Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).09
Sidra Naz, Zahra Hafeez, I. Lodhi
The purpose of the study was to explore the entrepreneurial intention, expectations of success, and self-efficacy among students of Sports Sciences in the district of Bahawalpur. The descriptive research method was used to collect data from the students of the Department of Sports Sciences of different colleges of Bahawalpur. A total of 300 students who have completed their intermediate level and enrolled in the graduate study were selected as a sample of the study by using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to conduct this study. One base of the analysis of the study, this study concluded that the majority of the students had a moderate level of entrepreneurial intention, with a higher intention among male students than female students. The findings of the study further depicted that students studying sports sciences with entrepreneurship education and training. This research further gives detailed insights into students' perceptions and experiences with entrepreneurship in the sports business.
{"title":"Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intention, Expectations of Success and Self-efficacy among the Students of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Pakistan","authors":"Sidra Naz, Zahra Hafeez, I. Lodhi","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).09","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to explore the entrepreneurial intention, expectations of success, and self-efficacy among students of Sports Sciences in the district of Bahawalpur. The descriptive research method was used to collect data from the students of the Department of Sports Sciences of different colleges of Bahawalpur. A total of 300 students who have completed their intermediate level and enrolled in the graduate study were selected as a sample of the study by using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to conduct this study. One base of the analysis of the study, this study concluded that the majority of the students had a moderate level of entrepreneurial intention, with a higher intention among male students than female students. The findings of the study further depicted that students studying sports sciences with entrepreneurship education and training. This research further gives detailed insights into students' perceptions and experiences with entrepreneurship in the sports business.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114748174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).15
Muhammad Adnan, Niaz Ali, Rahim Khan
The study investigates the relationship between principals' instructional leadership and school improvement at the secondary school level in district Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate this relationship through a correlational survey (quantitative) research design. All 2644 teachers (male/female) of 167 public sector secondary schools constituted the population of this study. A close-ended questionnaire comprising 39 items was used personally by the researcher to collect data from 335 teachers of 118 secondary schools through a stratified random sampling technique. The collected data was interpreted through SPSS by using the Pearson r test. The findings reveal a positive-significant relationship between principals' instructional leadership and school improvement. The study evidently verified that the better utilization of the instructional role leads to visionary school improvement.
{"title":"A Correlational Study of the Principals' Instructional Leadership and School Improvement at Secondary School Level in District Mardan","authors":"Muhammad Adnan, Niaz Ali, Rahim Khan","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).15","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the relationship between principals' instructional leadership and school improvement at the secondary school level in district Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate this relationship through a correlational survey (quantitative) research design. All 2644 teachers (male/female) of 167 public sector secondary schools constituted the population of this study. A close-ended questionnaire comprising 39 items was used personally by the researcher to collect data from 335 teachers of 118 secondary schools through a stratified random sampling technique. The collected data was interpreted through SPSS by using the Pearson r test. The findings reveal a positive-significant relationship between principals' instructional leadership and school improvement. The study evidently verified that the better utilization of the instructional role leads to visionary school improvement.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129390845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).13
Dur Jan, Anjum Bano Kazimi, Adnan Riaz
The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of introducing the Single National Curriculum in Balochistan's public schools. The research analyzed the potential impact of various educational tools, such as the implementation of new educational strategies, trained teachers, and curriculum changes, on achieving educational reform. The study employed a quantitative research approach and SPSS-22 software to analyze data collected from 208 teachers, and 4 members from Balochistan's Bureau of Curriculum. The findings indicated a significant correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The implementation of the Single National Curriculum, combined with trained teachers, new educational strategies, and curriculum changes, resulted in positive outcomes for education reform in public schools in Balochistan.
