Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-020
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128747271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-017
381 principles, as the realization of a single linguistic imperative, or for that matter a single cultural one. Selection becomes a matter of authorial taste and resourcefulness, and it is precisely here that the search for the correct path for the literary language culminates. Hunting for paths is replaced by the pursuit of the best linguistic means to embody the concrete goals of the author in the context of one particular text. This was achieved by the stabilization of the literary language, as general theoretical problems were now transformed into issues of literary stylistics. And so in the conflict between archaists and innovators we see not a clash between Europeanized and traditional culture, but one of literary trends, a conflict that may be situated fully within the framework of Europeanized Russian culture. The very narrowing of the issue from a broad cultural to an intra literary one testifies to the fact that the cultural antagonism that shook Russia during the Petrine and post-Petrine periods had taken a secondary place, if it still existed at all. Of course, on the larger Russian scale this antagonism was still there, and the lower levels of society continued to view the world in far different categories from those of the educated class. However, for the dominating culture those other categories no longer held any interest, and ceased to be a factor in its development. The dominating culture attained that level of self-sufficiency at which cultural oppositions merge with the battle between literary trends. This circumstance prepared the ground for the synthesizing stabilization of the Russian literary language which Pushkin was able to accom plish. But this development also brought the literary language into a new phase of development, beyond the parameters we set out to examine in this book—the history of the harmo nization of European and traditional values in Russian culture and the literary language. The debates between archaists and innovators might have served as the epilogue to this investigation, were it not for one arena of literature in which the struggle between secular and religious traditions retained its impor tance: the religious literature of the first half of the nineteenth century.
{"title":"2. Slavonicizing Purism and Its Reconceptualization in Religious Literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-017","url":null,"abstract":"381 principles, as the realization of a single linguistic imperative, or for that matter a single cultural one. Selection becomes a matter of authorial taste and resourcefulness, and it is precisely here that the search for the correct path for the literary language culminates. Hunting for paths is replaced by the pursuit of the best linguistic means to embody the concrete goals of the author in the context of one particular text. This was achieved by the stabilization of the literary language, as general theoretical problems were now transformed into issues of literary stylistics. And so in the conflict between archaists and innovators we see not a clash between Europeanized and traditional culture, but one of literary trends, a conflict that may be situated fully within the framework of Europeanized Russian culture. The very narrowing of the issue from a broad cultural to an intra literary one testifies to the fact that the cultural antagonism that shook Russia during the Petrine and post-Petrine periods had taken a secondary place, if it still existed at all. Of course, on the larger Russian scale this antagonism was still there, and the lower levels of society continued to view the world in far different categories from those of the educated class. However, for the dominating culture those other categories no longer held any interest, and ceased to be a factor in its development. The dominating culture attained that level of self-sufficiency at which cultural oppositions merge with the battle between literary trends. This circumstance prepared the ground for the synthesizing stabilization of the Russian literary language which Pushkin was able to accom plish. But this development also brought the literary language into a new phase of development, beyond the parameters we set out to examine in this book—the history of the harmo nization of European and traditional values in Russian culture and the literary language. The debates between archaists and innovators might have served as the epilogue to this investigation, were it not for one arena of literature in which the struggle between secular and religious traditions retained its impor tance: the religious literature of the first half of the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129078048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-009
Petrine Era
