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Society and Nuclear Energy: What Is the Role for Radiological Protection? 社会与核能：辐射防护的作用是什么？

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001795

Wade Allison

The harm that society expects from ionizing radiation does not match experience. Evidently there is some basic error in this assumption. A reconsideration based on scientific principles shows how simple misunderstandings have exaggerated dangers. The consequences for society are far-reaching. The immediate impact of ionizing radiation on living tissue is destructive. However, this oxidative damage is similar to that produced during normal metabolic activity where the subsequent biological reaction is not only protective but also stimulates enhanced protection. This adaptation means that the response to oxidative damage depends on past experience. Similarly, social reaction to a radiological accident depends on the regulations and attitudes generated by the perception of previous instances. These shape whether nuclear technology and ionizing radiation are viewed as beneficial or as matters to avoid. Evidence of the spurious damage to society caused by such persistent fear in the second half of the 20th century suggests that these laws and attitudes should be rebased on evidence. The three stages of radiological impact-the initial physical damage, the subsequent biological response, and the personal and social reaction-call on quite different logic and understanding. When these are confused, they lead to regulations and public policy decisions that are often inept, dangerous, and expensive. One example is when the mathematical rigor of physics, appropriate to the immediate impact, is misapplied to the adaptive behavior of biology. Another, the tortured historical reputation of nuclear technology, is misinterpreted as justifying a radiological protection policy of extreme caution.Specialized education and closed groups of experts tend to lock in interdisciplinary misperceptions. In the case of nuclear technology, the resulting lack of independent political confidence endangers the adoption of nuclear power as the replacement for fossil fuels. In the long term, nuclear energy is the only viable source of large-scale primary energy, but this requires a re-working of public understanding.

社会对电离辐射危害的预期与实际情况不符。显然，这一假设存在一些基本错误。基于科学原理的重新考虑表明，简单的误解如何夸大了危险。电离辐射对社会的影响是深远的。电离辐射对活体组织的直接影响是破坏性的。然而，这种氧化损伤与正常新陈代谢活动中产生的氧化损伤相似，在正常新陈代谢活动中，随后的生物反应不仅具有保护作用，而且还能刺激加强保护。这种适应性意味着对氧化损伤的反应取决于过去的经验。同样，社会对放射性事故的反应也取决于对以往事件的认知所产生的法规和态度。这些因素决定了核技术和电离辐射是被视为有益的，还是被视为应该避免的。20 世纪下半叶，这种持续恐惧对社会造成的虚假损害的证据表明，这些法律和态度应该重新建立在证据的基础上。放射性影响的三个阶段--最初的物理损害、随后的生物反应以及个人和社会反应--需要完全不同的逻辑和理解。如果混淆了这三个阶段，就会导致制定的法规和公共政策决定往往是无能、危险和昂贵的。一个例子是，物理学的数学严谨性适用于直接影响，却被错误地应用于生物学的适应行为。另一个例子是，核技术饱受折磨的历史声誉被曲解为极端谨慎的辐射防护政策的正当理由。就核技术而言，由此导致的缺乏独立的政治信心危及到采用核能替代化石燃料。从长远来看，核能是唯一可行的大规模一次能源来源，但这需要公众重新认识核能。

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引用次数: 0

A Revised System of Radiological Protection Is Needed. 需要修订辐射防护系统。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001791

Bobby R Scott

The system of radiological protection has been based on linear no-threshold theory and related dose-response models for health detriment (in part related to cancer induction) by ionizing radiation exposure for almost 70 y. The indicated system unintentionally promotes radiation phobia, which has harmed many in relationship to the Fukushima nuclear accident evacuations and led to some abortions following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Linear no-threshold model users (mainly epidemiologists) imply that they can reliably assess the cancer excess relative risk (likely none) associated with tens or hundreds of nanogray (nGy) radiation doses to an organ (e.g., bone marrow); for 1,000 nGy, the excess relative risk is 1,000 times larger than that for 1 nGy. They are currently permitted this unscientific view (ignoring evolution-related natural defenses) because of the misinforming procedures used in data analyses of which many radiation experts are not aware. One such procedure is the intentional and unscientific vanishing of the excess relative risk uncertainty as radiation dose decreases toward assigned dose zero (for natural background radiation exposure). The main focus of this forum article is on correcting the serious error of discarding risk uncertainty and the impact of the correction. The result is that the last defense of the current system of radiological protection relying on linear no-threshold theory (i.e., epidemiologic studies implied findings of harm from very low doses) goes away. A revised system is therefore needed.

