Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61132
Prithivi Rasaili, Ajaya Bhattarai
The machinery used to cool or freeze food uses a lot of energy. Consequently, it is necessary to lower energy use. Additionally, due to their significant global warming potential (GWP), traditional refrigerants must be replaced to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the usage of alternative refrigerants with lower GWPs is necessary. The possibility of the ammonium chloride (NH4Cl(s)) and solid hydrated barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s)) based non-freon refrigerant as a substitute refrigerant was evaluated in this study. Demo-tests were conducted using a prototype refrigerator, which is essentially a closed chamber with foam and PVC insulation. Despite reaching the freezing point satisfactorily, the stirring chamber of the prototype had an unpleasant ammonia odor. Due to the lack of equilibrium between the reactant and product, these components were not permanent solutions like freons. Therefore, further research is needed to determine how effective it would be as a refrigerant
{"title":"Feasibility study of Replacing Currently used Freons with Ammonium Chloride and Barium Hydroxide for Freezing System","authors":"Prithivi Rasaili, Ajaya Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61132","url":null,"abstract":"The machinery used to cool or freeze food uses a lot of energy. Consequently, it is necessary to lower energy use. Additionally, due to their significant global warming potential (GWP), traditional refrigerants must be replaced to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the usage of alternative refrigerants with lower GWPs is necessary. The possibility of the ammonium chloride (NH4Cl(s)) and solid hydrated barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s)) based non-freon refrigerant as a substitute refrigerant was evaluated in this study. Demo-tests were conducted using a prototype refrigerator, which is essentially a closed chamber with foam and PVC insulation. Despite reaching the freezing point satisfactorily, the stirring chamber of the prototype had an unpleasant ammonia odor. Due to the lack of equilibrium between the reactant and product, these components were not permanent solutions like freons. Therefore, further research is needed to determine how effective it would be as a refrigerant","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":" 923","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61119
Roma Ghimire
An attempt has been made to assess the factors affecting academic achievements of bachelor’s level students under Institute Science and Technology of Tribhuvan University in Province No. 1, Nepal. The academic achievement has been considered as a dependent variable and the gender, caste/ethnicity, socio-economic status and learning facilities as independent variables. A cross-sectional research design was used. The sample size of this research was 130 and the sample was drawn using simple random sampling technique. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect the data. The Binary logistic regression model was used to find the association of various factors with the academic achievement of the students and the goodness of fit test of the model was assessed through Hosmer and Lemeshow test. The study concluded that the internet facility at libraries, as a learning facility, contributed significantly to the students’ academic achievement whereas the remaining variables had no significant effect on the academic achievement of students’ Moreover, this research also discusses the implications for improving academic achievement.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Academic Achievement of B.Sc. Students of Tribhuvan University Constituent Campuses in Province - 1, Nepal.","authors":"Roma Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61119","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt has been made to assess the factors affecting academic achievements of bachelor’s level students under Institute Science and Technology of Tribhuvan University in Province No. 1, Nepal. The academic achievement has been considered as a dependent variable and the gender, caste/ethnicity, socio-economic status and learning facilities as independent variables. A cross-sectional research design was used. The sample size of this research was 130 and the sample was drawn using simple random sampling technique. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect the data. The Binary logistic regression model was used to find the association of various factors with the academic achievement of the students and the goodness of fit test of the model was assessed through Hosmer and Lemeshow test. The study concluded that the internet facility at libraries, as a learning facility, contributed significantly to the students’ academic achievement whereas the remaining variables had no significant effect on the academic achievement of students’ Moreover, this research also discusses the implications for improving academic achievement.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":" October","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139137085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61128
