Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4302
Rajashree Joshi, Poonam Patil, Utkarsh Ghate, Sandip Yadav, D. P. Raturi, Rishita Rawat, Avinash Deo, V. Viswadev
Waterborne zoonotic diseases such as Diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, Brucellosis cause heavy loss to the livestock farmers and cause growing health risk to the citizens and economy as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The global Onehealth initiative aims to map and reduce the risk of zoonotic i.e. animal borne microbial diseases through an integrated approach to the human & livestock health. Preventive strategies such as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are vital and even herbal medicines can address the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), due to the overuse of the antibiotics. We studied such integrated approach in the India focussed on 2 bacterial pathogens- Escherichia coli & Salmonella enterica, causing diarrhoea and gastroenteritis respectively at Pune city and in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand state. Our study using stakeholder consultations and literature survey indicated that (a) India has established draft national Onehealth mission, and is gearing up to meet the challenge, including initiatives such as by the Kerala state, (b) surveillance mechanism needs to be improved especially animal and water testing, reporting and tracking, in the less developed states such as in the Himalayas or central and eastern Indian forests, (c) public awareness campaign on WASH and AMR is needed for enhanced biosecurity as is observed at Pune, (d) Ministry of Jal Shakti (Water power), Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) and Central Water Resource Ministry and biogas scheme/ non renewable energy department needs to be involved in livestock waste reuse for circular economy and reduce contamination risk.
{"title":"Waterborne Zoonotic Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance: Indian Policy and Onehealth Approach","authors":"Rajashree Joshi, Poonam Patil, Utkarsh Ghate, Sandip Yadav, D. P. Raturi, Rishita Rawat, Avinash Deo, V. Viswadev","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i4302","url":null,"abstract":"Waterborne zoonotic diseases such as Diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, Brucellosis cause heavy loss to the livestock farmers and cause growing health risk to the citizens and economy as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. \u0000The global Onehealth initiative aims to map and reduce the risk of zoonotic i.e. animal borne microbial diseases through an integrated approach to the human & livestock health. Preventive strategies such as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are vital and even herbal medicines can address the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), due to the overuse of the antibiotics. \u0000We studied such integrated approach in the India focussed on 2 bacterial pathogens- Escherichia coli & Salmonella enterica, causing diarrhoea and gastroenteritis respectively at Pune city and in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand state. Our study using stakeholder consultations and literature survey indicated that (a) India has established draft national Onehealth mission, and is gearing up to meet the challenge, including initiatives such as by the Kerala state, (b) surveillance mechanism needs to be improved especially animal and water testing, reporting and tracking, in the less developed states such as in the Himalayas or central and eastern Indian forests, (c) public awareness campaign on WASH and AMR is needed for enhanced biosecurity as is observed at Pune, (d) Ministry of Jal Shakti (Water power), Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) and Central Water Resource Ministry and biogas scheme/ non renewable energy department needs to be involved in livestock waste reuse for circular economy and reduce contamination risk.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2278
Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Najeeb, Zahid Hussain Shah, Muhammad Hameed Khan, Muhammad Haroon, Nida Siraj
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is a major health risk that is mostly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC). Ten million cases of tuberculosis and 1.3 million deaths from the disease occur each year, making Mycobacterium tuberculosis one of the leading causes of death globally. Pakistan is ranked fifth among high-burden countries for tuberculosis (TB) and is expected to rank fourth for the prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB. As a result, tuberculosis poses a serious threat to public health in Pakistan. Tuberculosis is a common occurrence in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Aims: The current study aimed to find out the prevalence of tuberculosis in the defined population. Study Design: The study was conducted in the District and Tehsil Headquarters Hospitals of District Sudhnuti AJK. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from all the District and Tehsil headquarters hospitals of Sudhnuti district from January 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: Samples of sputum from suspected cases were gathered from district Sudhnuti hospitals and TB centers from January 2019 to December 2019. All the suspected cases were examined by sputum smear microscopy and then bacteriologically positive cases were further confirmed by GeneXpert. All positive cases were examined for multi-drug resistance by using GeneXpert. Results: In the current study during the year 2019, 201 TB cases were reported from district Sudhnuti out of which 107 (53.23%) were males and 94 (46.76%) were females. The value of P=0.51 which is >0.05 is insignificant shows that Tuberculosis has no selective effect on a specific gender. Pulmonary cases were 131 in number with 81 bacteriologically positive and 50 clinically diagnosed negative cases. Extra Pulmonary cases were 70 in number with 1 bacteriologically positive and 69 clinically diagnosed negative cases. Only 2 (0.99%) MDR cases were diagnosed and the case notification rate during 2019 was 66. Conclusion: The current study shows that males are slightly more prone to TB in district Sudhnuti AJK as compared to females. Individuals with age >64 are more susceptible to TB when compared to individuals with age <15. The CNR during 2019 is 66 which is far away from the WHO set criteria. The CNR indicates that there is a need for improvement in the surveillance system.
