Pub Date : 2022-01-17DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130216
Mahamat Ali Bolti, Hamit Mahamat Alio, A. Abassi, S. Traore, O. Djarma, Henry Fissou, Joseph Mad-Toingue, A. Constant, A. Moussa
Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients admitted for Covid-19 in the department of Covid-19 of the University Hospital Center of Renaissance (UHCR) of N’Djamena in Chad. The pandemic of the sickness of Covid-19 constitutes a real public health problem in the world since its appearance in December 2019. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, transversal and descriptive study carried out from 19 March 2020 to 19 November 2021. All patients diagnosed with Covid-19, confirmed at least either by RT-PCR or chest computed tomography (CT) were included. The healing was defined through the disappearance of clinical signs and two negative RT-PCRs at 72 hours intervals. Results: Our study included 825 patients of which 613 (74.34%) men (sex ratio 2.9). Age Medium for patients was 50 ± 4 years with extreme ranging from 19 to 84 years old. Six hundred and thirty-three (76.70%) patients came directly from their residences. Respectively 82 and 71 were transferred from the provincial hospital of Farcha (9.9%) and from a private health structure (8.7%). Three hundred and thirteen patients had at least a comorbidity especially arterial hypertension (n = 173; 21%); the diabetes (n = 156; 19.7%); chronic renal failure (n = 28; 3.5%); heart disease (n =27; 3.3%) and obesity (n= 14; 1.6%), HIV infection (n = 9; 1.09%). five hundred and seventy-two (61.12%) patients performed the CT and all the RT-PCR. Four hundred and ninety-two patients (59.60%) presented severe forms of the disease, 160 (19.40%) were critical and 124 (15.10%) were moderates. The hospital lethality was 16.24% (n = 134). The treatment consisted in the administration of Hydroxychloroquine-Azythromycin in 99.4% of cases (n = 813) and by covid-organics in 0.6% of cases (n = 5). Conclusion: The infected patients with Covid-19 were admitted with the advance stage of the disease. Lethality was associate with the presence of comorbidities. The sensitization of the population on the importance of vaccination, barrier measures and recourse to care are necessary.
{"title":"Management of COVID-19 Infection in a Context of Countries with Limited Resources: Case of the University Hospital Center of Renaissance (UHCR) in N’Djamena, Chad","authors":"Mahamat Ali Bolti, Hamit Mahamat Alio, A. Abassi, S. Traore, O. Djarma, Henry Fissou, Joseph Mad-Toingue, A. Constant, A. Moussa","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130216","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients admitted for Covid-19 in the department of Covid-19 of the University Hospital Center of Renaissance (UHCR) of N’Djamena in Chad. The pandemic of the sickness of Covid-19 constitutes a real public health problem in the world since its appearance in December 2019. \u0000Materials and Methods: This was an observational, transversal and descriptive study carried out from 19 March 2020 to 19 November 2021. All patients diagnosed with Covid-19, confirmed at least either by RT-PCR or chest computed tomography (CT) were included. The healing was defined through the disappearance of clinical signs and two negative RT-PCRs at 72 hours intervals. \u0000Results: Our study included 825 patients of which 613 (74.34%) men (sex ratio 2.9). Age Medium for patients was 50 ± 4 years with extreme ranging from 19 to 84 years old. Six hundred and thirty-three (76.70%) patients came directly from their residences. Respectively 82 and 71 were transferred from the provincial hospital of Farcha (9.9%) and from a private health structure (8.7%). Three hundred and thirteen patients had at least a comorbidity especially arterial hypertension (n = 173; 21%); the diabetes (n = 156; 19.7%); chronic renal failure (n = 28; 3.5%); heart disease (n =27; 3.3%) and obesity (n= 14; 1.6%), HIV infection (n = 9; 1.09%). five hundred and seventy-two (61.12%) patients performed the CT and all the RT-PCR. Four hundred and ninety-two patients (59.60%) presented severe forms of the disease, 160 (19.40%) were critical and 124 (15.10%) were moderates. The hospital lethality was 16.24% (n = 134). The treatment consisted in the administration of Hydroxychloroquine-Azythromycin in 99.4% of cases (n = 813) and by covid-organics in 0.6% of cases (n = 5). \u0000Conclusion: The infected patients with Covid-19 were admitted with the advance stage of the disease. Lethality was associate with the presence of comorbidities. The sensitization of the population on the importance of vaccination, barrier measures and recourse to care are necessary.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133940376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130215
J. Chikwendu, V. N. Elosiuba, R. E. Ikeh, F. C. Ezeala, U. Ngenegbo, A. Onyido