Tulsi Ojha, Susmita Limbu, Prakash Man Shrestha, Suresh Prasad Gupta, Krishna Bahadur Rai
In this study, we have used the Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory method of calculation and compared the equilibrium configuration, electronic and vibrational mode of Vinyl Bromide molecule. The molecule is geometrically optimized initially by using 6-31G basis set with B3LYP functional and then bond angles, bond lengths, dihedral angles and IR spectra are compared respectively. Various groups of atoms in Vinyl Bromide molecule by DFT has more accurate bond length, bond angle values rather than by HF computation when comparing with the experimental values. The ground state energies are found at angle 10° or 180° or 360° using HF and DFT method of calculation for the H4-C1-C2-Br6 position. Values of the carbon-hydrogen, carbon-carbon and carbon-bromine bond lengths and bond angles for optimization state of C2H3Br molecule using Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory methods with respect to the basis set 6-31G have been analyzed. The C−H in-plane bending vibration and C−H out-of-plane bending vibrations occur in the region 1400–1050 cm-1 and 1000–675 cm-1 respectively. The electronic properties, such as Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energies are performed by HF and DFT approach and the difference in Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energy gap for HF and DFT method are 14.0847 eV and 6.8994 eV respectively
{"title":"Comparative Computational Study on Molecular Structure, Electronic and Vibrational Analysis of Vinyl Bromide based on HF and DFT Approach","authors":"Tulsi Ojha, Susmita Limbu, Prakash Man Shrestha, Suresh Prasad Gupta, Krishna Bahadur Rai","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61128","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we have used the Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory method of calculation and compared the equilibrium configuration, electronic and vibrational mode of Vinyl Bromide molecule. The molecule is geometrically optimized initially by using 6-31G basis set with B3LYP functional and then bond angles, bond lengths, dihedral angles and IR spectra are compared respectively. Various groups of atoms in Vinyl Bromide molecule by DFT has more accurate bond length, bond angle values rather than by HF computation when comparing with the experimental values. The ground state energies are found at angle 10° or 180° or 360° using HF and DFT method of calculation for the H4-C1-C2-Br6 position. Values of the carbon-hydrogen, carbon-carbon and carbon-bromine bond lengths and bond angles for optimization state of C2H3Br molecule using Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory methods with respect to the basis set 6-31G have been analyzed. The C−H in-plane bending vibration and C−H out-of-plane bending vibrations occur in the region 1400–1050 cm-1 and 1000–675 cm-1 respectively. The electronic properties, such as Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energies are performed by HF and DFT approach and the difference in Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energy gap for HF and DFT method are 14.0847 eV and 6.8994 eV respectively","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"50 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spring is one of the major sources of drinking water in hilly and Himalayan region. The overall purpose of this study was to analyse the suitability of drinking water by studying the physicochemical properties. Springs of Deumai watershed Ilam, Nepal was investigated for water samples and the physicochemical parameters studied were TDS, pH, temperature, total hardness, alkalinity, total iron and major ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl–, SO42–, NO3–) to describe the water’s chemical characteristics. The physical parameters were determined using pH meter, laboratory thermometer etc. The determination of concentration of chemical parameters was performed by using spectrophotometric method, flame photometric method and titration method. The average pH was found 7.47 and average temperature was found to be 19.4ºC. The dominance trend for major cations was Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe and for anions was HCO3– > Cl– > NO3– > SO42–. All the values obtain were within the range specified by WHO and NDWQS guidelines of drinking water. According to the findings and comparison with the guidelines of drinking water given by World Health Organization (WHO) and National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS), the water quality for drinking water was found within the standards set by them.
