: Some countries have adopted the whole-of-government (WoG), whole-of-society (WoS) approach to face the recent global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. By applying the WoG approach, sectors beyond health have to work across boundaries to achieve an integrated government response to particular issues, such as global health emergencies. Furthermore, the WoS approach puts communities at the center of response, which is vital for effectively dealing with crises. The COVID-19 pandemic coincided with the toughest unilateral political and economic sanctions in Iran. Implementing preventive and restrictive strategies could be elusive without a tailored WoG-WoS approach. The National COVID-19 Committee (NCC) was established to foster necessary multi-sectoral collaboration to deal with the pandemic in Iran. Nonetheless, Iran faced seven waves of the COVID-19 pandemic so far, each one more devastating than the previous wave. As the NCC did not meaningfully engage with the representatives of civil society, it can be claimed that social participation in health promotion was sufficient in Iran. Applying WoG-WoS approaches could have facilitated better performance in dealing with the COVID-19 crisis; countries with better records in dealing with the recent pandemic have benefited from social mobilization and meaningful engagement with all sectors, including both state and non-state actors. We advocate the adoption of tailored initiatives to nurture such an approach in dealing with potential future crises in Iran and abroad.
{"title":"The Whole-of-Government, Whole-of-Society Approach in Tackling COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: Evidence for Policymakers","authors":"Hajar Haghighat, Amirhossein Takian, Azam Raoofi, Seyed Masood Mousavi","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-138471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-138471","url":null,"abstract":": Some countries have adopted the whole-of-government (WoG), whole-of-society (WoS) approach to face the recent global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. By applying the WoG approach, sectors beyond health have to work across boundaries to achieve an integrated government response to particular issues, such as global health emergencies. Furthermore, the WoS approach puts communities at the center of response, which is vital for effectively dealing with crises. The COVID-19 pandemic coincided with the toughest unilateral political and economic sanctions in Iran. Implementing preventive and restrictive strategies could be elusive without a tailored WoG-WoS approach. The National COVID-19 Committee (NCC) was established to foster necessary multi-sectoral collaboration to deal with the pandemic in Iran. Nonetheless, Iran faced seven waves of the COVID-19 pandemic so far, each one more devastating than the previous wave. As the NCC did not meaningfully engage with the representatives of civil society, it can be claimed that social participation in health promotion was sufficient in Iran. Applying WoG-WoS approaches could have facilitated better performance in dealing with the COVID-19 crisis; countries with better records in dealing with the recent pandemic have benefited from social mobilization and meaningful engagement with all sectors, including both state and non-state actors. We advocate the adoption of tailored initiatives to nurture such an approach in dealing with potential future crises in Iran and abroad.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139226403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The study aims to determine the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of refractive errors and its related factors among the adult population of southeastern Iran. Methods: The current study included 9280 individuals aged 35 to 70 years using a multistage random sample method from October 2015 to January 2019 as a part of a Persian cohort study in Zahedan. Uncorrected and corrected vision, objective noncycloplegic, and subjective refraction were measured, with all participants undergoing ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, refraction, and retinoscopy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 statistic software and described as percentage, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval. Comparisons between groups and relationships among risk factors and refractive errors were performed with chi-square, nominal, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of low and moderate myopia, high myopia, low and moderate hyperopia, high hyperopia, low and moderate astigmatism, and high astigmatism was 24.2 (95% CI: 22.40 - 25.90), 1.5(95% CI: 0.00 - 3.53), 16.1(95% CI: 14.20 - 17.90), 1.3(95% CI: 0.00 - 3.30), 35.6 (95% CI: 33.90 - 37.30), and 3.8 (95% CI: 1.80 - 5.70) percent, respectively. The prevalence of refractive errors significantly varied across different age groups overall and by sex (P = 0.01). The proportion of refractive errors also significantly differed by education (P = < 0.001). The prevalence of against the rule, with the rule, and oblique astigmatism was 32.8 % (95% CI: 31.10 - 34.20), 42.1% (40.50 - 43.60), and 24.9% (23.10 - 26.60), respectively. The risk of astigmatism was significantly lower in men than in women (OR = 0.75; 95 % CI: 0.60 - 0.90). Based on multiple regression, the risk of myopia (OR = 2.07; 95 % CI: 1.60 - 2.60) and hyperopia (OR = 25.38; 95 % CI: 18.70 - 34.3) was higher in the age group 65 to 75 years compared to the younger group. Conclusions: The present study provided valuable information on the prevalence of refractive errors in the adult population in south-eastern Iran. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive eye care services, particularly for older individuals and those with lower education levels. Further prospective research is warranted to explore the factors contributing to refractive errors and to develop effective strategies for its prevention and management.