{"title":"Cross Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Tuberculosis among the District of Sudhnuti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir","authors":"Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Najeeb, Zahid Hussain Shah, Muhammad Hameed Khan, Muhammad Haroon, Nida Siraj","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2278","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is a major health risk that is mostly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a member of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC). Ten million cases of tuberculosis and 1.3 million deaths from the disease occur each year, making Mycobacterium tuberculosis one of the leading causes of death globally. Pakistan is ranked fifth among high-burden countries for tuberculosis (TB) and is expected to rank fourth for the prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB. As a result, tuberculosis poses a serious threat to public health in Pakistan. Tuberculosis is a common occurrence in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.\u0000Aims: The current study aimed to find out the prevalence of tuberculosis in the defined population. \u0000Study Design: The study was conducted in the District and Tehsil Headquarters Hospitals of District Sudhnuti AJK.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from all the District and Tehsil headquarters hospitals of Sudhnuti district from January 2019 to December 2019.\u0000Methodology: Samples of sputum from suspected cases were gathered from district Sudhnuti hospitals and TB centers from January 2019 to December 2019. All the suspected cases were examined by sputum smear microscopy and then bacteriologically positive cases were further confirmed by GeneXpert. All positive cases were examined for multi-drug resistance by using GeneXpert.\u0000Results: In the current study during the year 2019, 201 TB cases were reported from district Sudhnuti out of which 107 (53.23%) were males and 94 (46.76%) were females. The value of P=0.51 which is >0.05 is insignificant shows that Tuberculosis has no selective effect on a specific gender. Pulmonary cases were 131 in number with 81 bacteriologically positive and 50 clinically diagnosed negative cases. Extra Pulmonary cases were 70 in number with 1 bacteriologically positive and 69 clinically diagnosed negative cases. Only 2 (0.99%) MDR cases were diagnosed and the case notification rate during 2019 was 66.\u0000Conclusion: The current study shows that males are slightly more prone to TB in district Sudhnuti AJK as compared to females. Individuals with age >64 are more susceptible to TB when compared to individuals with age <15. The CNR during 2019 is 66 which is far away from the WHO set criteria. The CNR indicates that there is a need for improvement in the surveillance system.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"59 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140367761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2277
Testimonies C. Adebayo-Olajide, Goodhead, A. Dakoru, Ekeneokot E. Uche, Usman-Wali Maryam
Multidrug-resistant bacteria have posed a public health concern over the years, especially with the difficulty and cost of treatment of infections they cause. Fomites such as door handles are thus potent means through which pathogens are transmitted from one person to another as contact with them is made. This study thus involves isolating antibiotic-resistant bacteria from car and office door handles in a university environment. Using the simple random sampling method, twenty samples (20) from car door handles and twenty samples (20) from office door handles were collected, the isolation of bacteria was done using standard microbiological procedures and identification of the isolates was done using cultural, microscopic and biochemical characterization. Determination of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. Antibiotics used included Ofloxacin (5 µg), Gentamicin (10 µg), Ceftriaxone (30 µg), Augmentin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (5 µg), Streptomycin (30 µg) and Cloxacillin (30 µg). The results showed a significant frequency of occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus at 35% and Klebsiella pneumoniae having least at 5%. From car door handles, S. epidermidis recorded 37% while K. pneumoniae recorded the least with 17.4%. The isolates exhibited resistance to antibiotics including Augmentin and Ceftriaxone (≤22 mm) while they were more susceptible to Ofloxacin (≥16 mm). All the K. pneumoniae isolated from car door handles exhibited resistance to Augmentin and Ceftriaxone. These results show that these surfaces could be a possible reservoir of infections caused by resistant bacteria, leading to difficulty in the treatment of infections caused by them.