{"title":"Suitability Analysis of Drinking Water from The Springs of Deumai Watershed Ilam, Nepal","authors":"Priya Darshan Shrestha, Manoj Khanal, Champak Babu Shilwal","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61151","url":null,"abstract":"Spring is one of the major sources of drinking water in hilly and Himalayan region. The overall purpose of this study was to analyse the suitability of drinking water by studying the physicochemical properties. Springs of Deumai watershed Ilam, Nepal was investigated for water samples and the physicochemical parameters studied were TDS, pH, temperature, total hardness, alkalinity, total iron and major ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl–, SO42–, NO3–) to describe the water’s chemical characteristics. The physical parameters were determined using pH meter, laboratory thermometer etc. The determination of concentration of chemical parameters was performed by using spectrophotometric method, flame photometric method and titration method. The average pH was found 7.47 and average temperature was found to be 19.4ºC. The dominance trend for major cations was Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe and for anions was HCO3– > Cl– > NO3– > SO42–. All the values obtain were within the range specified by WHO and NDWQS guidelines of drinking water. According to the findings and comparison with the guidelines of drinking water given by World Health Organization (WHO) and National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS), the water quality for drinking water was found within the standards set by them.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"31 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dharan has been facing drinking water-related problems for a very long time now and this research was conducted in order to determine whether the quality of water being distributed throughout the city was one of them. Hence, 31 samples were taken from the drinking water distribution system of Dharan in the spring of 2022 for evaluating the physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water being distributed across the sub-metropolitan city. Though public knowledge and adequate management of watershed and reservoir premises were insufficient, the physicochemical characteristics were determined to be within the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) for drinking water with temperatures ranging from 23.6 °C to 25.6 °C, pH 7.7 to 8.5, conductivity 38.2 to 38.7 µS/cm, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 7.7 to 9.0 mg/L, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 0.8 to 1.8 mg/L, chloride 29.82 to 34.08 mg/L, nitrite 10 mg/L and ammonia <0.5 mg/L. However, the coliform bacteria levels were significant, with the highest TCC (Total Coliform Count) being 137 CFU/100mL, the highest FCC (Fecal Coliform Count) being 85 CFU/100mL and the highest TPC (Total Plate Count) being TMTC (Too Many To Count). The water was found to be unsafe to drink without disinfection treatments. It may be necessary to carry out treatment procedures like chlorination as advised by WHO (World Health Organization) as soon as possible while also taking into account the proper application of filtration techniques for distributing safe drinking water to the residents of Dharan.
{"title":"Evaluation of physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water in the distribution system of Dharan, Nepal","authors":"Aasara Khatiwada, Asmita Chaudhary, Dhiren Subba Limbu, Bijaya Maharjan","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50642","url":null,"abstract":"Dharan has been facing drinking water-related problems for a very long time now and this research was conducted in order to determine whether the quality of water being distributed throughout the city was one of them. Hence, 31 samples were taken from the drinking water distribution system of Dharan in the spring of 2022 for evaluating the physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water being distributed across the sub-metropolitan city. Though public knowledge and adequate management of watershed and reservoir premises were insufficient, the physicochemical characteristics were determined to be within the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) for drinking water with temperatures ranging from 23.6 °C to 25.6 °C, pH 7.7 to 8.5, conductivity 38.2 to 38.7 µS/cm, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 7.7 to 9.0 mg/L, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 0.8 to 1.8 mg/L, chloride 29.82 to 34.08 mg/L, nitrite 10 mg/L and ammonia <0.5 mg/L. However, the coliform bacteria levels were significant, with the highest TCC (Total Coliform Count) being 137 CFU/100mL, the highest FCC (Fecal Coliform Count) being 85 CFU/100mL and the highest TPC (Total Plate Count) being TMTC (Too Many To Count). The water was found to be unsafe to drink without disinfection treatments. It may be necessary to carry out treatment procedures like chlorination as advised by WHO (World Health Organization) as soon as possible while also taking into account the proper application of filtration techniques for distributing safe drinking water to the residents of Dharan.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80961716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50655
Vatsala Rai, Devraj Acharya
Flaxseed incorporated biscuit is a baked, unleavened cake that uses flaxseed flour as the main component. The development of germinated flaxseed incorporated biscuit and the study of its storage stability were the main objectives of this study. Flaxseed was germinated up to 7 days at room temperature. Germination longer than 7 days resulted in significant mold growth. For this study, flaxseed flour was made from the 7- day germinated flaxseed. Five formulations were tasted in a laboratory setting using 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 parts germinated flaxseed flour to wheat flour. Design Expert v13 software was utilized to formulate the recipe using D-optimal design. One way ANOVA without blocking was carried out at a 5% level of significance to measure consumer acceptability. According to mean sensory scores, a formulation containing 25 parts flaxseed flour was chosen for further analysis. Acid, peroxide, and moisture values were used to determine the shelf-life of the formulated biscuits. At the end of two months, the values obtained —0.21 mg KOH/g oil, 1.8 MeqO2/kg fat, and 4.88% were within the safer limits. Overall, flaxseed flour incorporation of 25 parts of flaxseed flour was successfully incorporated into the biscuit recipe. Calcium, iron, protein, ash, fiber, and fat were higher in the optimized product than the control.