Intestinal parasites have been known to cause severe symptoms of malnourishment and abdominal pains as well as impairment of physical and mental development especially in children. Poor hygiene among food vendors is a major risk factor for human infections with protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and larvae. This cross-sectional study on intestinal parasites among food vendors in Awkuzu, Oyi Local Government Area of Anambra State was carried out between April and June, 2021. Two hundred consenting males (32%) and females (68%) were studied under age-groups of ≤ 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and >50 years. Stool sample submitted by each participant was routinely examined in our mobile laboratory using Saline/iodine wet preparation and Formol-ether concentration techniques. Parasites were identified with standard keys. Data obtained were analyzed using the Chi-square test for homogeneity of infection among gender and age groups. Forty-eight (24.0%) of all stool samples were positive for intestinal parasite infections; with overall prevalence of 12.5, 6.0 and 5.5% for helminth, protozoa, and mixed helminth-protozoa infections, respectively. Overall frequency of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was 42.7%, followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (24%) while Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia spp., Hookworm spp., and Giardia lamblia recorded 10.7, 9.3, 8.0 and 5.3% respectively. Overall gender prevalence revealed that a total of 27 (13.5 %) males were infected and 21 (10.5 %) females were infected, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between infections in males and in females. Overall age prevalence revealed that more than one-third 18 (9.0 %) of the infections occurred in the ≤ 20 age group, and the least prevalence 2 (1.0%) occurred in the >50 age group. This study has demonstrated intestinal parasite infections among food vendors studied. Irregular deworming and poor hand hygiene among food vendors are potential risks for food-borne diseases transmission to unsuspecting food consumers. Health education and social behavioral change communication on the importance of regular deworming, improved hand hygiene and WASH practices, as well as provision of better waste management infrastructure should be put in place to prevent any outbreak of food-borne diseases in the area.
{"title":"Intestinal Parasite Infections among Food Vendors at Awkuzu, Nigeria","authors":"J. Chikwendu, V. N. Elosiuba, R. E. Ikeh, F. C. Ezeala, U. Ngenegbo, A. Onyido","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130215","url":null,"abstract":"Intestinal parasites have been known to cause severe symptoms of malnourishment and abdominal pains as well as impairment of physical and mental development especially in children. Poor hygiene among food vendors is a major risk factor for human infections with protozoan cysts, helminth eggs and larvae. This cross-sectional study on intestinal parasites among food vendors in Awkuzu, Oyi Local Government Area of Anambra State was carried out between April and June, 2021. Two hundred consenting males (32%) and females (68%) were studied under age-groups of ≤ 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and >50 years. Stool sample submitted by each participant was routinely examined in our mobile laboratory using Saline/iodine wet preparation and Formol-ether concentration techniques. Parasites were identified with standard keys. Data obtained were analyzed using the Chi-square test for homogeneity of infection among gender and age groups. Forty-eight (24.0%) of all stool samples were positive for intestinal parasite infections; with overall prevalence of 12.5, 6.0 and 5.5% for helminth, protozoa, and mixed helminth-protozoa infections, respectively. Overall frequency of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was 42.7%, followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (24%) while Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia spp., Hookworm spp., and Giardia lamblia recorded 10.7, 9.3, 8.0 and 5.3% respectively. Overall gender prevalence revealed that a total of 27 (13.5 %) males were infected and 21 (10.5 %) females were infected, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between infections in males and in females. Overall age prevalence revealed that more than one-third 18 (9.0 %) of the infections occurred in the ≤ 20 age group, and the least prevalence 2 (1.0%) occurred in the >50 age group. This study has demonstrated intestinal parasite infections among food vendors studied. Irregular deworming and poor hand hygiene among food vendors are potential risks for food-borne diseases transmission to unsuspecting food consumers. Health education and social behavioral change communication on the importance of regular deworming, improved hand hygiene and WASH practices, as well as provision of better waste management infrastructure should be put in place to prevent any outbreak of food-borne diseases in the area.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132618478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-05DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130214
Ho Ngoc Nha Yen, Doan Ngoc Phuong Chau, Huynh Hong Phien, Bui Van Tron, Nguyen Van Ngon, Tran Van Be Nam, Nguyen Huu Thuan, Tran Thanh Men
Insects are introduced as the largest group of animals in the animal kingdom. There is always a risk of disease outbreaks from insects that greatly affects people's health. Hundreds of thousands of species have been determined, whereas many others remained unnamed and unidentified. This study was carried out to identify the insect species obtained in Mo Cay Bac district, Ben Tre province, Vietnam, and identify the human pathogenic bacteria that parasitize on this insect. The study results showed that the insect carried Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus, two strains of bacteria capable of causing festering wounds; whereas, the antibiotic Gentamicin (10 µg/mL) was shown to be capable of inhibiting Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA fragment of COII gene, the insect species has been identified as a species belonging to the Scatopsidae family, which belongs to complete metamorphosis. Its life cycle lasts 7-8 days and goes through 4 stages, including egg (1 day), larva (3-4 days), pupa (2-3 days), and adult. This insect species carry the biological characteristics of an entirely new insect species.