{"title":"Investigation of the Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Car and Office Door Handles in a Tertiary Institution","authors":"Testimonies C. Adebayo-Olajide, Goodhead, A. Dakoru, Ekeneokot E. Uche, Usman-Wali Maryam","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2277","url":null,"abstract":"Multidrug-resistant bacteria have posed a public health concern over the years, especially with the difficulty and cost of treatment of infections they cause. Fomites such as door handles are thus potent means through which pathogens are transmitted from one person to another as contact with them is made. This study thus involves isolating antibiotic-resistant bacteria from car and office door handles in a university environment. Using the simple random sampling method, twenty samples (20) from car door handles and twenty samples (20) from office door handles were collected, the isolation of bacteria was done using standard microbiological procedures and identification of the isolates was done using cultural, microscopic and biochemical characterization. Determination of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. Antibiotics used included Ofloxacin (5 µg), Gentamicin (10 µg), Ceftriaxone (30 µg), Augmentin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (5 µg), Streptomycin (30 µg) and Cloxacillin (30 µg). The results showed a significant frequency of occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus at 35% and Klebsiella pneumoniae having least at 5%. From car door handles, S. epidermidis recorded 37% while K. pneumoniae recorded the least with 17.4%. The isolates exhibited resistance to antibiotics including Augmentin and Ceftriaxone (≤22 mm) while they were more susceptible to Ofloxacin (≥16 mm). All the K. pneumoniae isolated from car door handles exhibited resistance to Augmentin and Ceftriaxone. These results show that these surfaces could be a possible reservoir of infections caused by resistant bacteria, leading to difficulty in the treatment of infections caused by them.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2275
Fasema, R, Ngwai, Y. B, Ishaleku, D, Nkene, I. H, Abimiku, R. H, Tama, S. C, Igbawua, I. N
Aims: This study investigates and reports the detection of qnr genes (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance PMQR) in S.typhi isolated from stool of patients with suspected typhoid fever, in Federal Medical Center, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between October 2022 and November 2023. Methodology: Salmonella typhi was isolated from stool of patients with suspected typhoid fever using standard culture and microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the disc diffusion method to investigate the ability of S. typhi to resist some antibiotics. Qnr genes (qnrC,qnrD,qnrS) were detected by PCR and amplification. Results: 17 out of 150 (11.3%) of the samples collected had S.typhi. Antibiotic resistance in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: cefotaxime (100.0%), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (94.1%), nalidixic acid (94.1%), cefuroxime (94.1%), imipenems (88.2%), ceftriaxone/sulbactam (82.4%), ciprofloxacin (82.4%), gentamicin (58.8%), levofloxacin (47.1%) and ofloxacin (29.4%).The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AUG- CTX-IMP-OFX-CN-NA-CXM-CRO-CIP-LBC at 29.4%. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 100% (17/17) of the isolates with the common MAR indices being 1.0 (29.4%), 0.7 (23.5%), 0.8 (17.6%) and 0.5 (17.6%). 33.3% of the isolates in FMCJ were positive for qnrC,qnrD,qnrS,qnrA+qnrC and qnrS+ aac(6′)-Ib-cr as all of qnrC qnrD,and qnrS genes were all expressed in the isolates. Conclusion: The S. typhi isolates showed lower resistances to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gentamicin, and all isolates were MAR, with resistance to 10 antibiotics being the most predominant. In addition, qnrC,qnrD, and qnrS resistance genes were all expressed in the isolates.