{"title":"Preparation and shelf-life evaluation of Flaxseed incorporated biscuits","authors":"Vatsala Rai, Devraj Acharya","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50655","url":null,"abstract":"Flaxseed incorporated biscuit is a baked, unleavened cake that uses flaxseed flour as the main component. The development of germinated flaxseed incorporated biscuit and the study of its storage stability were the main objectives of this study. Flaxseed was germinated up to 7 days at room temperature. Germination longer than 7 days resulted in significant mold growth. For this study, flaxseed flour was made from the 7- day germinated flaxseed. Five formulations were tasted in a laboratory setting using 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 parts germinated flaxseed flour to wheat flour. Design Expert v13 software was utilized to formulate the recipe using D-optimal design. One way ANOVA without blocking was carried out at a 5% level of significance to measure consumer acceptability. According to mean sensory scores, a formulation containing 25 parts flaxseed flour was chosen for further analysis. Acid, peroxide, and moisture values were used to determine the shelf-life of the formulated biscuits. At the end of two months, the values obtained —0.21 mg KOH/g oil, 1.8 MeqO2/kg fat, and 4.88% were within the safer limits. Overall, flaxseed flour incorporation of 25 parts of flaxseed flour was successfully incorporated into the biscuit recipe. Calcium, iron, protein, ash, fiber, and fat were higher in the optimized product than the control.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88079508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50650
Devika Khatri, Amrit Maya Lawati
The therapeutic qualities of Alternanthera brasiliana and Cassia alata are due to the phytochemicals contained in these plants. This research was conducted to study the phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of these plants using methanol, hexane, and chloroform solvents. The leaves were collected, cleaned, and dried for eight hours at 60°C in a cabinet dryer. Using the solvent extraction method, the extract was made. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to determine the occurrence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, amino acids, alkaloids, phlobatannins, glycosides, and saponins. The extraction yields in methanol, hexane, and chloroform were 15.77%, 3.01%, and 3.16% for A. brasiliana and 26.91%, 19.5%, and 18.32% for C. alata. Alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phlorotannins, and saponins were all found in A. brasiliana. Alkaloids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins were found in C. alata. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in methanol extract for A. brasiliana were found to be 127.76 mg GAE/g, 136.48 mg GAE/g, and 58.88 mg GAE/g. The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content found were 41.76 mg GAE/g, 103.21 mg GAE/g, and 58.67 mg GAE in hexane extract. Similarly, 102.4 mg GAE/g, 112.49 mg GAE/g, and 41.76 mg GAE/g in the chloroform extract. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content of C. alata in the methanol extract were 36.3 mg GAE/g, 22.43 mg GAE/g, and 10.89 mg GAE/g, in the hexane extract, 25.98 mg GAE/g, 16.68 mg GAE/g, and 3.25 mg GAE/g, in the chloroform extract, 28.52 mg GAE/g, 20.33 mg GAE/g, and 4.56 mg GAE/g. From extraction yields and qualitative and quantitative analysis, methanol was the best solvent.