近 70 年来，辐射防护系统一直基于线性无阈值理论和相关的剂量-反应模型，以评估电离辐照对健康造成的损害（部分与癌症诱导有关）。线性无阈值模型的使用者（主要是流行病学家）暗示，他们可以可靠地评估与器官（如骨髓）所受数十或数百纳戈瑞（nGy）辐射剂量相关的癌症超额相对风险（很可能没有）；对于 1,000 nGy，超额相对风险是 1 nGy 的 1,000 倍。目前，他们之所以能够接受这种不科学的观点（忽略了与进化相关的自然防御能力），是因为在数据分析中使用了许多辐射专家并不了解的误导程序。其中一个程序就是，当辐射剂量向指定剂量零（天然本底辐射照射）下降时，超额相对风险不确定性会故意消失，这是不科学的。本论坛文章的主要重点是纠正丢弃风险不确定性的严重错误以及纠正的影响。其结果是，依靠线性无阈值理论（即流行病学研究隐含了极低剂量危害的结论）的现行辐射防护系统的最后一道防线不复存在。因此，需要对系统进行修订。

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引用次数: 0

Protracted Exposure to a Sub-background Radiation Environment Negatively Impacts the Anhydrobiotic Recovery of Desiccated Yeast Sentinels. 长期暴露于亚背景辐射环境会对脱水酵母哨兵的无水生物恢复产生负面影响

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001804

Michel R Lapointe, Taylor Laframboise, Jake Pirkkanen, T C Tai, Simon J Lees, Sergio R Santa Maria, Sujeenthar Tharmalingam, Douglas R Boreham, Christopher Thome

Experiments that examine the impacts of subnatural background radiation exposure provide a unique approach to studying the biological effects of low-dose radiation. These experiments often need to be conducted in deep underground laboratories in order to filter surface-level cosmic radiation. This presents some logistical challenges in experimental design and necessitates a model organism with minimal maintenance. As such, desiccated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is an ideal model system for these investigations. This study aimed to determine the impact of prolonged sub-background radiation exposure in anhydrobiotic (desiccated) yeast at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Two yeast strains were used: a normal wild type and an isogenic recombinational repair-deficient rad51 knockout strain (rad51Δ). Desiccated yeast samples were stored in the normal background surface control laboratory (68.0 nGy h-1) and in the sub-background environment within SNOLAB (10.1 nGy h-1) for up to 48 wk. Post-rehydration survival, growth rate, and metabolic activity were assessed at multiple time points. Survival in the sub-background environment was significantly reduced by a factor of 1.39 and 2.67 in the wild type and rad51∆ strains, respectively. Post-rehydration metabolic activity measured via alamarBlue reduction remained unchanged in the wild type strain but was 26% lower in the sub-background rad51∆ strain. These results demonstrate that removing natural background radiation negatively impacts the survival and metabolism of desiccated yeast, highlighting the potential importance of natural radiation exposure in maintaining homeostasis of living organisms.

研究亚天然本底辐射照射影响的实验为研究低剂量辐射的生物效应提供了一种独特的方法。这些实验通常需要在地下深处的实验室进行，以过滤地表水平的宇宙辐射。这给实验设计带来了一些后勤方面的挑战，而且需要一种维护成本最低的模式生物。因此，干燥酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）是这些研究的理想模型系统。本研究旨在确定加拿大安大略省萨德伯里 SNOLAB 的无水生物（干燥）酵母受到长期次背景辐射照射的影响。研究使用了两种酵母菌株：正常野生型和同源重组修复缺陷rad51基因敲除菌株（rad51Δ）。干燥的酵母样品在正常背景表面控制实验室（68.0 nGy h-1）和 SNOLAB 内的次背景环境（10.1 nGy h-1）中保存长达 48 周。在多个时间点评估了补水后的存活率、生长率和代谢活动。野生型和 rad51∆ 菌株在亚背景环境中的存活率分别显著降低了 1.39 倍和 2.67 倍。通过茜草蓝还原法测量的补水后代谢活性在野生型菌株中保持不变，但在亚背景辐射 51∆ 菌株中则降低了 26%。这些结果表明，去除天然本底辐射会对干燥酵母的存活和新陈代谢产生负面影响，突出了天然辐射照射在维持生物体平衡方面的潜在重要性。

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引用次数: 0

If You Torture Your Data Long Enough, It Will Confess to Anything: On the Epidemiological Basis of the LNT Model. 如果你对数据折磨得够久，它就会承认任何事情：论 LNT 模型的流行病学基础》（If You Torture Your Data Long Enough, It Will Confess to Anything: On Epidemiological Basis of the LNT Model.