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistant Salmonella typhi From Patients Attending Federal Medical Center, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"Fasema, R, Ngwai, Y. B, Ishaleku, D, Nkene, I. H, Abimiku, R. H, Tama, S. C, Igbawua, I. N","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2275","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study investigates and reports the detection of qnr genes (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance PMQR) in S.typhi isolated from stool of patients with suspected typhoid fever, in Federal Medical Center, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria.\u0000Study Design: Cross sectional study.\u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, between October 2022 and November 2023.\u0000Methodology: Salmonella typhi was isolated from stool of patients with suspected typhoid fever using standard culture and microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using the disc diffusion method to investigate the ability of S. typhi to resist some antibiotics. Qnr genes (qnrC,qnrD,qnrS) were detected by PCR and amplification.\u0000Results: 17 out of 150 (11.3%) of the samples collected had S.typhi. Antibiotic resistance in the isolates in decreasing order were as follows: cefotaxime (100.0%), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (94.1%), nalidixic acid (94.1%), cefuroxime (94.1%), imipenems (88.2%), ceftriaxone/sulbactam (82.4%), ciprofloxacin (82.4%), gentamicin (58.8%), levofloxacin (47.1%) and ofloxacin (29.4%).The commonest antibiotic resistant phenotype was AUG- CTX-IMP-OFX-CN-NA-CXM-CRO-CIP-LBC at 29.4%. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed in 100% (17/17) of the isolates with the common MAR indices being 1.0 (29.4%), 0.7 (23.5%), 0.8 (17.6%) and 0.5 (17.6%). 33.3% of the isolates in FMCJ were positive for qnrC,qnrD,qnrS,qnrA+qnrC and qnrS+ aac(6′)-Ib-cr as all of qnrC qnrD,and qnrS genes were all expressed in the isolates.\u0000Conclusion: The S. typhi isolates showed lower resistances to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gentamicin, and all isolates were MAR, with resistance to 10 antibiotics being the most predominant. In addition, qnrC,qnrD, and qnrS resistance genes were all expressed in the isolates.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2274
F. E. Siagian
Aims: to briefly review the history of application of immersion oil and specifically in some Parasitology Microscopic examination. Discussion: One way of increasing the optical resolving power of the microscope is to use immersion liquids between the front lens of the objective and the cover slip. The application of immersion oil in microscopic examination began in the mid-17th century. The principle of immersion oil in microscopic examination is to improve the resolution and clarity of the image by reducing the refractive index mismatch between the specimen and the objective lens. In the context of micro-sized parasitic agent, adding this oil will greatly enhanced visualization and in turn will have a direct impact on improving the characteristic morphological image/appearance, thereby enabling observers to optimize microscopic assessment for parasitological examination. Protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium spp, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Microsporidia spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma spp, Trypanosoma spp, Babesia spp, Leishmania spp, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Blastocystis hominis are some examples of parasitic organisms that should be viewed at great magnification to see detailed morphology; and for that it means you need to add immersion oil. Conclusion: The addition of immersion oil in Paarasitology microscopic examination is surely improve optical resolution and clarity of the image and positively support Parasitologist to make correct diagnosis.