{"title":"Challenges to the Implementation of Single National Curriculum: A New Tool for Education Reform","authors":"Dur Jan, Anjum Bano Kazimi, Adnan Riaz","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).13","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of introducing the Single National Curriculum in Balochistan's public schools. The research analyzed the potential impact of various educational tools, such as the implementation of new educational strategies, trained teachers, and curriculum changes, on achieving educational reform. The study employed a quantitative research approach and SPSS-22 software to analyze data collected from 208 teachers, and 4 members from Balochistan's Bureau of Curriculum. The findings indicated a significant correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The implementation of the Single National Curriculum, combined with trained teachers, new educational strategies, and curriculum changes, resulted in positive outcomes for education reform in public schools in Balochistan.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121521785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).19
Syeda Asma Sarwar, Fakhar ul Zaman, Taslim Ullah
Teachers' views on early childhood learners' 21st-century skills adoption are examined in this study. Education for the 21st century promotes student engagement and prepares them for a global, linked society. The study population was primary school teachers. The researcher randomly sampled two hundred fifty elementary school instructors—a questionnaire collected data for the study. Frequency, percentage, mean score, and standard deviation were used to achieve the study's goal. Most respondents said the classroom helped pupils communicate, according to the report. In contrast, most students said they support classroom punishment for learning. The institute improves early learners' communication and classroom motivation. Students follow the class routine and support classroom discipline because they feel safe and comfortable. The results suggest using the unified national curriculum at the preschool level to help young children develop 21st-century skills.
{"title":"Teachers Conception about Early Childhood Learners Adoption of 21st Century Skills in Central Punjab","authors":"Syeda Asma Sarwar, Fakhar ul Zaman, Taslim Ullah","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).19","url":null,"abstract":"Teachers' views on early childhood learners' 21st-century skills adoption are examined in this study. Education for the 21st century promotes student engagement and prepares them for a global, linked society. The study population was primary school teachers. The researcher randomly sampled two hundred fifty elementary school instructors—a questionnaire collected data for the study. Frequency, percentage, mean score, and standard deviation were used to achieve the study's goal. Most respondents said the classroom helped pupils communicate, according to the report. In contrast, most students said they support classroom punishment for learning. The institute improves early learners' communication and classroom motivation. Students follow the class routine and support classroom discipline because they feel safe and comfortable. The results suggest using the unified national curriculum at the preschool level to help young children develop 21st-century skills.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129973053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).14
Waqas Shoukat, S. Javed, M. Ahmed
The main purpose of this research study was to determine the Effect of Supervision on Teacher Performance at the secondary level in Pakistan. The sample of the study was 200 teachers randomly selected from 20 schools of district Lahore questionnaire was for the data collected from the subjects in this quantitative study. Frequency, mean, and t-tests were used for the data analysis. Results of the current study showed that the Directive style is most effective to improve teaching performance at the secondary level, followed by the non-directive and collaborative styles. Results also showed that there is no serious distinction in male and female teacher performance under the supervision of heads in schools with directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. The result also showed that there is no suggestive variance in the male and female supervision on the performance of school teachers with the directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. It is also concluded that teachers are equally satisfied with the effect of supervision in different schools in Lahore. It is recommended that the supervisor adopt an effective supervising style, which can improve the teachers' performance. Moreover, supervision should be monitored and enhanced with supervisor training sessions and workshops.
{"title":"Effect of Supervision on Teachers' Performance at the Secondary Level in Pakistan","authors":"Waqas Shoukat, S. Javed, M. Ahmed","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).14","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this research study was to determine the Effect of Supervision on Teacher Performance at the secondary level in Pakistan. The sample of the study was 200 teachers randomly selected from 20 schools of district Lahore questionnaire was for the data collected from the subjects in this quantitative study. Frequency, mean, and t-tests were used for the data analysis. Results of the current study showed that the Directive style is most effective to improve teaching performance at the secondary level, followed by the non-directive and collaborative styles. Results also showed that there is no serious distinction in male and female teacher performance under the supervision of heads in schools with directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. The result also showed that there is no suggestive variance in the male and female supervision on the performance of school teachers with the directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. It is also concluded that teachers are equally satisfied with the effect of supervision in different schools in Lahore. It is recommended that the supervisor adopt an effective supervising style, which can improve the teachers' performance. Moreover, supervision should be monitored and enhanced with supervisor training sessions and workshops.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115224588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah (2018) masterfully examines American racial injustice, particularly towards Black people. Short stories in the book examine present racial discrimination and injustice. This study analyses Friday Black (2018) short stories for racial injustice using Delgado and Jean's Critical Race Theory (2001). The study seeks to investigate racial prejudice and its effects on black individuals. The textual analysis describes the chosen writing. The proceeding, vocabulary, and tone show racial discrimination and unfairness. The study found that black individuals are degraded and marginalized in individual, social, and legal actions. Cultural, individual, and social racism creates mistrust in people, institutions, and social values and structures through tone, materials, stereotyped depictions, and underestimating of black people.