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001775

Yehoshua Socol

This note deals with epidemiological data interpretation supporting the linear no-threshold model, as opposed to emerging evidence of adaptive response and hormesis from molecular biology in vitro and animal models. Particularly, the US-Japan Radiation Effects Research Foundation's lifespan study of atomic bomb survivors is scrutinized. We stress the years-long lag of the data processing after data gathering and evolving statistical models and methodologies across publications. The necessity of cautious interpretation of radiation epidemiology results is emphasized.

本说明涉及支持线性无阈值模型的流行病学数据解释，与来自体外分子生物学和动物模型的适应性反应和激素作用的新证据相对照。特别是对美日辐射影响研究基金会对原子弹爆炸幸存者的寿命研究进行了仔细审查。我们强调了数据收集后多年的数据处理滞后，以及不同出版物中统计模型和方法的演变。我们强调了谨慎解释辐射流行病学结果的必要性。

引用次数: 0

The Impact of the Linear No-threshold Hypothesis on Litigation. 线性无阈值假说对诉讼的影响。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001799

Alan Fellman, Dave Wiedis

As the basis of radiation safety practice and regulations worldwide, the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis exerts enormous influence throughout society. This includes our judicial system, where frivolous lawsuits are filed alleging radiation-induced health effects caused by negligent companies who subject unwitting victims to enormous financial and physical harm. Typically, despite the lack of any supporting scientific basis, these cases result in enormous costs to organizations, insurance companies, and consumers.

作为全球辐射安全实践和法规的基础，线性无阈值（LNT）假说对整个社会产生了巨大的影响。这包括我们的司法系统，在这个系统中，有人提起轻率的诉讼，指控疏忽的公司造成辐射诱发的健康影响，使不知情的受害者遭受巨大的经济和身体伤害。通常情况下，尽管缺乏任何支持性的科学依据，这些案件还是会给组织、保险公司和消费者带来巨大的损失。

引用次数: 0

Replace the Linear No-threshold Model with a Risk-informed Targeted Approach to Radiation Protection. 以风险知情的目标辐射防护方法取代线性无阈值模型。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001803

Rodican P Reed

The linear no-threshold (LNT) model may be useful as a simple basis for developing radiation protection regulations and standards, but it bears little resemblance to scientific reality and is probably overly conservative at low doses and low dose rates. This paper is an appeal for a broader view of radiation protection that involves more than just optimization of radiation dose. It is suggested that the LNT model should be replaced with a risk-informed, targeted approach to limitation of overall risks, which include radiation and other types of risks and accidents/incidents. The focus should be on protection of the individual. Limitation of overall risk does not necessarily always equate to minimization of individual or collective doses, but in some cases it might. Instead, risk assessment (hazards analysis) should be performed for each facility/and or specific job or operation (straightforward for specialized work such as radiography), and this should guide how limited resources are used to protect workers and the public. A graded approach could be used to prioritize the most significant risks and identify exposure scenarios that are unlikely or non-existent. The dose limits would then represent an acceptable level of risk, below which no further reduction in dose would be needed. Less resources should be spent on ALARA and tracking small individual and collective doses. Present dose limits are thought to be conservative and should suffice in general. Two exceptions are possibly the need for a lower (lifetime) dose limit for lens of the eye for astronauts and raising the public limit to 5 mSv y-1 from 1 mSv y-1. This would harmonize the public limit with the current limit for the embryo fetus of the declared pregnant worker. Eight case studies are presented that emphasize how diverse and complex radiation risks can be, and in some cases, chemical and industrial risks outweigh radiation risks. More focus is needed on prevention of accidents and incidents involving a variety of types of risks. A targeted approach is needed, commitments should be complied with until they are changed or exemptions are granted. No criticism of regulators or nuclear industry personnel is intended here. Protection of workers and the public is everyone's goal. The question is how best to accomplish that.