{"title":"Prevalence of Refractive Errors and Associated Factors in the Population of the Eye Cohort Study in Southeast Iran","authors":"Kourosh Shahraki, Abolfazl Tahkor, Fariba Shahraki Sanavi, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Kiyanoosh Shahraki, M. Mahjoob, Fateme Alipour, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Mehdi Mohammadi, Reza Malekzade, Hosein Poustchi","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-137161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-137161","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The study aims to determine the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of refractive errors and its related factors among the adult population of southeastern Iran. Methods: The current study included 9280 individuals aged 35 to 70 years using a multistage random sample method from October 2015 to January 2019 as a part of a Persian cohort study in Zahedan. Uncorrected and corrected vision, objective noncycloplegic, and subjective refraction were measured, with all participants undergoing ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, refraction, and retinoscopy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 statistic software and described as percentage, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval. Comparisons between groups and relationships among risk factors and refractive errors were performed with chi-square, nominal, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of low and moderate myopia, high myopia, low and moderate hyperopia, high hyperopia, low and moderate astigmatism, and high astigmatism was 24.2 (95% CI: 22.40 - 25.90), 1.5(95% CI: 0.00 - 3.53), 16.1(95% CI: 14.20 - 17.90), 1.3(95% CI: 0.00 - 3.30), 35.6 (95% CI: 33.90 - 37.30), and 3.8 (95% CI: 1.80 - 5.70) percent, respectively. The prevalence of refractive errors significantly varied across different age groups overall and by sex (P = 0.01). The proportion of refractive errors also significantly differed by education (P = < 0.001). The prevalence of against the rule, with the rule, and oblique astigmatism was 32.8 % (95% CI: 31.10 - 34.20), 42.1% (40.50 - 43.60), and 24.9% (23.10 - 26.60), respectively. The risk of astigmatism was significantly lower in men than in women (OR = 0.75; 95 % CI: 0.60 - 0.90). Based on multiple regression, the risk of myopia (OR = 2.07; 95 % CI: 1.60 - 2.60) and hyperopia (OR = 25.38; 95 % CI: 18.70 - 34.3) was higher in the age group 65 to 75 years compared to the younger group. Conclusions: The present study provided valuable information on the prevalence of refractive errors in the adult population in south-eastern Iran. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive eye care services, particularly for older individuals and those with lower education levels. Further prospective research is warranted to explore the factors contributing to refractive errors and to develop effective strategies for its prevention and management.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-134198
Aznar S Peter, Nino Ismael S Pastor, Sergio JR Sarza, Rigan Ap-apid, Maruo Jarupat Suchinda, F. Sasamori, Kazuki Ashida, Masao Okuhara, Noriaki Watanabe, Tomoyuki Nishino, Hisaaki Tabuchi, K. Terasawa
Background: Good health is a pivotal aspect of daily life that contributes to social development. Physical activity is a vital component of a healthy lifestyle. Health promotion enables individuals to increase their control and improve their health, and health programs promote physical activity to improve health. Objectives: This study aims to introduce the Japanese health education guidelines according to the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001-certified health education system in the Cebu region of the Philippines and aims to improve the health of the participants. Methods: A 12-month health program was implemented in Cebu City, and 43 participants were recruited, aged 35.0 ± 9.9 years (mean ± SD), including 22 men aged 35.6 ± 7.9 years and 21 women aged 34.3 ± 7.9 years. The effects of the health program and physical activity were assessed using brain function tests and blood chemistry profiles before and after the program. Results: The average number of total daily steps taken by the 43 participants was 6,052. The weight and eyes-open single-leg stance for balance significantly improved. However, no significant differences were observed in the other physical fitness parameters, blood pressure, and brain function values. Conclusions: This health education is characterized by a mechanism that enables the setting of the next goal based on these evaluations and how to improve health. The participants have to be motivated to aim for a 7,000 daily step goal. Therefore, the participants and the staff involved in health education should build a relationship of trust and a deep bond, and the exercise continuation rate may increase, leading to a higher quality of life.