{"title":"Racism and Injustice: A Study of Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah (2018) Under Critical Race Theory","authors":"Ayesha Sajid Durrani, Rizwan Mustafa, Rimsha Sameen","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).17","url":null,"abstract":"Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah (2018) masterfully examines American racial injustice, particularly towards Black people. Short stories in the book examine present racial discrimination and injustice. This study analyses Friday Black (2018) short stories for racial injustice using Delgado and Jean's Critical Race Theory (2001). The study seeks to investigate racial prejudice and its effects on black individuals. The textual analysis describes the chosen writing. The proceeding, vocabulary, and tone show racial discrimination and unfairness. The study found that black individuals are degraded and marginalized in individual, social, and legal actions. Cultural, individual, and social racism creates mistrust in people, institutions, and social values and structures through tone, materials, stereotyped depictions, and underestimating of black people.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121859454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).11
Afrina Afzal, F. Naz, Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan
This study examines how urban school principals use EI to lead. A convenient sampling procedure selected two hundred (200) heads from different institutions in Lahore Pakistan. The study found that urban school administrators' leadership effectiveness depends on EI. High-EQ principals lead schools better, according to the study. They understand and regulate their emotions and those of their staff and students. Effective leaders are better at communication, dispute resolution, and connection building. The study also found that EI increases school principals' job satisfaction. Higher EI makes workers happier. This improves school outcomes. The study also showed that school directors need to be self-aware, have empathy, and have good social skills in order to be good leaders. These skills help school principals succeed. The study suggests that developing EI competencies should be a priority for aspiring school leaders and schools and districts when selecting and training leaders. By developing EI, schools can improve leadership, job satisfaction, and intellectual environment.
{"title":"Investigating the Role of Emotional Intelligence for Effective Leadership: A Study of School Principals from Urban","authors":"Afrina Afzal, F. Naz, Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).11","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how urban school principals use EI to lead. A convenient sampling procedure selected two hundred (200) heads from different institutions in Lahore Pakistan. The study found that urban school administrators' leadership effectiveness depends on EI. High-EQ principals lead schools better, according to the study. They understand and regulate their emotions and those of their staff and students. Effective leaders are better at communication, dispute resolution, and connection building. The study also found that EI increases school principals' job satisfaction. Higher EI makes workers happier. This improves school outcomes. The study also showed that school directors need to be self-aware, have empathy, and have good social skills in order to be good leaders. These skills help school principals succeed. The study suggests that developing EI competencies should be a priority for aspiring school leaders and schools and districts when selecting and training leaders. By developing EI, schools can improve leadership, job satisfaction, and intellectual environment.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114015275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).02
Muhammad Naeem Qaisar, Muhammad Shakir, Safura Fatima
Effective school leadership plays a crucial role in promoting a positive organizational culture and enhancing the quality of education in schools. This study aimed to evaluate the management skills and organizational culture of school heads in Southern Punjab. A quantitative research approach was used to gather information from the school head in Southern Punjab. A sample of 294 head teachers from southern Punjab was selected using a random sampling technique. The results showed that school heads in Southern Punjab have moderately high levels of management skills and moderately positive organizational cultures. There was a strong positive correlation between management skills and organizational culture, with management skills being a strong predictor of organizational culture. The findings highlight the importance of effective school leadership in promoting a positive organizational culture and enhancing the quality of education in schools.