The goal of the Petrine transformation was not only to create a new army and navy, a new governmental system and new industry, but the creation of a new culture as well, and among Peter’s activities cultural reform occupied no less of a place than those of a more pragmatic nature. The change in dress, shaving of beards, renaming of state posts, the introduction of “assemblies,” the regular organization of triumphal public processions, masque rades, and parodic and blasphe mous spectacles (such as the wedding of a prince-pope, the funeral of a dwarf, a false fire alarm on April 1st, etc.—see, among others, Bergholts IV, 13–14, 91) were not accidental attributes of the age of reform but substan tive elements of state policy whose aim was to reeducate society and to impress upon it a new conception of state power. It was not without reason that Feofan Prokopovich wrote in The Right of a Monarch’s Will (Pravda voli monarshei) —an apology for Petrine absolutism and the Petrine reforms — that
彼得转型的目标不仅是建立新的陆海军、新的政府体制和新的工业，而且还要创造一种新的文化，在彼得的活动中，文化改革的地位不亚于那些更务实的活动。改变着装，剃掉胡须，重新命名国家职位，引入“集会”，定期组织的凯胜游行、假面舞会、模仿和亵渎神明的场面(如教皇王子的婚礼、侏儒的葬礼、4月1日的虚假火警，等等)不是改革时代的偶然属性，而是国家政策的实质要素，其目的是对社会进行再教育，并向其灌输一种新的国家权力概念。费奥凡·普罗科波维奇在《君主意志的权利》(Pravda voli monarshei)中——为彼得大帝的专制主义和彼得大帝的改革道歉——写道，这并非没有道理
{"title":"1. Tasks of the Language Reform and the Nature of its Realization","authors":"Petrine Era","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-009","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the Petrine transformation was not only to create a new army and navy, a new governmental system and new industry, but the creation of a new culture as well, and among Peter’s activities cultural reform occupied no less of a place than those of a more pragmatic nature. The change in dress, shaving of beards, renaming of state posts, the introduction of “assemblies,” the regular organization of triumphal public processions, masque rades, and parodic and blasphe mous spectacles (such as the wedding of a prince-pope, the funeral of a dwarf, a false fire alarm on April 1st, etc.—see, among others, Bergholts IV, 13–14, 91) were not accidental attributes of the age of reform but substan tive elements of state policy whose aim was to reeducate society and to impress upon it a new conception of state power. It was not without reason that Feofan Prokopovich wrote in The Right of a Monarch’s Will (Pravda voli monarshei) —an apology for Petrine absolutism and the Petrine reforms — that","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127958165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-014
{"title":"2. Rationalist Purism and the Richness of the Slavenorossiiskii Language","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130516405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-015
301 Russian literary norm, and even while remaining in principle an ecclesiastic tongue, at the same time it turned out to be a necessary component of the new Russian culture. Without reference to the church tongue it was impossible to achieve correctness, purity, and abundance — those qualities which were to give Russian parity with European languages. It turned out that European beauties blossomed not on distant shores but right here at home, within the churchyard of the Greek Orthodox Slavonic church, any association with which had earlier been forbidden. As a consequence of this new perception, the church tradition was now considered the preserve not only of pure faith but of pure language. An author unsure of the correctness of his writing or experiencing difficulty in selecting words was supposed to look directly to church books. Insofar as Russian and Church Slavonic were declared to have the same nature, Russian’s nature was held to be imprinted in church books; here it was expressed in pure and unchanging form. Hence church books were transformed into a constant standard with which to measure the literary language and which shielded it from the danger of betraying its nature and becoming impure. Lomonosov wrote that “the Russian language will remain in full strength, beauty and richness, firm and inaccessible to change and decline as long as the Russian church will be adorned by singing the glory of God in the Slavonic tongue” (Lomonosov, IV, 230; VII2, 591). Trediakovskii expressed precisely the same idea: “our Slavenorossiiskii language... can never be irremediably harmed: literary Slavonic will maintain it, preserve it, and save it from injury unwaveringly and for all time.” And in another place he wrote that “the Russian language is one of the Slavonic languages, and indeed the most integral (tseleishii) of them, if it hasn’t been spoiled; however, nothing will harm it forever: its shield and buttress is our immortal church tongue” (1773, 241 and 372). And so the Church Slavonic literary and linguistic tradition was fully reinstated, and this could not help but have important culturological consequences.