{"title":"A Report on Attempts to Acquire Exercise Habits through Japanese Health Education for Adult Workers from Cebu, Philippines","authors":"Aznar S Peter, Nino Ismael S Pastor, Sergio JR Sarza, Rigan Ap-apid, Maruo Jarupat Suchinda, F. Sasamori, Kazuki Ashida, Masao Okuhara, Noriaki Watanabe, Tomoyuki Nishino, Hisaaki Tabuchi, K. Terasawa","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-134198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-134198","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Good health is a pivotal aspect of daily life that contributes to social development. Physical activity is a vital component of a healthy lifestyle. Health promotion enables individuals to increase their control and improve their health, and health programs promote physical activity to improve health. Objectives: This study aims to introduce the Japanese health education guidelines according to the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001-certified health education system in the Cebu region of the Philippines and aims to improve the health of the participants. Methods: A 12-month health program was implemented in Cebu City, and 43 participants were recruited, aged 35.0 ± 9.9 years (mean ± SD), including 22 men aged 35.6 ± 7.9 years and 21 women aged 34.3 ± 7.9 years. The effects of the health program and physical activity were assessed using brain function tests and blood chemistry profiles before and after the program. Results: The average number of total daily steps taken by the 43 participants was 6,052. The weight and eyes-open single-leg stance for balance significantly improved. However, no significant differences were observed in the other physical fitness parameters, blood pressure, and brain function values. Conclusions: This health education is characterized by a mechanism that enables the setting of the next goal based on these evaluations and how to improve health. The participants have to be motivated to aim for a 7,000 daily step goal. Therefore, the participants and the staff involved in health education should build a relationship of trust and a deep bond, and the exercise continuation rate may increase, leading to a higher quality of life.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-139178
Muhammad Maaz Arif, Maria Mahmood, Hasan Ejaz, Faiz Ul Haq, Abdul Waheed, Muhsin Jamal, Muhammad Imran, Mamoona Noreen, Sher Zaman Safi
Background: This study aims to assess public views and awareness about COVID-19 infection, severity, reinfection, vaccine acceptance, and government measures in Pakistan. Methods: A survey-based study was conducted between August 2021 and August 2022. The study used a self-administered questionnaire designed and distributed online using Google Forms, multiple social media platforms, and phone calls to collect data from the target population. We collected 1426 responses from male and female participants. The study was conducted in major cities throughout Pakistan, including Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Islamabad, Sargodha, Abbottabad, Swat, Quetta, and Mardan. Results: Most respondents (76.8%) deemed COVID-19 a serious disease, while the other participants considered it either a non-severe condition or were unsure. In this survey, 78% of respondents believed in COVID-19 immunization, 14.4% were skeptical, and 7.6% did not believe in it. Most study population (91.1%) had been immunized against COVID-19, and 92.4% expressed a willingness to be immunized if the vaccine was readily available. However, the remainder were either unsure or refused to receive vaccinations. 19.9% of study participants were naturally infected with COVID-19, 12% were uncertain about their previous infection, and 68.1% were not infected. COVID-19 reinfection was reported by 10.2% of study participants. The second infection was deemed more severe by 15.9% of participants than the first. It was found that half of the surveyed population used natural and traditional methods to protect themselves from COVID-19 disease. Most respondents (73%) believed that the government should make vaccinations mandatory and that people should be forced to do so. During the COVID-19 outbreak, 55.4% of people were satisfied with government initiatives, while 19.4% were dissatisfied. Conclusions: The results of the present study conducted in major cities throughout Pakistan concluded that most people trusted the COVID-19 vaccine and showed high confidence and acceptance of vaccination. Additionally, most respondents were satisfied with the government's efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
{"title":"A Survey-Based Study of Public Awareness About COVID-19 Infection, Severity, Reinfection, Vaccine Acceptance, and Government Measures in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Maaz Arif, Maria Mahmood, Hasan Ejaz, Faiz Ul Haq, Abdul Waheed, Muhsin Jamal, Muhammad Imran, Mamoona Noreen, Sher Zaman Safi","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-139178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-139178","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aims to assess public views and awareness about COVID-19 infection, severity, reinfection, vaccine acceptance, and government measures in Pakistan. Methods: A survey-based study was conducted between August 2021 and August 2022. The study used a self-administered questionnaire designed and distributed online using Google Forms, multiple social media platforms, and phone calls to collect data from the target population. We collected 1426 responses from male and female participants. The study was conducted in major cities throughout Pakistan, including Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Islamabad, Sargodha, Abbottabad, Swat, Quetta, and Mardan. Results: Most respondents (76.8%) deemed COVID-19 a serious disease, while the other participants considered it either a non-severe condition or were unsure. In this survey, 78% of respondents believed in COVID-19 immunization, 14.4% were skeptical, and 7.6% did not believe in it. Most study population (91.1%) had been immunized against COVID-19, and 92.4% expressed a willingness to be immunized if the vaccine was readily available. However, the remainder were either unsure or refused to receive vaccinations. 19.9% of study participants were naturally infected with COVID-19, 12% were uncertain about their previous infection, and 68.1% were not infected. COVID-19 reinfection was reported by 10.2% of study participants. The second infection was deemed more severe by 15.9% of participants than the first. It was found that half of the surveyed population used natural and traditional methods to protect themselves from COVID-19 disease. Most respondents (73%) believed that the government should make vaccinations mandatory and that people should be forced to do so. During the COVID-19 outbreak, 55.4% of people were satisfied with government initiatives, while 19.4% were dissatisfied. Conclusions: The results of the present study conducted in major cities throughout Pakistan concluded that most people trusted the COVID-19 vaccine and showed high confidence and acceptance of vaccination. Additionally, most respondents were satisfied with the government's efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":" 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135286548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-134717