线性无阈值（LNT）模型作为制定辐射防护法规和标准的简单基础可能是有用的，但它与科学现实几乎没有相似之处，而且在低剂量和低剂量率的情况下可能过于保守。本文呼吁从更广阔的角度看待辐射防护，而不仅仅是优化辐射剂量。本文建议用一种风险知情的、有针对性的方法来限制总体风险，包括辐射和其他类型的风险和事故/事件，以此取代 LNT 模型。重点应放在对个人的保护上。限制总体风险并不一定总是等同于最大限度地减少个人或集体剂量，但在某些情况下可能是这样。相反，应针对每个设施/和或具体工作或操作（直接针对放射摄影等专业工作）进行风险评估（危害分析），并以此指导如何利用有限的资源来保护工人和公众。可采用分级方法来确定最重大风险的优先次序，并确定不太可能或不存在的辐照情景。然后，剂量限值将代表一个可接受的风险水平，低于这个水平就不需要进一步降低剂量。应减少在 ALARA 和跟踪个人及集体小剂量方面所花费的资源。目前的剂量限值被认为是保守的，一般来说应该足够了。但有两个例外，一是可能需要降低宇航员眼球晶状体的（终生）剂量限值，二是将公众剂量限值从 1 mSv y-1 提高到 5 mSv y-1。这将使公众限值与目前对已申报怀孕工人的胚胎胎儿的限值保持一致。八项案例研究强调了辐射风险的多样性和复杂性，在某些情况下，化学和工业风险大于辐射风险。需要更加重视预防涉及各种类型风险的事故和事件。需要采取有针对性的方法，在改变承诺或给予豁免之前，应遵守承诺。这里无意批评监管机构或核工业人员。保护工人和公众是每个人的目标。问题是如何最好地实现这一目标。

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引用次数: 0

A Review of Recent Low-dose Research and Recommendations for Moving Forward. 近期低剂量研究综述及未来发展建议。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001808

Charles Wilson, Grace G Adams, Pooja Patel, Kiran Windham, Colby Ennis, Emily Caffrey

The linear no-threshold (LNT) model has been the regulatory "law of the land" for decades. Despite the long-standing use of LNT, there is significant ongoing scientific disagreement on the applicability of LNT to low-dose radiation risk. A review of the low-dose risk literature of the last 10 y does not provide a clear answer, but rather the body of literature seems to be split between LNT, non-linear risk functions (e.g., supra- or sub-linear), and hormetic models. Furthermore, recent studies have started to explore whether radiation can play a role in the development of several non-cancer effects, such as heart disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes, the mechanisms of which are still being explored. Based on this review, there is insufficient evidence to replace LNT as the regulatory model despite the fact that it contributes to public radiophobia, unpreparedness in radiation emergency response, and extreme cleanup costs both following radiological or nuclear incidents and for routine decommissioning of nuclear power plants. Rather, additional research is needed to further understand the implications of low doses of radiation. The authors present an approach to meaningfully contribute to the science of low-dose research that incorporates machine learning and Edisonian approaches to data analysis.

几十年来，线性无阈值（LNT）模型一直是监管的 "法律"。尽管 LNT 的使用由来已久，但在 LNT 是否适用于低剂量辐射风险的问题上，科学界一直存在重大分歧。对过去 10 年低剂量风险文献的回顾并没有给出明确的答案，相反，文献似乎在 LNT、非线性风险函数（如超线性或亚线性）和激素模型之间存在分歧。此外，最近的研究已开始探讨辐射是否会对心脏病、帕金森氏症和糖尿病等几种非癌症影响的发展产生作用，其机制仍在探索之中。根据上述综述，尽管 LNT 导致了公众的辐射恐惧症、辐射应急准备不足以及辐射或核事故发生后和核电站常规退役时的极高清理成本，但目前还没有足够的证据来取代 LNT 作为监管模式。相反，需要开展更多的研究，以进一步了解低剂量辐射的影响。作者提出了一种方法，结合机器学习和爱迪生数据分析方法，为低剂量研究科学做出有意义的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of the Method of Calculating the Effective Atomic Number on the Estimate of Fluorescence Yield for Metal Alloys of Biomedical Interest. 计算有效原子数的方法对生物医学金属合金荧光产率估算的影响。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001789