{"title":"Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and Cassia alata (L.) using Different Organic Solvents","authors":"Devika Khatri, Amrit Maya Lawati","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50650","url":null,"abstract":"The therapeutic qualities of Alternanthera brasiliana and Cassia alata are due to the phytochemicals contained in these plants. This research was conducted to study the phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of these plants using methanol, hexane, and chloroform solvents. The leaves were collected, cleaned, and dried for eight hours at 60°C in a cabinet dryer. Using the solvent extraction method, the extract was made. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to determine the occurrence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, amino acids, alkaloids, phlobatannins, glycosides, and saponins. The extraction yields in methanol, hexane, and chloroform were 15.77%, 3.01%, and 3.16% for A. brasiliana and 26.91%, 19.5%, and 18.32% for C. alata. Alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phlorotannins, and saponins were all found in A. brasiliana. Alkaloids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins were found in C. alata. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in methanol extract for A. brasiliana were found to be 127.76 mg GAE/g, 136.48 mg GAE/g, and 58.88 mg GAE/g. The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content found were 41.76 mg GAE/g, 103.21 mg GAE/g, and 58.67 mg GAE in hexane extract. Similarly, 102.4 mg GAE/g, 112.49 mg GAE/g, and 41.76 mg GAE/g in the chloroform extract. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content of C. alata in the methanol extract were 36.3 mg GAE/g, 22.43 mg GAE/g, and 10.89 mg GAE/g, in the hexane extract, 25.98 mg GAE/g, 16.68 mg GAE/g, and 3.25 mg GAE/g, in the chloroform extract, 28.52 mg GAE/g, 20.33 mg GAE/g, and 4.56 mg GAE/g. From extraction yields and qualitative and quantitative analysis, methanol was the best solvent.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74623864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50651
Bunty Maskey, D. Karki
The study aimed to determine the potential of kiwifruit milk clotting enzyme in cheesemaking. The kiwifruit crude enzyme, extracted with sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), was partially purified by 30-80% ammonium sulfate precipitation. 50% ammonium sulfate saturation exhibited maximum milk clotting activity (MCA), along with 1.56 purification fold, and 78.84% activity recovery. From SDS-PAGE analysis, the partially purified protease showed two bands with a molecular mass of 24 kDa and 23 kDa respectively. The optimum conditions (temperature and pH of milk) for a minimum time of coagulation (TOC) and maximum MCA were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). From the numerical optimization study, the optimum conditions for cheesemaking were pH 6.5 and temperature 55oC, having 0.94 desirability. The cheese prepared by kiwifruit protease had significantly (p<0.05) higher moisture, ash, calcium content, and yield than rennet cheese, while significantly (p<0.05) lower fat content and acidity were observed in kiwifruit protease coagulated cheese. However, a non-significant (p>0.05) difference in protein content was obtained between both cheeses. This study highlighted that kiwifruit protease has the ability to be used as an efficient milk clotting enzyme in fresh cheesemaking.
{"title":"Extraction, Partial Purification and Utilization of Milk Coagulating Enzyme from Kiwifruit (Actinidia Deliciosa) in Fresh Cheesemaking","authors":"Bunty Maskey, D. Karki","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50651","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to determine the potential of kiwifruit milk clotting enzyme in cheesemaking. The kiwifruit crude enzyme, extracted with sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), was partially purified by 30-80% ammonium sulfate precipitation. 50% ammonium sulfate saturation exhibited maximum milk clotting activity (MCA), along with 1.56 purification fold, and 78.84% activity recovery. From SDS-PAGE analysis, the partially purified protease showed two bands with a molecular mass of 24 kDa and 23 kDa respectively. The optimum conditions (temperature and pH of milk) for a minimum time of coagulation (TOC) and maximum MCA were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). From the numerical optimization study, the optimum conditions for cheesemaking were pH 6.5 and temperature 55oC, having 0.94 desirability. The cheese prepared by kiwifruit protease had significantly (p<0.05) higher moisture, ash, calcium content, and yield than rennet cheese, while significantly (p<0.05) lower fat content and acidity were observed in kiwifruit protease coagulated cheese. However, a non-significant (p>0.05) difference in protein content was obtained between both cheeses. This study highlighted that kiwifruit protease has the ability to be used as an efficient milk clotting enzyme in fresh cheesemaking.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75851271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50607
Suraj Giri, M. Rijal, Drona Adhikari
Groundwater has been utilized as the major source of water for household, irrigation and industrial purpose. The hydrogeological condition in the Terai region of the Butwal area, Rupandehi district was assessed. The subsurface lithological section and hydro-stratigraphic units of the area within the depth of 80 m were produced using secondary data from borehole lithologs. The study area i.e., quaternary deposit, comprises boulders, cobble, pebble, gravel and another alluvial (river) deposits. Thick and coarse aquifer materials (boulder and gravel) were determined at wells (DW-2,5,8 and 6), that were lying nearby rivers and foothills of Siwalik. While the proportion of finer sediments (sand and clay) was greater in the southern part of the study area. The aquifers in the study area are delineated as unconfined to confined types which are well-recharged primarily through precipitation and surface runoff in the monsoon period. The application of Duba’s Method for groundwater recharge in the study area shows 44 MCM/year. Though the study area is an urban area, the physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, DO, EC and temperature range within Nepal’s Drinking Water Standard permissible limits. However, as urbanization grows, the quality and quantity may deteriorate in the future, necessitating the adoption of appropriate and sustainable management techniques to safeguard these groundwater resources.