Natasha Azhar, Shaista Jabeen, Maria Aslam, Habib Ur Rehman
Background: The scientific name of rice is Oryza sativa. It is one of the important staple human foods. There are more than 110,000 cultivated varieties of rice, most widely known and grown. Nutrient concentration may vary depending on production, environment, pre- and post-harvesting treatment, and processing. Cooked rice with high amylose content effectively controls metabolic disorders, serum blood glucose levels, and lipid profile and is also effective in weight loss. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the comparative effect of amylose concentration in brown and white rice on hepatocellular insufficiency in healthy rat models. Methods: We divided 25 rats into 5 groups (G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4). There were 5 rats in each group. Group 0 was the control group on a normal diet. Group 1 was fed white rice flour, G2 was fed cooked white rice, G3 was fed brown rice flour, and G4 was fed cooked brown rice. Free access to food and water was secured. Weight changes, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were analyzed pre and post-treatment. Results: Rats on white rice feed showed weight gain, increased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low HDL levels. However, rats on brown rice feed showed less weight gain (P < 0.05), a lower increase in blood glucose (P < 0.05), high HDL, lower LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The pancreas and liver histopathology showed no major changes due to the short trial duration. Conclusions: Rats fed white rice showed ineffective results disturbing biological parameters as compared to those rats which were fed brown rice. Due to low amylose content and the presence of antioxidants, flavonoids, and high fiber content, brown rice shows beneficial effects in controlling and maintaining relevant biological parameters.
{"title":"Comparative Effect of Amylose Concentration in Brown and White Rice on Hepatocellular Insufficiency Using Rat Bioassay","authors":"Natasha Azhar, Shaista Jabeen, Maria Aslam, Habib Ur Rehman","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-134717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-134717","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The scientific name of rice is Oryza sativa. It is one of the important staple human foods. There are more than 110,000 cultivated varieties of rice, most widely known and grown. Nutrient concentration may vary depending on production, environment, pre- and post-harvesting treatment, and processing. Cooked rice with high amylose content effectively controls metabolic disorders, serum blood glucose levels, and lipid profile and is also effective in weight loss. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the comparative effect of amylose concentration in brown and white rice on hepatocellular insufficiency in healthy rat models. Methods: We divided 25 rats into 5 groups (G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4). There were 5 rats in each group. Group 0 was the control group on a normal diet. Group 1 was fed white rice flour, G2 was fed cooked white rice, G3 was fed brown rice flour, and G4 was fed cooked brown rice. Free access to food and water was secured. Weight changes, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were analyzed pre and post-treatment. Results: Rats on white rice feed showed weight gain, increased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low HDL levels. However, rats on brown rice feed showed less weight gain (P < 0.05), a lower increase in blood glucose (P < 0.05), high HDL, lower LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The pancreas and liver histopathology showed no major changes due to the short trial duration. Conclusions: Rats fed white rice showed ineffective results disturbing biological parameters as compared to those rats which were fed brown rice. Due to low amylose content and the presence of antioxidants, flavonoids, and high fiber content, brown rice shows beneficial effects in controlling and maintaining relevant biological parameters.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"40 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135430664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-136234
Marzieh Bayat, Parisa Asban, Fatemeh Koshki Nasab, Masoume Taherian, Arefeh Sepahvad, Ali Farhadi, Bita Falahi, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Majid Farhadi
Context: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants that are among the most important risk factors for cancer, especially in individuals with underlying diseases. On the other hand, various types of cancers in the vital organs of the body, including the liver, lung, and bladder, and diseases related to the nervous system can be attributed to exposure to this polluting agent. Bladder cancer depends on numerous factors, such as inherited genetic predisposition and external exposure. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are by-products arising from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are found in all environments, such as hospitals, industries, and homes. Objectives: The purpose of this review study was to investigate the epidemiological literature on the side effects of PAHs on bladder cancer and the risk factors related to cancer. Methods: A total of 80 articles according to different databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect, were retrieved. Then, 38 full-text articles were entered into the analysis process. Finally, 12 articles were selected for this study. Results: The literature review showed that PAH exposure occurs in daily life through exposure to tobacco smoke, consumption of charcoal-smoked meats, and inhalation of air pollutants. The concentration of PAHs is related to the risk of developing bladder cancer during the lifetime of PAHs. Bladder tumors are directly related to exposure to carcinogens. While the exposure to risk factors increases, the risk of developing cancer increases. Risk factors affecting bladder cancer include smoking and occupational and dietary factors. Conclusions: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are by-products of incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are found in all environments, such as hospitals, industries, and homes, and they can affect the urinary system, cause dysfunction, and eventually cause bladder cancer.
