used in the central courtyard of Ljubljana Castle is of metamorphic origin and belongs to gneisses. Two types of pavers were identified, the light coloured and the dark coloured varieties. They have similar mineral composition consisting of quartz, feldspars (orthoclase, microcline and plagioclases), minerals of the epidote group, micas (muscovite and biotite), titanite, zircon, clinopyroxene, kyanite, pyrite and calcite. Light coloured pavers have porphyroclastic, protomylonitic to mylonitic structures. Dark coloured pavers display gneissic structure, contain more quartz and epidote, less feldspars, and no clinopyroxene. They show intensive recrystallization and granoblastic textures. Both analysed rock types belong to the same rock massif, only that the blocks were extracted from various parts of the rock massif. The variations are due to the process of metamorphic differentiation, which resulted in segregation and separation of light and dark coloured minerals. In the past, the natural stone that was coming from Kukul, was known and classifyed as a type of granite. The rock that is used in the central courtyard of Ljubljana Castle is not granite but granitic gneiss, therefore, we assume that in the last stages of quarrying in the Prilep area, they were extracting also the metamorphic country rocks for some time. The broader area of Prilep belongs to the Pelagonian massif. Its thick metamorphic complex contains also granitoid (granodiorite) intrusives, which crop out in the Prilep anticline and used to be quarried at the locality of Kukul. According to national regulations of the Republic of Macedonia the area is now protected as a natural monument and further exploitation was no longer possible. Today, there is only one open granite exploitation field in the wider surroundings of Prilep, the locality of Lozjanska Reka–Kruševica and a few localities of gneiss-granites of high potential. It would be necessary to consider these solutions for the conservation-restoration of the Ljubljana Castle central courtyard instead of using an inappropriate stone replacement.
卢布尔雅那城堡中央庭院使用的铺路石源自马其顿共和国普里勒普镇东北部的库库尔地区。几块铺路石严重受损,部分被另外两块天然石取代,因为市场上已经没有库库尔的原石了。最近用作替代品的天然石头在商业上被命名为“Bianco Sardo”,在结构和成分上都与库库尔的原始岩石不同。用“Bianco Sardo”代替原来的铺路机,导致庭院外观极不均匀,令人不安。卢布尔雅那城堡中央庭院中使用的原始库库尔石是变质成因的,属于片麻岩。确定了两种类型的摊铺机,浅色和深色品种。它们具有相似的矿物成分,包括石英、长石(正长石、微斜长石和斜长石)、绿帘石组矿物、云母(白云母和黑云母)、钛矿、锆石、单斜辉石、蓝晶石、黄铁矿和方解石。浅色铺路材料具有斑状、原糜棱质至糜棱质结构。深色铺路石显示出片麻岩结构,含有更多的石英和绿帘石,较少的长石,没有斜辉石。它们表现出强烈的再结晶和花岗变晶结构。两种分析的岩石类型属于同一岩体,只是块体是从岩体的各个部分提取的。这种变化是由于变质分化的过程,导致浅色和深色矿物的分离和分离。在过去,来自库库尔的天然石材被认为是花岗岩的一种。卢布尔雅那城堡中央庭院中使用的岩石不是花岗岩,而是花岗片麻岩,因此,我们假设在普里勒普地区采石的最后阶段,他们也提取了一段时间的变质岩。普里勒普更广阔的区域属于Pelagonian地块。其厚变质杂岩还含有花岗岩类(花岗闪长岩)侵入体,这些侵入体在普里勒普背斜中突出,过去曾在库库尔地区开采。根据马其顿共和国的国家规定,该地区现在作为自然遗迹受到保护,不再可能进行进一步开发。如今,在Prilep更广阔的环境中,只有一个开放的花岗岩开采区,即Lozjanska Reka–Kruševica地区和一些具有高潜力的片麻岩花岗岩地区。对于卢布尔雅那城堡中央庭院的保护性修复,有必要考虑这些解决方案,而不是使用不合适的石头替代品。
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引用次数: 0
Natural gas reservoirs on the oil-gas field Petišovci Petišovci油气田上的天然气藏
Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2018-12-21 DOI: 10.5474/GEOLOGIJA.2018.011
Jernej Kerčmar
Three conditions are required for the existence of hydrocarbon reservoirs: source rock (usually basement or footwall), collector (porous rock in which the hydrocarbons are caught), and upper impermeable rock (hanging wall). In addition to a geological structure, temperature, pressure and time are needed for the organic matter to pass through the diagenesis phase into hydrocarbons, as we know them today. Every hydrocarbon deposit found and having economical reserves for production passes five stages of the life cycle of the reservoir. First, geological, geophysical, petrophysical and reservoir exploration is carried out, and then results of these explorations are evaluated by 2D and 3D geological models. Next stage is evaluation of entire field potential (in-place) and proved reserves of all hydrocarbons-bearing reservoir strata (reservoirs). Afterwards, the most important stage is production and the end phase with the remediation of the field. In Slovenia, most of the natural gas was produced from the “Petišovci globoko” reservoirs in the years between 1963 and 2017,
油气藏的存在需要三个条件:烃源岩(通常是基底或下盘)、收集器(捕获碳氢化合物的多孔岩石)和上部不透水岩石(上盘)。除了地质结构外,有机物通过成岩阶段形成碳氢化合物还需要温度、压力和时间,正如我们今天所知。每一个已发现并具有经济生产储量的碳氢化合物矿床都要经过储层生命周期的五个阶段。首先进行地质、地球物理、岩石物理和储层勘探,然后通过二维和三维地质模型对这些勘探结果进行评估。下一阶段是评估整个油田潜力(现场)和所有含烃储层(储层)的探明储量。之后,最重要的阶段是生产,最后阶段是田地的修复。在斯洛文尼亚,1963年至2017年间,大部分天然气来自“Petišovci globoko”储层,
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引用次数: 2
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Geologija
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