{"title":"New Records of an Insect Species from Decomposed Animal Feces that Carry Pathogenic Bacteria on Human","authors":"Ho Ngoc Nha Yen, Doan Ngoc Phuong Chau, Huynh Hong Phien, Bui Van Tron, Nguyen Van Ngon, Tran Van Be Nam, Nguyen Huu Thuan, Tran Thanh Men","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i130214","url":null,"abstract":"Insects are introduced as the largest group of animals in the animal kingdom. There is always a risk of disease outbreaks from insects that greatly affects people's health. Hundreds of thousands of species have been determined, whereas many others remained unnamed and unidentified. This study was carried out to identify the insect species obtained in Mo Cay Bac district, Ben Tre province, Vietnam, and identify the human pathogenic bacteria that parasitize on this insect. The study results showed that the insect carried Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus, two strains of bacteria capable of causing festering wounds; whereas, the antibiotic Gentamicin (10 µg/mL) was shown to be capable of inhibiting Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA fragment of COII gene, the insect species has been identified as a species belonging to the Scatopsidae family, which belongs to complete metamorphosis. Its life cycle lasts 7-8 days and goes through 4 stages, including egg (1 day), larva (3-4 days), pupa (2-3 days), and adult. This insect species carry the biological characteristics of an entirely new insect species.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128949033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430213
O. Ogunfolakan, Olowe O. A., S. Taiwo, G. O. Daramola, B. T. Bamigboye, A. Egbebi, A. Okunlola, A. Olaniyan
The emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics on daily basis has become a major global challenge. The increasing prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients due to emergence of unique community-associated strains has become a great problem in Nigeria in particular and the entire world in general. In this study, a total of four hundred (400) clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado-Ekiti and Federal Teaching Hospital (FETHI), Ido-Ekiti and from apparently healthy individuals from both communities. Standard bacteriological procedures were employed to isolate and identify these organisms. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify S. aureus nuc gene, as well as mecA and aac resistance genes. Seventy seven (19.3%) S. aureus isolates were phenotypically identified; 43 (21.5%) hospital-associated (23 from EKSUTH and 20 from FETHI) and 34 (17.0%) community-associated (27 from Ado-Ekiti and 7 from Ido-Ekiti communities). No S. sciuri was phenotypically isolated in both locations. Fifty five (71.4 %) of the 77 S. aureus isolates were nuc gene positive, while 11 (20%) of the 55 isolates were mecA gene positive, implying that they were MRSA. Of the 11 isolates, 6 (19.4%) were hospital-associated MRSA while 5 (20.8 %) were community-associated MRSA. Phenotypic resistance of S. aureus to cefoxitin in the two locations ranged between 77.8 – 100%, but 80% of cefoxitin-resistant nuc gene positive S. aureus lacked mecA gene. S. aureus isolates exhibited high phenotypic resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and fusidic acid but susceptible to clindamycin and gentamycin. The prevalence of clinical MRSA infection of 20% in this study is relatively high. However, there was 0% prevalence of S. sciuri colonization. Cefoxitin disc test demonstrated low specificity as a phenotypic marker of methicillin resistance.There is need to institute control measures for MRSA infections and colonization in this environment.