背景:多环芳烃(PAHs)是一种污染物，是癌症最重要的危险因素之一，特别是在患有基础疾病的个体中。另一方面，人体重要器官的各种癌症，包括肝脏、肺部和膀胱，以及与神经系统有关的疾病，都可以归因于接触这种污染物质。膀胱癌取决于许多因素，如遗传易感性和外部暴露。多环芳烃是有机物不完全燃烧产生的副产物。它们存在于所有环境中，如医院、工业和家庭。目的:回顾性分析多环芳烃对膀胱癌的毒副作用及相关危险因素的流行病学文献。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、Springer、Cochrane、ScienceDirect等数据库共80篇文献。然后，38篇全文文章进入分析过程。最终选择了12篇文章进行本研究。结果:文献综述表明，多环芳烃暴露发生在日常生活中，暴露于烟草烟雾、食用木炭熏肉和吸入空气污染物。多环芳烃的浓度与多环芳烃一生中膀胱癌的发生风险有关。膀胱肿瘤与接触致癌物有直接关系。随着风险因素的增加，患癌症的风险也在增加。影响膀胱癌的危险因素包括吸烟、职业和饮食因素。结论:多环芳烃是有机物不完全燃烧的副产物。它们存在于所有环境中，如医院、工业和家庭，它们会影响泌尿系统，导致功能障碍，最终导致膀胱癌。
{"title":"A Review of the Effect of Outdoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Bladder Cancer","authors":"Marzieh Bayat, Parisa Asban, Fatemeh Koshki Nasab, Masoume Taherian, Arefeh Sepahvad, Ali Farhadi, Bita Falahi, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Majid Farhadi","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-136234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-136234","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants that are among the most important risk factors for cancer, especially in individuals with underlying diseases. On the other hand, various types of cancers in the vital organs of the body, including the liver, lung, and bladder, and diseases related to the nervous system can be attributed to exposure to this polluting agent. Bladder cancer depends on numerous factors, such as inherited genetic predisposition and external exposure. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are by-products arising from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are found in all environments, such as hospitals, industries, and homes. Objectives: The purpose of this review study was to investigate the epidemiological literature on the side effects of PAHs on bladder cancer and the risk factors related to cancer. Methods: A total of 80 articles according to different databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect, were retrieved. Then, 38 full-text articles were entered into the analysis process. Finally, 12 articles were selected for this study. Results: The literature review showed that PAH exposure occurs in daily life through exposure to tobacco smoke, consumption of charcoal-smoked meats, and inhalation of air pollutants. The concentration of PAHs is related to the risk of developing bladder cancer during the lifetime of PAHs. Bladder tumors are directly related to exposure to carcinogens. While the exposure to risk factors increases, the risk of developing cancer increases. Risk factors affecting bladder cancer include smoking and occupational and dietary factors. Conclusions: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are by-products of incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are found in all environments, such as hospitals, industries, and homes, and they can affect the urinary system, cause dysfunction, and eventually cause bladder cancer.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"34 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-21DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-136089
Vahid Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Setoodehzadeh, Sedigheh Salavati, Mahnaz Khosravi
Background: The health transformation plan (HTP) in Iran started in May 2013 with 3 financial support approaches for people, creating justice in access to health services and improving the quality of services in hospitals in 2 health and treatment sectors. In the first phase, this program was divided into 8 separate packages in the treatment section, reducing the amount of payment for hospitalized patients, supporting the longevity of doctors in disadvantaged areas, the presence of resident specialist doctors in hospitals, improving the quality of visiting services in hospitals, improving the quality of hoteling in hospitals, and financial support of incurable, special and low-income patients. It refers to promoting natural childbirth and launching an air emergency service. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of HTP on bed occupancy rate, average length of stay, and bed rotation distance in one of the most deprived areas. Methods: This study was a semi-experimental and retrospective descriptive-analytical study before and after the health system transformation plan based on the information collected from March 2012 to March 2019 in all Sistan and Baluchistan province hospitals. The data of indicators of monthly bed occupancy rate, average length of stay, and bed rotation interval in 83 months in the years before and after the implementation of the transformation plan were collected from the Vice-Chancellor of Treatment of Universities or the statistical units of hospitals and compared. The data were analyzed by Stata software using the interrupted time series (ITS) model, and split regression analysis was used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of HTP on the studied indicators. Results: This study showed that the bed occupancy rate increased, and the average length of stay and bed turnover interval decreased immediately after HTP in Sistan and Baluchistan province hospitals. Also, the reform had a long effect on these indicators. Conclusions: Possibly due to underdeveloped hospitalization services in the past, the bed occupancy rate increased, and the average length of stay and bed turnover interval decreased in the hospitals after this province's major health system reform.