{"title":"The Use of Immersion Oil in Parasitology Light Microscopic Examination","authors":"F. E. Siagian","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i2274","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: to briefly review the history of application of immersion oil and specifically in some Parasitology Microscopic examination. \u0000Discussion: One way of increasing the optical resolving power of the microscope is to use immersion liquids between the front lens of the objective and the cover slip. The application of immersion oil in microscopic examination began in the mid-17th century. The principle of immersion oil in microscopic examination is to improve the resolution and clarity of the image by reducing the refractive index mismatch between the specimen and the objective lens. In the context of micro-sized parasitic agent, adding this oil will greatly enhanced visualization and in turn will have a direct impact on improving the characteristic morphological image/appearance, thereby enabling observers to optimize microscopic assessment for parasitological examination. Protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium spp, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Microsporidia spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma spp, Trypanosoma spp, Babesia spp, Leishmania spp, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Blastocystis hominis are some examples of parasitic organisms that should be viewed at great magnification to see detailed morphology; and for that it means you need to add immersion oil. \u0000Conclusion: The addition of immersion oil in Paarasitology microscopic examination is surely improve optical resolution and clarity of the image and positively support Parasitologist to make correct diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"50 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140440284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1271
Chiazor Nneamaka Ezeanya, Chigozirim Ogubuike
Introduction: The COVID-19 social restriction measures, a strategy to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus influenced people’s general well-being worldwide especially their sexual health. The study examined the influence of Covid-19 social restriction measures on sexual behaviours and reproductive health outcomes of young adults in Rivers State, Nigeria Methods: This study is a descriptive online-based cross-sectional design conducted among young adults aged 18-25 years. A structured questionnaire was designed using Google form and the link shared online for completion via Facebook and WhatsApp group platforms with a request to forward the link to their peers. The data was subjected to descriptive analysis using SPSS version 22. Results: More than half 65% of the respondents were female, and 68.7% were between the ages of 21-25 years. The majority 76.3% of the respondents had sexual experience. There was a decrease in satisfaction with sex life (from 65.9% to 47.9%) and decline in condom non-usage (from 39.8% to 45%) before and during the COVID-19 social restriction measures respectively. There was an increase in sexual activities (from 11.9% to 19.4% 2-3 times a week), increase in masturbation (from 12.1% to 31.7%) and in pornography (from 45% to 59.2%) before and during the COVID-19 social restriction measures respectively. About 47.4% were pregnant or impregnated someone and 19.2% of the young adults reported being infected with STI or HIV during the COVID-19 social restriction measures. The young adults experienced difficulties accessing contraceptives and STI management services. Conclusion: The COVID-19 social restriction measures impacted sexual behaviours, reproductive health outcomes, and the availability, accessibility and utilization sexual and reproductive services by young adult
{"title":"Influence of Covid-19 Social Restriction Measures on Sexual Behaviours and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Young Adults in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Chiazor Nneamaka Ezeanya, Chigozirim Ogubuike","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1271","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The COVID-19 social restriction measures, a strategy to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus influenced people’s general well-being worldwide especially their sexual health. The study examined the influence of Covid-19 social restriction measures on sexual behaviours and reproductive health outcomes of young adults in Rivers State, Nigeria \u0000Methods: This study is a descriptive online-based cross-sectional design conducted among young adults aged 18-25 years. A structured questionnaire was designed using Google form and the link shared online for completion via Facebook and WhatsApp group platforms with a request to forward the link to their peers. The data was subjected to descriptive analysis using SPSS version 22. \u0000Results: More than half 65% of the respondents were female, and 68.7% were between the ages of 21-25 years. The majority 76.3% of the respondents had sexual experience. There was a decrease in satisfaction with sex life (from 65.9% to 47.9%) and decline in condom non-usage (from 39.8% to 45%) before and during the COVID-19 social restriction measures respectively. There was an increase in sexual activities (from 11.9% to 19.4% 2-3 times a week), increase in masturbation (from 12.1% to 31.7%) and in pornography (from 45% to 59.2%) before and during the COVID-19 social restriction measures respectively. About 47.4% were pregnant or impregnated someone and 19.2% of the young adults reported being infected with STI or HIV during the COVID-19 social restriction measures. The young adults experienced difficulties accessing contraceptives and STI management services. \u0000Conclusion: The COVID-19 social restriction measures impacted sexual behaviours, reproductive health outcomes, and the availability, accessibility and utilization sexual and reproductive services by young adult","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"228 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140489751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1270
Rosemary Edward, David Ishaleku, Ismaila Ibrahim, H. I. Mohammed, Bawonda Ene Omenyi
Aims: This study was conducted to detect Schistosoma mansoni among patients in primary healthcare centres in Keffi, Nigeria using microscopic and molecular techniques. Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between March 2021 and September 2021. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 200 (29 each from Gidan Zakara, Sabon Gida, Jigwada, Angwan Jaba and 28 each from Kowa, Kaibo Mada and Yarkadai PHCs) patients and information were obtained by structured questionnaires. The ova of S. mansoni were microscopically detected from the samples using the formol ether stool sedimentation technique. The S. mansoni DNA was extracted from the samples and detected by conventional PCR technique using type-specific primers. Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 200 patients screened, 2(1.0%) and 11(5.5%) were positive for intestinal schistosomiasis using microscopy and PCR respectively. Although age, gender and occupation of the patients were not significantly associated with the parasitic infection (P>0.05), however, higher prevalence was recorded among males (12.8%) pupils/students (22.7%) aged ≤14 (20.0%). Conclusion: Our findings indicated a notable discrepancy between the two diagnostic methods, with PCR identifying a higher prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis suggesting it to be a more sensitive tool for detecting this infection. However, the choice between these methods should consider their respective strengths and limitations, as well as the practical implications for disease control and treatment.