{"title":"Evaluating the Management Skills and Organizational Culture of School Heads in Southern Punjab","authors":"Muhammad Naeem Qaisar, Muhammad Shakir, Safura Fatima","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).02","url":null,"abstract":"Effective school leadership plays a crucial role in promoting a positive organizational culture and enhancing the quality of education in schools. This study aimed to evaluate the management skills and organizational culture of school heads in Southern Punjab. A quantitative research approach was used to gather information from the school head in Southern Punjab. A sample of 294 head teachers from southern Punjab was selected using a random sampling technique. The results showed that school heads in Southern Punjab have moderately high levels of management skills and moderately positive organizational cultures. There was a strong positive correlation between management skills and organizational culture, with management skills being a strong predictor of organizational culture. The findings highlight the importance of effective school leadership in promoting a positive organizational culture and enhancing the quality of education in schools.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133280630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).07
Fatima Sagheer Aasi, Akifa Imtiaz, A. Shahzad
The present study focuses on the use of politeness in teacher-student interaction in a Special Education institute in Pakistan. Using the concepts of Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech (2014), visually impaired students in grade 8th were observed using or flouting politeness strategies and maxims in the classroom. The results show that the students used both positive and negative politeness strategies. The students repeatedly used negative politeness strategies in order to maintain social distance and to avoid imposition on the teacher. Also, they used maxims of modesty and obligation more frequently than the other maxims. Moreover, it has been observed that these students usually remained quiet and asked fewer questions during class. This research is significant in providing future researchers with a framework to work specifically in the domain of Special Education not only in Pakistan but also globally and will facilitate the development of pedagogical methods for inclusive education.
{"title":"Politeness in the Classrooms of the Visually Impaired Students: A Case Study","authors":"Fatima Sagheer Aasi, Akifa Imtiaz, A. Shahzad","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).07","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focuses on the use of politeness in teacher-student interaction in a Special Education institute in Pakistan. Using the concepts of Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech (2014), visually impaired students in grade 8th were observed using or flouting politeness strategies and maxims in the classroom. The results show that the students used both positive and negative politeness strategies. The students repeatedly used negative politeness strategies in order to maintain social distance and to avoid imposition on the teacher. Also, they used maxims of modesty and obligation more frequently than the other maxims. Moreover, it has been observed that these students usually remained quiet and asked fewer questions during class. This research is significant in providing future researchers with a framework to work specifically in the domain of Special Education not only in Pakistan but also globally and will facilitate the development of pedagogical methods for inclusive education.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114124600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).10
Ambreen Fatimah Mooman, Samira Ali, A. Lashari
The research study aimed to explore the perception of public school principals about their role and responsibilities for school improvement and to highlight the hurdles that hinder the implementation of the principals' decisions. For this purpose, related literature was reviewed, a qualitative approach phenomenological research design was adopted, and five (05) secondary school principals were interviewed. Later, the steps proposed by Creswell (2013) were employed to analyze, interpret and draw conclusions. It is concluded from the study that principals intend to bring change in the system, but bylaws always hinder their way.
{"title":"Role and Responsibilities of Public-School Principals of Karachi: Perceptions & Hurdles Faced","authors":"Ambreen Fatimah Mooman, Samira Ali, A. Lashari","doi":"10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(viii-ii).10","url":null,"abstract":"The research study aimed to explore the perception of public school principals about their role and responsibilities for school improvement and to highlight the hurdles that hinder the implementation of the principals' decisions. For this purpose, related literature was reviewed, a qualitative approach phenomenological research design was adopted, and five (05) secondary school principals were interviewed. Later, the steps proposed by Creswell (2013) were employed to analyze, interpret and draw conclusions. It is concluded from the study that principals intend to bring change in the system, but bylaws always hinder their way.","PeriodicalId":129253,"journal":{"name":"Global Educational Studies Review","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130132296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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