{"title":"The Impact of Health Transformation Plan on Bed Occupancy Rate, Average Length of Stay, and Bed Turnover Interval in a Deprived Region of Iran: An Interrupted Time Series","authors":"Vahid Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Setoodehzadeh, Sedigheh Salavati, Mahnaz Khosravi","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-136089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-136089","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The health transformation plan (HTP) in Iran started in May 2013 with 3 financial support approaches for people, creating justice in access to health services and improving the quality of services in hospitals in 2 health and treatment sectors. In the first phase, this program was divided into 8 separate packages in the treatment section, reducing the amount of payment for hospitalized patients, supporting the longevity of doctors in disadvantaged areas, the presence of resident specialist doctors in hospitals, improving the quality of visiting services in hospitals, improving the quality of hoteling in hospitals, and financial support of incurable, special and low-income patients. It refers to promoting natural childbirth and launching an air emergency service. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of HTP on bed occupancy rate, average length of stay, and bed rotation distance in one of the most deprived areas. Methods: This study was a semi-experimental and retrospective descriptive-analytical study before and after the health system transformation plan based on the information collected from March 2012 to March 2019 in all Sistan and Baluchistan province hospitals. The data of indicators of monthly bed occupancy rate, average length of stay, and bed rotation interval in 83 months in the years before and after the implementation of the transformation plan were collected from the Vice-Chancellor of Treatment of Universities or the statistical units of hospitals and compared. The data were analyzed by Stata software using the interrupted time series (ITS) model, and split regression analysis was used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of HTP on the studied indicators. Results: This study showed that the bed occupancy rate increased, and the average length of stay and bed turnover interval decreased immediately after HTP in Sistan and Baluchistan province hospitals. Also, the reform had a long effect on these indicators. Conclusions: Possibly due to underdeveloped hospitalization services in the past, the bed occupancy rate increased, and the average length of stay and bed turnover interval decreased in the hospitals after this province's major health system reform.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"103 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135511179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-137573
Reza Osqueizadeh, Mohammad Ali Mohseni Bandpei, Nahid Rahmani, Hamidreza Goudarzi, Abbas Ebadi
Context: Defined by several physiological and anatomical contributors, posture is essentially an accurate indicator of health status that is most frequently highlighted by affecting the configuration and operations of internal systems and organs. Quantifying body position has always been highlighted in clinical, academic, and industrial contexts, and various posture analysis approaches have been developed throughout the years. Objectives: This study aims to establish the reliability and validity of several novel observational approaches to postural load assessment and provide an overall view of related trends. Methods: This review was designed and conducted following (PRISMA) guidelines and five databases were surveyed, namely PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, Ergonomic Abstracts, and EMBASE, utilizing both generic and specific search terms modified for each database. Articles introducing a novel approach to observational postural load analysis and concepts of reliability and validity of the introduced method were included. Cross-sectional, case-control, experimental, and controlled trial designs were considered. Studies were excluded if they were exclusively based on subjective approaches. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the MacDermid checklist. Similarly, reliability, measurement error, content validity, and criterion validity were assessed using COSMIN (Consensus-based Standards for selecting health Measurement Instruments) boxes B, C, D, and H, respectively. Results: Twenty-five articles were selected for the final review. The studies mainly reported ICC for reliability and r and r2 for validity. The results on the MacDermid quality evaluation tool varied from 38 to 80%, with a mean of 61.60 ± 11.54%. Regarding the COSMIN checklists, the scores were 61.40 ± 10.39%, 59.16 ± 11.35%, 64 ± 16.07%, and 57.12 ± 15.19% for boxes B, C, D, and H, respectively. Some studies did not obtain high scores for specified inclusion and exclusion criteria and appropriate sample size, leading to a moderate quality rating in checklists. Conclusions: Drawing comprehensive conclusions by directly comparing and contrasting observational techniques can be challenging due to their unique strengths, limitations, and inconsistencies. Such variations may arise from the methods’ characteristics, such as the fields, settings, populations, and the evaluated risk factors.