{"title":"Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomiasis among Patients in Primary Healthcare Centres in Keffi, Nigeria","authors":"Rosemary Edward, David Ishaleku, Ismaila Ibrahim, H. I. Mohammed, Bawonda Ene Omenyi","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1270","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study was conducted to detect Schistosoma mansoni among patients in primary healthcare centres in Keffi, Nigeria using microscopic and molecular techniques. \u0000Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between March 2021 and September 2021. \u0000Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 200 (29 each from Gidan Zakara, Sabon Gida, Jigwada, Angwan Jaba and 28 each from Kowa, Kaibo Mada and Yarkadai PHCs) patients and information were obtained by structured questionnaires. The ova of S. mansoni were microscopically detected from the samples using the formol ether stool sedimentation technique. The S. mansoni DNA was extracted from the samples and detected by conventional PCR technique using type-specific primers. Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \u0000Results: Of the 200 patients screened, 2(1.0%) and 11(5.5%) were positive for intestinal schistosomiasis using microscopy and PCR respectively. Although age, gender and occupation of the patients were not significantly associated with the parasitic infection (P>0.05), however, higher prevalence was recorded among males (12.8%) pupils/students (22.7%) aged ≤14 (20.0%). \u0000Conclusion: Our findings indicated a notable discrepancy between the two diagnostic methods, with PCR identifying a higher prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis suggesting it to be a more sensitive tool for detecting this infection. However, the choice between these methods should consider their respective strengths and limitations, as well as the practical implications for disease control and treatment.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"8 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1269
Christopher Ifunanya Chukwu, R. Nwalozie, B. A. Nnokam, R. Esiere
Campylobacter, a prevalent cause of global gastroenteritis, has exhibited an escalating impact worldwide, affecting both industrialized and developing nations. Even though Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the main causes of infection, new pathogens make it imperative to comprehend the disease mechanisms, dynamics of transmission, and evolution of less-studied species. Accessible whole-genome sequences obtained through high-throughput sequencing have made it easier to conduct in-depth pathogenomic studies, particularly on species such as C. fetus and C. concisus. These studies have shown novel applications in clinical microbiology by revealing genomic traits associated with pathogenicity and offering insights into the evolutionary mechanisms shaping their genomes. Effective pathogen management urgently requires deeper understanding of the evolution of pathogenicity in emerging Campylobacter species are urgently required for effective pathogen management. This comprehensive review synthesizes existing knowledge and outlines future research directions in this crucial field. The Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, curved or spiral rods known as campylobacters include a "thermophilic group" that is important to the water industry and includes C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. upsaliensis. Acute diarrhea is the usual symptom of a human Campylobacter infection, and key virulence factors have been identified as antibiotic resistance genes and flagellar DNA. Many campylobacters are frequently found in sewage and treated sewage effluents, whereas surface waters are less contaminated. Testing for Campylobacter prevalence through epidemiological methods requires a careful balance between phenotypic and genotypic data. Campylobacters are sensitive to oxygen, but they have strong survival strategies that may involve the formation of biofilms. Methods of inactivation that work well for coliforms are thought to be appropriate for Campylobacter. In addition to providing a synthesis of current knowledge and identifying future research directions to advance strategies for the effective management and mitigation of Campylobacter-related infections, this thorough review highlights the urgent need for additional research to deepen our understanding of these pathogens. The investigation of genetic features linked to pathogenicity, dynamics of transmission, and survival strategies highlights the complex character of Campylobacter infections. The dynamic nature of Campylobacter as a primary cause of gastroenteritis necessitates continued research endeavors to guide focused interventions and lessen the worldwide impact of this grave public health issue.