{"title":"3. The Synthesis of Cultural and Linguistic Traditions: The Slavenorossiiskii Language and Its Functioning","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-015","url":null,"abstract":"301 Russian literary norm, and even while remaining in principle an ecclesiastic tongue, at the same time it turned out to be a necessary component of the new Russian culture. Without reference to the church tongue it was impossible to achieve correctness, purity, and abundance — those qualities which were to give Russian parity with European languages. It turned out that European beauties blossomed not on distant shores but right here at home, within the churchyard of the Greek Orthodox Slavonic church, any association with which had earlier been forbidden. As a consequence of this new perception, the church tradition was now considered the preserve not only of pure faith but of pure language. An author unsure of the correctness of his writing or experiencing difficulty in selecting words was supposed to look directly to church books. Insofar as Russian and Church Slavonic were declared to have the same nature, Russian’s nature was held to be imprinted in church books; here it was expressed in pure and unchanging form. Hence church books were transformed into a constant standard with which to measure the literary language and which shielded it from the danger of betraying its nature and becoming impure. Lomonosov wrote that “the Russian language will remain in full strength, beauty and richness, firm and inaccessible to change and decline as long as the Russian church will be adorned by singing the glory of God in the Slavonic tongue” (Lomonosov, IV, 230; VII2, 591). Trediakovskii expressed precisely the same idea: “our Slavenorossiiskii language... can never be irremediably harmed: literary Slavonic will maintain it, preserve it, and save it from injury unwaveringly and for all time.” And in another place he wrote that “the Russian language is one of the Slavonic languages, and indeed the most integral (tseleishii) of them, if it hasn’t been spoiled; however, nothing will harm it forever: its shield and buttress is our immortal church tongue” (1773, 241 and 372). And so the Church Slavonic literary and linguistic tradition was fully reinstated, and this could not help but have important culturological consequences.","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115959319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-007
Traditional Slavic book culture confronted the idea of linguistic “simplicity” in the sixteenth century. Although the issue of the comprehensibility of bookish texts could have been posed earlier it was in this century that it acquired fundamental importance and became a motivating factor in linguistic change in the framework of Slavia Orthodoxa. It entered into complex interaction with other factors in creating a new attitude both toward the traditional bookish language and toward the learned linguistic tradition, provoking changes in the functioning of particular variants of the bookish language and, ultimately, the rejection of traditional bookishness as the principal medium for the expression of cultural values. The transformation of linguistic thought was common throughout Europe, although in various regions it proceeded differently, at different speeds, influenced by the specifics of national traditions and their starting points, and produced diverse, at times dissimilar, results. The cause of this transformative process was religious conflict, which gripped all of Europe to a greater or lesser extent and radically altered the traditional social organization of religious life; if earlier continuity of religious convictions from generation to generation had been the norm, now to a significant extent they were a
{"title":"5. Linguistic “Simplicity” and the Means of its Realization","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-007","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional Slavic book culture confronted the idea of linguistic “simplicity” in the sixteenth century. Although the issue of the comprehensibility of bookish texts could have been posed earlier it was in this century that it acquired fundamental importance and became a motivating factor in linguistic change in the framework of Slavia Orthodoxa. It entered into complex interaction with other factors in creating a new attitude both toward the traditional bookish language and toward the learned linguistic tradition, provoking changes in the functioning of particular variants of the bookish language and, ultimately, the rejection of traditional bookishness as the principal medium for the expression of cultural values. The transformation of linguistic thought was common throughout Europe, although in various regions it proceeded differently, at different speeds, influenced by the specifics of national traditions and their starting points, and produced diverse, at times dissimilar, results. The cause of this transformative process was religious conflict, which gripped all of Europe to a greater or lesser extent and radically altered the traditional social organization of religious life; if earlier continuity of religious convictions from generation to generation had been the norm, now to a significant extent they were a","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121785171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123550096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-012
{"title":"2. The Conflict Between Linguistic Theory and Actual Practice; The Concept of a Poetic Language","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134177354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-019
{"title":"Works Cited","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131753903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618116734-008
{"title":"6. The Secularization of Culture, Its Specifics in Russia, and Its Significance for Rethinking Linguistic Usage","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618116734-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618116734-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":128120,"journal":{"name":"Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia","volume":"32 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131004631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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