{"title":"Reliability and Validity of Observational Methods for Postural Load Assessment: An Updated Systematic Review","authors":"Reza Osqueizadeh, Mohammad Ali Mohseni Bandpei, Nahid Rahmani, Hamidreza Goudarzi, Abbas Ebadi","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-137573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-137573","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Defined by several physiological and anatomical contributors, posture is essentially an accurate indicator of health status that is most frequently highlighted by affecting the configuration and operations of internal systems and organs. Quantifying body position has always been highlighted in clinical, academic, and industrial contexts, and various posture analysis approaches have been developed throughout the years. Objectives: This study aims to establish the reliability and validity of several novel observational approaches to postural load assessment and provide an overall view of related trends. Methods: This review was designed and conducted following (PRISMA) guidelines and five databases were surveyed, namely PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, Ergonomic Abstracts, and EMBASE, utilizing both generic and specific search terms modified for each database. Articles introducing a novel approach to observational postural load analysis and concepts of reliability and validity of the introduced method were included. Cross-sectional, case-control, experimental, and controlled trial designs were considered. Studies were excluded if they were exclusively based on subjective approaches. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the MacDermid checklist. Similarly, reliability, measurement error, content validity, and criterion validity were assessed using COSMIN (Consensus-based Standards for selecting health Measurement Instruments) boxes B, C, D, and H, respectively. Results: Twenty-five articles were selected for the final review. The studies mainly reported ICC for reliability and r and r2 for validity. The results on the MacDermid quality evaluation tool varied from 38 to 80%, with a mean of 61.60 ± 11.54%. Regarding the COSMIN checklists, the scores were 61.40 ± 10.39%, 59.16 ± 11.35%, 64 ± 16.07%, and 57.12 ± 15.19% for boxes B, C, D, and H, respectively. Some studies did not obtain high scores for specified inclusion and exclusion criteria and appropriate sample size, leading to a moderate quality rating in checklists. Conclusions: Drawing comprehensive conclusions by directly comparing and contrasting observational techniques can be challenging due to their unique strengths, limitations, and inconsistencies. Such variations may arise from the methods’ characteristics, such as the fields, settings, populations, and the evaluated risk factors.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135759612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-131199
Mohammad Amin Farahmandfard, Narges Khanjani
Background: Agricultural pesticide poisoning is a common and serious occupational hazard for farmers in developing countries. Objectives: In this study, we try to explain the pattern of agricultural pesticide use and its hazards in Iran. Methods: In this qualitative study, purposeful sampling was performed, and 8 farmers and 2 agriculture engineers participated. Results: Information collected about pesticide use in Iran was categorized into 4 themes. First, “no supervision for the use and distribution of pesticides”. Second, “farmers’ knowledge is inadequate about the hazards of pesticides, and no organization is responsible for educating them”. Third, “safety instructions are not obeyed, and the hazardous effects of pesticides are frequently observed among farmers”. Fourth, “the use of pesticides is irrationally high in Iran”. Conclusions: Serious action should be taken to prevent pesticide human health hazards in Iran, including comprehensive training programs about proper preparation, storage, and use of agricultural pesticides for farmers and pesticide retailers. Also, it is necessary to continuously supervise pesticide sales, distribution, and use in the country.