Caroline V Garcia, Divanizia N Souza, Edson R Andrade

Abstract: This study evaluates the influence of the method used to calculate the effective atomic number (Z eff ) on the estimate of secondary radiation yielded under kilovoltage x-ray beams by metal alloys with a wide range of biomedical applications. Two methods for calculating Z eff (referred to here as M 1 and M 2 ) are considered, and six metallic alloys are investigated: Ti-6Al-4 V, Co-Cr-Mo, Ni-Cr-Ti, Ni-Cr, Co-Cr-Mo-W, and Ag 3 Sn-Hg (amalgam). The results indicate significant differences in the estimates of fluorescence yield depending on the method used to estimate Z eff for each metallic alloy. Both the choice of the calculation method for Z eff and the energy ranges of the incident radiation are essential factors affecting the behavior of alloys in terms of fluorescence production. Our results may guide the selection of the best material for a biomedical application. The metallic alloys simulated here show equivalences and discrepancies that depend on the method used to estimate Z eff and the energy range of the incident photons. This finding allows for the creation of combinations of alloys and methods for calculating Z eff and the photon energy to maximize safety and minimize cost.

摘要：本研究评估了计算有效原子序数（Zeff）的方法对具有广泛生物医学应用的金属合金在千伏 X 射线束下产生的二次辐射估计值的影响。我们考虑了两种计算 Zeff 的方法（在此称为 M1 和 M2），并对六种金属合金进行了研究：Ti-6Al-4 V、Co-Cr-Mo、Ni-Cr-Ti、Ni-Cr、Co-Cr-Mo-W 和 Ag3Sn-Hg（汞齐）。结果表明，根据每种金属合金估算 Zeff 所使用的方法，荧光产率的估算值存在显著差异。Zeff 计算方法的选择和入射辐射的能量范围都是影响合金荧光产率的重要因素。我们的研究结果可以为生物医学应用选择最佳材料提供指导。这里模拟的金属合金显示出的等价性和差异取决于估算 Zeff 的方法和入射光子的能量范围。这一发现使我们能够创建合金组合以及计算 Zeff 和光子能量的方法，从而最大限度地提高安全性并降低成本。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of Radiation Doses to the General Public around Nuclear Power Plants Based on Representative Person Concept. 基于代表人概念的核电站周围公众辐射剂量评估。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001792

Ki Hoon Kim, Hyun Su Seo, Yong Ho Jin, Kwang Pyo Kim

Abstract: The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended that the representative person concept should be used in radiation dose assessment of the general public to specify exposed individuals. The objective of this study is to assess radiation doses of the residents around nuclear power plants (NPPs) in relation to the introduction of the representative person concept. Critical group candidates and representative agro-livestock product producing areas were selected around a NPP site by considering radioactive effluents and regional meteorological data, geographical information, etc. A total of five exposure scenarios, including adult (non-fishery, fishery, and commuter), 10-y-old, and 1-y-old groups, were selected for the dose assessment. Generally, radiation doses were higher for 1-y-old, 10-y-old, and adult groups, in that sequence. There was no significant difference among the radiation doses by occupation in adult groups. Radiation dose results calculated by applying the representative person concept and dose assessment method currently used in Korea were compared. Application of the representative person concept results in lower radiation dose by 68.2% due to consideration of actual residential and agro-livestock product producing areas for the radiation dose assessment, by 13.3% due to the application method of habit data for dose calculation, and by 33.3% due to representative value of the dose results. Finally, considering all the factors above, radiation dose calculated by the current dose assessment method was 8.16 × 10 -2 mSv y -1 , while that calculated using the representative person concept was 1.40 × 10 -2 mSv y - 1 (82.8% lower). The results of this study can be used as reference data when introducing the representative person concept to the regulatory systems in Korea.