{"title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus sciuri Isolated from Apparently Healthy and Hospitalized Patients in Ekiti State, Nigeria","authors":"O. Ogunfolakan, Olowe O. A., S. Taiwo, G. O. Daramola, B. T. Bamigboye, A. Egbebi, A. Okunlola, A. Olaniyan","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430213","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics on daily basis has become a major global challenge. The increasing prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients due to emergence of unique community-associated strains has become a great problem in Nigeria in particular and the entire world in general. In this study, a total of four hundred (400) clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado-Ekiti and Federal Teaching Hospital (FETHI), Ido-Ekiti and from apparently healthy individuals from both communities. Standard bacteriological procedures were employed to isolate and identify these organisms. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify S. aureus nuc gene, as well as mecA and aac resistance genes. Seventy seven (19.3%) S. aureus isolates were phenotypically identified; 43 (21.5%) hospital-associated (23 from EKSUTH and 20 from FETHI) and 34 (17.0%) community-associated (27 from Ado-Ekiti and 7 from Ido-Ekiti communities). No S. sciuri was phenotypically isolated in both locations. Fifty five (71.4 %) of the 77 S. aureus isolates were nuc gene positive, while 11 (20%) of the 55 isolates were mecA gene positive, implying that they were MRSA. Of the 11 isolates, 6 (19.4%) were hospital-associated MRSA while 5 (20.8 %) were community-associated MRSA. Phenotypic resistance of S. aureus to cefoxitin in the two locations ranged between 77.8 – 100%, but 80% of cefoxitin-resistant nuc gene positive S. aureus lacked mecA gene. S. aureus isolates exhibited high phenotypic resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin and fusidic acid but susceptible to clindamycin and gentamycin. The prevalence of clinical MRSA infection of 20% in this study is relatively high. However, there was 0% prevalence of S. sciuri colonization. Cefoxitin disc test demonstrated low specificity as a phenotypic marker of methicillin resistance.There is need to institute control measures for MRSA infections and colonization in this environment.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128957178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430212
O. A. Adeluwoye-Ajayi, F. Thomas, R. R. Awoniyi
Escherichia coli which synthesize extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) have been implicated in severe human diseases. There is substantial evidence that cattle faeces have a role in developing and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens, raising public health concerns. The study is aimed at detecting ESBL-producing E. coli associated with cattle faeces within Owo metropolis. Freshly passed faecal samples were taken aseptically from 9 apparently healthy cattle that were about to be slaughtered and placed in correctly labeled sterile capped universal bottles with sterile spatula. Using standardized method, Escherichia coli was isolated on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and the expression of ESBL was detected by the double disc synergy test. According to the findings, 25 (55.6%) of the 45 E. coli isolates showed probable production of ESBL during screening and 11 (44.0%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers. The isolates' antibiotic resistance pattern revealed that they were most resistant to gentamicin (81.8%) and least resistant to imipenem (9.1%). As a result, imipenem was the most effective antibiotic against ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Antibiotypes of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates also showed that 9 (81.8%) of ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. This studies confirmed that E. coli isolated from bovine faeces had high prevalence of antibiotic resistance and revealed that ESBL-producing bacteria are present in cattle and subsequent consumers. This necessitates the implementation of mitigating strategies to limit the transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from animals to humans.