{"title":"The Situation of Agricultural Pesticide Use and Its Human Health Hazards in Iran, a Qualitative Study","authors":"Mohammad Amin Farahmandfard, Narges Khanjani","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-131199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-131199","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Agricultural pesticide poisoning is a common and serious occupational hazard for farmers in developing countries. Objectives: In this study, we try to explain the pattern of agricultural pesticide use and its hazards in Iran. Methods: In this qualitative study, purposeful sampling was performed, and 8 farmers and 2 agriculture engineers participated. Results: Information collected about pesticide use in Iran was categorized into 4 themes. First, “no supervision for the use and distribution of pesticides”. Second, “farmers’ knowledge is inadequate about the hazards of pesticides, and no organization is responsible for educating them”. Third, “safety instructions are not obeyed, and the hazardous effects of pesticides are frequently observed among farmers”. Fourth, “the use of pesticides is irrationally high in Iran”. Conclusions: Serious action should be taken to prevent pesticide human health hazards in Iran, including comprehensive training programs about proper preparation, storage, and use of agricultural pesticides for farmers and pesticide retailers. Also, it is necessary to continuously supervise pesticide sales, distribution, and use in the country.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136184560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.5812/healthscope-137772
Atena Jamalzehi, Hadi Eslahi, Zinat Mortazavi, Zohreh Khammari
Background: Some adverse pregnancy outcomes are rooted in the gestation period and can influence the mother, newborn, or both. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pregnancy complications and their relationship with neonatal complications in mothers visiting healthcare centers in Zahedan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 630 women visiting health care centers in Zahedan selected using systematic random sampling. Demographic information and anthropometric indices were collected and recorded in gestational and neonatal care forms. The data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 using the chi-square test. Results: The results revealed that 18.9% of the mothers had anemia, 12.7% gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 5.1% thyroid disorders, 4% hypertension, and 2.1% preeclampsia. Moreover, 14.1%, 41.1%, and 22.7% of the mothers were underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. A significant relationship existed between the infant's birth weight and the mother's body mass index, hypertension, GDM, and maternal iron deficiency anemia (P < 0.05). Infant jaundice was also significantly related to GDM and preeclampsia (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Identifying problems threatening the health of mothers and newborns and paying more attention to nutritional health care during pregnancy are efficient strategies for preventing and controlling pregnancy-related neonatal complications and the health of mothers and newborns. Specific attention to prevention programs, strengthening health care policies during pregnancy, and promoting prenatal care and self-care are major health priorities.
背景:一些不良妊娠结局根源于妊娠期，可影响母亲、新生儿或两者。本研究旨在调查在伊朗扎黑丹医疗保健中心就诊的母亲中妊娠并发症的患病率及其与新生儿并发症的关系。方法:采用系统随机抽样的方法，对扎黑丹地区630名就诊妇女进行横断面研究。收集人口统计信息和人体测量指标，并记录在妊娠期和新生儿护理表中。数据在SPSS v. 22中使用卡方检验进行分析。结果:18.9%的母亲患有贫血，12.7%的母亲患有妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)， 5.1%的母亲患有甲状腺疾病，4%的母亲患有高血压，2.1%的母亲患有子痫前期。此外，14.1%、41.1%和22.7%的母亲体重过轻、超重和肥胖。婴儿出生体重与母亲体重指数、高血压、GDM和母亲缺铁性贫血之间存在显著关系(P <0.05)。婴儿黄疸与GDM和子痫前期也有显著相关性(P <0.05)。结论:发现威胁孕产妇和新生儿健康的问题，重视孕期营养保健，是预防和控制妊娠相关新生儿并发症，保障孕产妇和新生儿健康的有效策略。特别注意预防方案，加强怀孕期间的保健政策，促进产前护理和自我保健是主要的卫生优先事项。
{"title":"Pregnancy Complications and Their Relationship with Neonatal Complications in Mothers Visiting Healthcare Centers in South East of Iran","authors":"Atena Jamalzehi, Hadi Eslahi, Zinat Mortazavi, Zohreh Khammari","doi":"10.5812/healthscope-137772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/healthscope-137772","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Some adverse pregnancy outcomes are rooted in the gestation period and can influence the mother, newborn, or both. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pregnancy complications and their relationship with neonatal complications in mothers visiting healthcare centers in Zahedan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 630 women visiting health care centers in Zahedan selected using systematic random sampling. Demographic information and anthropometric indices were collected and recorded in gestational and neonatal care forms. The data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 using the chi-square test. Results: The results revealed that 18.9% of the mothers had anemia, 12.7% gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 5.1% thyroid disorders, 4% hypertension, and 2.1% preeclampsia. Moreover, 14.1%, 41.1%, and 22.7% of the mothers were underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. A significant relationship existed between the infant's birth weight and the mother's body mass index, hypertension, GDM, and maternal iron deficiency anemia (P < 0.05). Infant jaundice was also significantly related to GDM and preeclampsia (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Identifying problems threatening the health of mothers and newborns and paying more attention to nutritional health care during pregnancy are efficient strategies for preventing and controlling pregnancy-related neonatal complications and the health of mothers and newborns. Specific attention to prevention programs, strengthening health care policies during pregnancy, and promoting prenatal care and self-care are major health priorities.","PeriodicalId":12857,"journal":{"name":"Health Scope","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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