摘要：国际辐射防护委员会建议，在对公众进行辐射剂量评估时，应采用代表人的概念，以明确受辐射的个人。本研究的目的是评估核电站周围居民的辐射剂量与引入代表人概念的关系。通过考虑放射性污水和区域气象数据、地理信息等，在核电站厂址周围选择了关键群体候选者和具有代表性的农畜产品产区。剂量评估共选择了五种辐照情景，包括成人组（非渔业组、渔业组和通勤组）、10 岁组和 1 岁组。一般来说，1 岁组、10 岁组和成人组的辐射剂量依次较高。成人组各职业的辐射剂量没有明显差异。比较了采用代表人概念和韩国目前使用的剂量评估方法计算出的辐射剂量结果。由于在辐射剂量评估中考虑了实际居住区和农畜产品生产区，因此采用代表人概念得出的辐射剂量降低了 68.2%，采用习惯数据计算剂量的方法降低了 13.3%，剂量结果的代表值降低了 33.3%。最后，考虑到上述所有因素，采用现行剂量评估方法计算出的辐射剂量为 8.16 × 10-2 mSv y-1，而采用代表人概念计算出的辐射剂量为 1.40 × 10-2 mSv y-1（低 82.8%）。这项研究的结果可作为韩国监管系统引入代表人概念时的参考数据。

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引用次数: 0

Radiation Exposure Characteristics among Healthcare Workers: Before and After Japan's Ordinance Revision. 医护人员的辐射暴露特征：日本条例修订前后。

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Health physics

Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001793

Aiganym Imakhanova, Naoki Matsuda, Noboru Takamura, Noboru Oriuchi, Hiroshi Ito, Kazuo Awai, Takashi Kudo

Abstract: Radioactive materials and ionizing radiation have both medical value and disease risks, necessitating radiation dose measurement and risk reduction strategies. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) lowered the lens of the eye exposure limit, leading to Japan's revised "Ionizing Radiation Ordinance." However, the effects on radiation exposure in medical settings and compliance feasibility remain unclear. To examine the impact of the revision to the "Ionizing Radiation Ordinance" and use it for measures to reduce exposure to radiation, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on data collected from Nagasaki University Hospital, Hiroshima University Hospital, and Fukushima Medical University Hospital in 2018, 2020, and April to September 2021. This included information on age, sex, occupation, department, and monthly radiation doses of workers, aiming to assess the impact of the revision to the "Ionizing Radiation Ordinance" on radiation exposure before and after its enforcement. Out of 9,076 cases studied, 7,963 (87.7%) had radiation doses below the measurable limit throughout the year. Only 292 cases (3.2%) exceeded 1 mSv y -1 , with 9 doctors and 2 radiological technologists surpassing 5 mSv y -1 . Radiological technologists showed significantly higher doses compared to doctors, dentists, and nurses (p < 0.01), while male subjects had significantly higher exposure doses than females (p < 0.01). No significant changes in radiation exposure were observed before and after the revision of the Ionizing Radiation Ordinance; however, variations in radiation exposure control were noted, particularly among nurses and radiological technologists, suggesting the impact of the revision and the need for tailored countermeasures to reduce radiation dose in each group.

摘要：放射性物质和电离辐射既有医疗价值，也有疾病风险，因此需要测量辐射剂量并制定降低风险的策略。国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）降低了眼部照射限值的镜片，从而导致日本修订了 "电离辐射条例"。然而，该条例对医疗场所辐射照射的影响以及遵守该条例的可行性仍不明确。为了研究 "电离辐射条例 "修订的影响，并将其用于减少辐射暴露的措施，我们对 2018 年、2020 年和 2021 年 4 月至 9 月从长崎大学医院、广岛大学医院和福岛医科大学医院收集的数据进行了综合分析。其中包括工人的年龄、性别、职业、科室和月辐射剂量等信息，旨在评估《电离辐射条例》修订实施前后对辐射量的影响。在研究的 9,076 个案例中，7,963 个（87.7%）全年的辐射剂量低于可测量限值。只有 292 个病例（3.2%）的辐射剂量超过 1 mSv y-1，其中 9 名医生和 2 名放射技师的辐射剂量超过 5 mSv y-1。与医生、牙医和护士相比，放射技师的辐照剂量明显更高（p < 0.01），而男性受试者的辐照剂量明显高于女性（p < 0.01）。电离辐射条例》修订前后，辐照量没有明显变化；但辐照量控制方面出现了差异，尤其是护士和放射技术人员，这表明修订产生了影响，需要采取有针对性的对策来减少每个群体的辐照量。

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引用次数: 0