{"title":"Hydrogeological Assessment in The Southern Part of Butwal Area, Rupandehi, Nepal","authors":"Suraj Giri, M. Rijal, Drona Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50607","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater has been utilized as the major source of water for household, irrigation and industrial purpose. The hydrogeological condition in the Terai region of the Butwal area, Rupandehi district was assessed. The subsurface lithological section and hydro-stratigraphic units of the area within the depth of 80 m were produced using secondary data from borehole lithologs. The study area i.e., quaternary deposit, comprises boulders, cobble, pebble, gravel and another alluvial (river) deposits. Thick and coarse aquifer materials (boulder and gravel) were determined at wells (DW-2,5,8 and 6), that were lying nearby rivers and foothills of Siwalik. While the proportion of finer sediments (sand and clay) was greater in the southern part of the study area. The aquifers in the study area are delineated as unconfined to confined types which are well-recharged primarily through precipitation and surface runoff in the monsoon period. The application of Duba’s Method for groundwater recharge in the study area shows 44 MCM/year. Though the study area is an urban area, the physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, DO, EC and temperature range within Nepal’s Drinking Water Standard permissible limits. However, as urbanization grows, the quality and quantity may deteriorate in the future, necessitating the adoption of appropriate and sustainable management techniques to safeguard these groundwater resources. ","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74796529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50602
Bishartha Manandhar, P. Dahal, S. Nepal, Anisha Baral
Utilizing the Quantum Espresso Package and the plane wave pseudopotential approach, the electrical and magnetic characteristics of the Half Heusler alloy NiCrSi have been investigated.Ultrasoft pseudo-potential is used for this calculation. Through our calculation, it was revealed that NiCrSi is a half-metallic ferromagnet in nature with a bandgap of 0.81eV and an effective moment of 2µB respectively. The origin of the gap is mainly due to the covalent band gap and d-d band gap in the system separating bonding states from anti-bonding states. Our calculation predicts a larger spin moment at Cr site than at Ni site which is antiparallel to the moment of Si. The hybridization of Ni- 3d and Cr-4d states can open a minority spin gap at Ef resulting in the semi-conducting nature of the minority spin band.
{"title":"Electronic and magnetic properties of Half Heusler alloy NiCrSi","authors":"Bishartha Manandhar, P. Dahal, S. Nepal, Anisha Baral","doi":"10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50602","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing the Quantum Espresso Package and the plane wave pseudopotential approach, the electrical and magnetic characteristics of the Half Heusler alloy NiCrSi have been investigated.Ultrasoft pseudo-potential is used for this calculation. Through our calculation, it was revealed that NiCrSi is a half-metallic ferromagnet in nature with a bandgap of 0.81eV and an effective moment of 2µB respectively. The origin of the gap is mainly due to the covalent band gap and d-d band gap in the system separating bonding states from anti-bonding states. Our calculation predicts a larger spin moment at Cr site than at Ni site which is antiparallel to the moment of Si. The hybridization of Ni- 3d and Cr-4d states can open a minority spin gap at Ef resulting in the semi-conducting nature of the minority spin band.","PeriodicalId":12935,"journal":{"name":"Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76194403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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