{"title":"Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle Faeces in Owo Metropolis","authors":"O. A. Adeluwoye-Ajayi, F. Thomas, R. R. Awoniyi","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430212","url":null,"abstract":"Escherichia coli which synthesize extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) have been implicated in severe human diseases. There is substantial evidence that cattle faeces have a role in developing and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens, raising public health concerns. The study is aimed at detecting ESBL-producing E. coli associated with cattle faeces within Owo metropolis. Freshly passed faecal samples were taken aseptically from 9 apparently healthy cattle that were about to be slaughtered and placed in correctly labeled sterile capped universal bottles with sterile spatula. Using standardized method, Escherichia coli was isolated on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and the expression of ESBL was detected by the double disc synergy test. According to the findings, 25 (55.6%) of the 45 E. coli isolates showed probable production of ESBL during screening and 11 (44.0%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers. The isolates' antibiotic resistance pattern revealed that they were most resistant to gentamicin (81.8%) and least resistant to imipenem (9.1%). As a result, imipenem was the most effective antibiotic against ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Antibiotypes of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates also showed that 9 (81.8%) of ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. This studies confirmed that E. coli isolated from bovine faeces had high prevalence of antibiotic resistance and revealed that ESBL-producing bacteria are present in cattle and subsequent consumers. This necessitates the implementation of mitigating strategies to limit the transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from animals to humans.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134026505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430211
D. Attah, Y. M. Sanyinna, N. T. Isyaku, M. Kele, N. A. Ridwan, B. Emmanuel
Background: Soup condiments are edible food items which are added to dishes, used as thickeners for soup and also as food supplements such as sauce that is added to food to impact specific flavours. They are abundantly produced in Nigeria especially in North-Western part of the country. Aims: The aim of this research was to determine the proximate composition and parasitic contamination of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed cake (Roselle seed cake): a soup condiment produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria. Study Design: Samples were purchased and collected at random from the markets of different places in the study areas, aseptically placed into polythene bags and labelled correctly. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Zuru and Sakaba Local Government Areas of Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Methodology: The proximate analysis carried out include: moisture determination, ash determination, determination of crude protein, lipid determination, fibre determination and carbohydrate estimation by difference. The protozoa present in the samples were identified by direct microscopy. Results: The proximate composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed cake in the study areas had a very high level of carbohydrate content (52.44±1.03%), followed by the moisture content (15.43±0.10%), lipid content (12.00±0.50%), fibre content (11.16±0.58%), ash content (7.80±0.05%) and crude protein content (1.16±0.13%) which was the lowest. The highest prevalence rate of the identified protozoa was recorded in Entamoeba histolytica 2(50.0%) followed by Giardia lamblia 1(25.0%) in Zuru Local Government Area. No protozoa was seen in Zuru sample 0(0.0%). In Dabai sample, Giardia lamblia was seen 1(25.0%). While in Bedi sample, Entamoeba histolytica 2(50.0%) was seen which was the most prevalent. However, in Sakaba Local Government Area, a total of nine protozoa was seen and all were Entamoeba histolytica. Dirin-Daji sample showed 1(11.1%), Doka 2(22.2%), Dankolo 2(22.2%), Janbirni 1(11.1%), Laraba 1(11.1%) and Makuku 2(22.2%) respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the available carbohydrate and moisture contents were higher than other parameters and the local soup condiments were heavily contaminated with protozoa and Entamoeba histolytica had the highest prevalence which can cause serious food-borne diseases in humans in the study areas. Finally, the need to apply good manufacturing practices in processing the condiments in the study areas and North-Western Nigerian Community as a whole is highly recommended.
{"title":"Proximate Composition and Parasitic Contamination of Hibiscus sabdariffa Seed Cake (Roselle Seed Cake): A Soup Condiment Produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria","authors":"D. Attah, Y. M. Sanyinna, N. T. Isyaku, M. Kele, N. A. Ridwan, B. Emmanuel","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430211","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Soup condiments are edible food items which are added to dishes, used as thickeners for soup and also as food supplements such as sauce that is added to food to impact specific flavours. They are abundantly produced in Nigeria especially in North-Western part of the country. \u0000Aims: The aim of this research was to determine the proximate composition and parasitic contamination of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed cake (Roselle seed cake): a soup condiment produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria. \u0000Study Design: Samples were purchased and collected at random from the markets of different places in the study areas, aseptically placed into polythene bags and labelled correctly. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Zuru and Sakaba Local Government Areas of Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: The proximate analysis carried out include: moisture determination, ash determination, determination of crude protein, lipid determination, fibre determination and carbohydrate estimation by difference. The protozoa present in the samples were identified by direct microscopy. \u0000Results: The proximate composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed cake in the study areas had a very high level of carbohydrate content (52.44±1.03%), followed by the moisture content (15.43±0.10%), lipid content (12.00±0.50%), fibre content (11.16±0.58%), ash content (7.80±0.05%) and crude protein content (1.16±0.13%) which was the lowest. The highest prevalence rate of the identified protozoa was recorded in Entamoeba histolytica 2(50.0%) followed by Giardia lamblia 1(25.0%) in Zuru Local Government Area. No protozoa was seen in Zuru sample 0(0.0%). In Dabai sample, Giardia lamblia was seen 1(25.0%). While in Bedi sample, Entamoeba histolytica 2(50.0%) was seen which was the most prevalent. However, in Sakaba Local Government Area, a total of nine protozoa was seen and all were Entamoeba histolytica. Dirin-Daji sample showed 1(11.1%), Doka 2(22.2%), Dankolo 2(22.2%), Janbirni 1(11.1%), Laraba 1(11.1%) and Makuku 2(22.2%) respectively. \u0000Conclusion: It can be concluded that the available carbohydrate and moisture contents were higher than other parameters and the local soup condiments were heavily contaminated with protozoa and Entamoeba histolytica had the highest prevalence which can cause serious food-borne diseases in humans in the study areas. Finally, the need to apply good manufacturing practices in processing the condiments in the study areas and North-Western Nigerian Community as a whole is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130164436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430209
J. C. Ndubuisi, M. Aisha, C. A. Wariso, D. Ejiofor
The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) among antenatal clinic attendees in Massaka, Karu Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, North Central Nigeria. Formal consent was obtained from the State Hospital Board to carry out the survey. The study which involved 200 pregnant women aged 18-45 years randomly selected using a systematic random sampling technique was conducted between the months of May-June was a cross sectional health facility-based study. Structured questionnaire was used to generate data from respondents, after which blood samples aseptically collected were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen. Socio-demographic characteristics as well as some of the factors that influence infection were evaluated. Results obtained from the study revealed a 6.5% prevalence rate of infection in the studied population. Prevalence of infection among the subjects within the age range of 35-45 years was lowest (5.8%). However, while it was 5.2% for the married, it was 6.6% for the unmarried. Prevalence of infection was higher among the category with no formal education. Similarly, prevalence was higher among the rural dwellers (6.8%) than their urban counterparts (5.6%). Factors examined were not statistically significant predisposing to HBV infection. In conclusion, the prevalence of HBsAg among ante-natal clinic attendees in Masaka was (6.5%) lower than the reported national prevalence (14.1%). Owing the outcome of this study, it is recommended that improved surveillance for HBV infection and screening of women attending ANC be instituted.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) among Antenatal Clinic Attendees in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"J. C. Ndubuisi, M. Aisha, C. A. Wariso, D. Ejiofor","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430209","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) among antenatal clinic attendees in Massaka, Karu Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, North Central Nigeria. Formal consent was obtained from the State Hospital Board to carry out the survey. The study which involved 200 pregnant women aged 18-45 years randomly selected using a systematic random sampling technique was conducted between the months of May-June was a cross sectional health facility-based study. Structured questionnaire was used to generate data from respondents, after which blood samples aseptically collected were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen. Socio-demographic characteristics as well as some of the factors that influence infection were evaluated. Results obtained from the study revealed a 6.5% prevalence rate of infection in the studied population. Prevalence of infection among the subjects within the age range of 35-45 years was lowest (5.8%). However, while it was 5.2% for the married, it was 6.6% for the unmarried. Prevalence of infection was higher among the category with no formal education. Similarly, prevalence was higher among the rural dwellers (6.8%) than their urban counterparts (5.6%). Factors examined were not statistically significant predisposing to HBV infection. In conclusion, the prevalence of HBsAg among ante-natal clinic attendees in Masaka was (6.5%) lower than the reported national prevalence (14.1%). Owing the outcome of this study, it is recommended that improved surveillance for HBV infection and screening of women attending ANC be instituted.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126040768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430210
A. Onifade, M. Akande
Aim: This study evaluated the microbial quality characteristics of bread and flour-made products vended for human consummation in Akure metropolis. Methods: The sample products including bread, buns, puff puff, meat pie and cake collected from different locations were analysed using standard microbiological methods to enumerate the bacterial and fungal consortia. Macro and micro-morphological identification of the implicated fungi in the food samples were done via standard techniques. The presence and quantity of some aflatoxin types were also investigated using standard techniques. Results: The fungal organisms enumerated include species of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor, Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus and Penicillium. Bacteria consortium implicated in sample products include; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the likes. The levels of aflatoxin B1 and B2 produced were predominantly associated with Aspergillus flavus enumerated from bread products which serve as a rider to the aflatoxin contamination in vended flour products. Conclusion: The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them a primary health hazard and as well accountable for losses associated with contamination of processed foods and ready-to-eat foods. It is recommended that bakers should implement the use of heat-treated flour in the production process of ready-to-eat products for human safety.