{"title":"Campylobacter Species: New Insight, Clinical Diagnosis and Laboratory Approach","authors":"Christopher Ifunanya Chukwu, R. Nwalozie, B. A. Nnokam, R. Esiere","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2024/v13i1269","url":null,"abstract":"Campylobacter, a prevalent cause of global gastroenteritis, has exhibited an escalating impact worldwide, affecting both industrialized and developing nations. Even though Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the main causes of infection, new pathogens make it imperative to comprehend the disease mechanisms, dynamics of transmission, and evolution of less-studied species. Accessible whole-genome sequences obtained through high-throughput sequencing have made it easier to conduct in-depth pathogenomic studies, particularly on species such as C. fetus and C. concisus. These studies have shown novel applications in clinical microbiology by revealing genomic traits associated with pathogenicity and offering insights into the evolutionary mechanisms shaping their genomes. Effective pathogen management urgently requires deeper understanding of the evolution of pathogenicity in emerging Campylobacter species are urgently required for effective pathogen management. This comprehensive review synthesizes existing knowledge and outlines future research directions in this crucial field. The Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, curved or spiral rods known as campylobacters include a \"thermophilic group\" that is important to the water industry and includes C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. upsaliensis. Acute diarrhea is the usual symptom of a human Campylobacter infection, and key virulence factors have been identified as antibiotic resistance genes and flagellar DNA. Many campylobacters are frequently found in sewage and treated sewage effluents, whereas surface waters are less contaminated. Testing for Campylobacter prevalence through epidemiological methods requires a careful balance between phenotypic and genotypic data. Campylobacters are sensitive to oxygen, but they have strong survival strategies that may involve the formation of biofilms. Methods of inactivation that work well for coliforms are thought to be appropriate for Campylobacter. In addition to providing a synthesis of current knowledge and identifying future research directions to advance strategies for the effective management and mitigation of Campylobacter-related infections, this thorough review highlights the urgent need for additional research to deepen our understanding of these pathogens. The investigation of genetic features linked to pathogenicity, dynamics of transmission, and survival strategies highlights the complex character of Campylobacter infections. The dynamic nature of Campylobacter as a primary cause of gastroenteritis necessitates continued research endeavors to guide focused interventions and lessen the worldwide impact of this grave public health issue.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"56 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6267
R. A. Ikpeama, C. Okeke, B. Okolonkwo, Evelyn O. Onosakponome, C. O. Ezenwaka
Background: Malaria has a significant impact on public health and economic development in affected regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a global problem affecting people every year leading to a substantial number of deaths especially among children under the age of 5. Aim: A cross sectional study of Evaluation of hepatic involvement of children with malaria among the middle age children (6-10years) attending some hospitals and schools in South South region of Nigeria was conducted. Methodology: Following ethical approval from the institutions as well as concrete consent from the children’s families, 418 randomly selected children aged 6 to 10 years participated in the study. Out of this number, 298 children had malaria and 120 children who had no malaria were taken to be the control. Blood was collected through the vein using syringe into ethylene diaminetetracetic acid and lithium bottles. Giemsa stain was used to stain the blood films. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), albumin and total protein were analysed with the conventional biochemical methods. Results: Analysis of the data obtained showed that Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 18.12±0.47, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 8.56±0.12, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 69.55± 0.87 and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) 21.41±0.29 values increased (P<0.05) in malaria subjects significantly when compared with the control 5.58±18, 4.62±0.17, 16.58±0.57 and 16.64±0.29 respectively. The study equally revealed that the test group showed significant (P<0.5) decrease of albumin 30.40±0.37 values when compared with the control group54.87±0.90. Conclusion: The changes in these liver parameters go on to suggest that plasmodiasis might have adverse effect on the hepatic functionality (integrity) as well as the function. Therefore, this should not be neglected as such neglect might result to mortality.
{"title":"Case Study for Hepatic Involvement of Children with Malaria","authors":"R. A. Ikpeama, C. Okeke, B. Okolonkwo, Evelyn O. Onosakponome, C. O. Ezenwaka","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6267","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malaria has a significant impact on public health and economic development in affected regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a global problem affecting people every year leading to a substantial number of deaths especially among children under the age of 5. Aim: A cross sectional study of Evaluation of hepatic involvement of children with malaria among the middle age children (6-10years) attending some hospitals and schools in South South region of Nigeria was conducted. Methodology: Following ethical approval from the institutions as well as concrete consent from the children’s families, 418 randomly selected children aged 6 to 10 years participated in the study. Out of this number, 298 children had malaria and 120 children who had no malaria were taken to be the control. Blood was collected through the vein using syringe into ethylene diaminetetracetic acid and lithium bottles. Giemsa stain was used to stain the blood films. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), albumin and total protein were analysed with the conventional biochemical methods. Results: Analysis of the data obtained showed that Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 18.12±0.47, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 8.56±0.12, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 69.55± 0.87 and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) 21.41±0.29 values increased (P<0.05) in malaria subjects significantly when compared with the control 5.58±18, 4.62±0.17, 16.58±0.57 and 16.64±0.29 respectively. The study equally revealed that the test group showed significant (P<0.5) decrease of albumin 30.40±0.37 values when compared with the control group54.87±0.90. Conclusion: The changes in these liver parameters go on to suggest that plasmodiasis might have adverse effect on the hepatic functionality (integrity) as well as the function. Therefore, this should not be neglected as such neglect might result to mortality.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139150685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6266
C. O. Ezenwaka
Lizards (Agama agama) are the most widely distributed reptiles and has shown to be a means of transport and reservoir host to a number of protozoan and helminth parasites. The aim of this study is to determine the association between parasitic infection of Agama agama and selected characteristics (age and sex). The observational study was carried out at Otuoke community where 50 Agama agama comprising both male and females were randomly obtained. The lizards were sacrificed and their feaces were collected from their intestines and studied in the laboratory for parasite presence using light microscope. The results showed the identification of four parasites in the lizards namely; nematode (Strongyluris brevicaudata and Parapharyngodon colonensis), cestode (Oochoristica truncate), trematode (Mesocoelium monas) and Conoidasida (Toxoplasma gondii). There was no association between age (described as length of the animal) and prevalence of parasitic infection. Also, there was no association between sex and prevalence of the parasitic infection and finally, there was no association between weight and prevalence of the parasitic infection. This study has shown that although parasites are present in Agama agama, there was no gender, age and weight variations or dependence of the rate of their infection.
{"title":"Understanding the Association between Selected Agama agama Characteristics and Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Otuoke, Nigeria","authors":"C. O. Ezenwaka","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6266","url":null,"abstract":"Lizards (Agama agama) are the most widely distributed reptiles and has shown to be a means of transport and reservoir host to a number of protozoan and helminth parasites. The aim of this study is to determine the association between parasitic infection of Agama agama and selected characteristics (age and sex). The observational study was carried out at Otuoke community where 50 Agama agama comprising both male and females were randomly obtained. The lizards were sacrificed and their feaces were collected from their intestines and studied in the laboratory for parasite presence using light microscope. The results showed the identification of four parasites in the lizards namely; nematode (Strongyluris brevicaudata and Parapharyngodon colonensis), cestode (Oochoristica truncate), trematode (Mesocoelium monas) and Conoidasida (Toxoplasma gondii). There was no association between age (described as length of the animal) and prevalence of parasitic infection. Also, there was no association between sex and prevalence of the parasitic infection and finally, there was no association between weight and prevalence of the parasitic infection. This study has shown that although parasites are present in Agama agama, there was no gender, age and weight variations or dependence of the rate of their infection.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"348 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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