{"title":"Microbial Quality and Aflatoxin Levels of Bread and Flour Products Vended in Akure Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Onifade, M. Akande","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i430210","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study evaluated the microbial quality characteristics of bread and flour-made products vended for human consummation in Akure metropolis. \u0000Methods: The sample products including bread, buns, puff puff, meat pie and cake collected from different locations were analysed using standard microbiological methods to enumerate the bacterial and fungal consortia. Macro and micro-morphological identification of the implicated fungi in the food samples were done via standard techniques. The presence and quantity of some aflatoxin types were also investigated using standard techniques. \u0000Results: The fungal organisms enumerated include species of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor, Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus and Penicillium. Bacteria consortium implicated in sample products include; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the likes. The levels of aflatoxin B1 and B2 produced were predominantly associated with Aspergillus flavus enumerated from bread products which serve as a rider to the aflatoxin contamination in vended flour products. \u0000Conclusion: The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them a primary health hazard and as well accountable for losses associated with contamination of processed foods and ready-to-eat foods. It is recommended that bakers should implement the use of heat-treated flour in the production process of ready-to-eat products for human safety.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115181829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-27DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i330206
F. E. Siagian, Esy Maryanti
The interaction of ectoparasite in correlation to its host’s skin is important. The extent of interaction somewhat makes these parasites able to survive in the harsh conditon of the host’s skin. Their existence mostly in the context of gaining their nutrition and perhaps continue its regeneration. Because these diseases caused by ectoparasite are easility transmitted, widespread, and the state of polyparasitism is often took place in a single vulnerable host, and significant primary and secondary morbidity and or complication occurs, which can worsen the course of the inital disease. This minireview aim to discuss about the interlinkage of some EPSD agents in correlation to its host’s skin, their interaction and what makes these endoparasites able to survive in the skin in the context of gaining their nutrition.
{"title":"Delicious to the Last Piece: Why Ectoparasite Prefer Human Skin","authors":"F. E. Siagian, Esy Maryanti","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i330206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i330206","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of ectoparasite in correlation to its host’s skin is important. The extent of interaction somewhat makes these parasites able to survive in the harsh conditon of the host’s skin. Their existence mostly in the context of gaining their nutrition and perhaps continue its regeneration. Because these diseases caused by ectoparasite are easility transmitted, widespread, and the state of polyparasitism is often took place in a single vulnerable host, and significant primary and secondary morbidity and or complication occurs, which can worsen the course of the inital disease. This minireview aim to discuss about the interlinkage of some EPSD agents in correlation to its host’s skin, their interaction and what makes these endoparasites able to survive in the skin in the context of gaining their nutrition.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124603117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i330205
O. O. Kolawole, C. Iloyanomon, M. O. Ogunlade
Aim: This study was designed to isolate fungal pathogens associated with damping-off of cashew seedlings. Study Design: The cashew seedlings for this study were selected randomly from a number of infected cashew seedlings in the screen house. Methodology: Associated fungal pathogens were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified using their characteristics and morphological features observed under the microscope with reference to published identification manuals. Results: The result showed that damping-off of cashew seedling is mostly associated with fungal pathogens such as such as Fusarium spp, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pythium spp., Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Aspergillus niger, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. However, Fusarium spp, and Pythium spp. were predominant and frequently isolated than other pathogens. Conclusion: The knowledge of these pathogens is important for designing strategies to safeguard cashew plant health against diseases in order to ensure sustainable cashew production in Nigeria.
{"title":"Fungal Pathogens Associated with Damping-off Disease of Cashew Seedlings in Nigeria","authors":"O. O. Kolawole, C. Iloyanomon, M. O. Ogunlade","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i330205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i330205","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study was designed to isolate fungal pathogens associated with damping-off of cashew seedlings. \u0000Study Design: The cashew seedlings for this study were selected randomly from a number of infected cashew seedlings in the screen house. \u0000Methodology: Associated fungal pathogens were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified using their characteristics and morphological features observed under the microscope with reference to published identification manuals. \u0000Results: The result showed that damping-off of cashew seedling is mostly associated with fungal pathogens such as such as Fusarium spp, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Pythium spp., Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Aspergillus niger, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. However, Fusarium spp, and Pythium spp. were predominant and frequently isolated than other pathogens. \u0000Conclusion: The knowledge of these pathogens is important for designing strategies to safeguard cashew plant health against diseases in order to ensure sustainable cashew production in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127895728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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