Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130239
Modibbo Musa Sani, Oyewumi Zainab Shefiu, Mekidani, Salu Jacob, Ekemezie, Success Chiamaka, A. C. Ada
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of extracts of some selected plant materials in the control of Powdery Mildew of Okra plant. Study Design: Completely randomized design. Place of Study: This study was carried out in the Biology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology. Methodology: Three Okra farms showing symptoms of powdery mildew disease were surveyed, disease occurrence was recorded, and disease incidence was calculated. Leaves of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) showing symptoms of powdery mildew were collected from the farms. The disease incidence was recorded and the samples of infected leaves were collected from the farms and taken to the laboratory for microscopic examination. The fungus associated with the disease was isolated and cultured to obtain a pure culture. Pathogenicity test was carried out on a healthy okra plant. Extraction of the two plants were done using methanol and it was then diluted to different concentrations. The antifungal susceptibility test on Golovinomyces cichoracearum was carried out using the agar diffusion method and recorded at various concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, and 6.25 mg/ml under in-vitro conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and antifungal activity were recorded at these concentrations. Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed that Alkaloids, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, Flavanoids, Tannins and Resins were present in both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indica (neem). These phytochemicals present are suspected to be responsible for the antifungal activity of the plants. Out of the two plants, neem leaf extract was found to be best in the inhibition of the fungus at 50 mg/ml with a significantly high inhibition of 26.77±0.50 after the treatment. At P<= 0.05 there was a significant difference in the antifungal activity of the extract of A. indica on Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Conclusion: The extracts of both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indic (neem) possess antifungal properties, and may have the potential for the production of biopesticides, that can be used for the control of fungi.
{"title":"In-vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Plant Extracts Allium sativum (Garlic) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) in the Control of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra)","authors":"Modibbo Musa Sani, Oyewumi Zainab Shefiu, Mekidani, Salu Jacob, Ekemezie, Success Chiamaka, A. C. Ada","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130239","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of extracts of some selected plant materials in the control of Powdery Mildew of Okra plant. \u0000Study Design: Completely randomized design. \u0000Place of Study: This study was carried out in the Biology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology. \u0000Methodology: Three Okra farms showing symptoms of powdery mildew disease were surveyed, disease occurrence was recorded, and disease incidence was calculated. Leaves of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) showing symptoms of powdery mildew were collected from the farms. The disease incidence was recorded and the samples of infected leaves were collected from the farms and taken to the laboratory for microscopic examination. The fungus associated with the disease was isolated and cultured to obtain a pure culture. Pathogenicity test was carried out on a healthy okra plant. Extraction of the two plants were done using methanol and it was then diluted to different concentrations. The antifungal susceptibility test on Golovinomyces cichoracearum was carried out using the agar diffusion method and recorded at various concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, and 6.25 mg/ml under in-vitro conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and antifungal activity were recorded at these concentrations. \u0000Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed that Alkaloids, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, Flavanoids, Tannins and Resins were present in both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indica (neem). These phytochemicals present are suspected to be responsible for the antifungal activity of the plants. Out of the two plants, neem leaf extract was found to be best in the inhibition of the fungus at 50 mg/ml with a significantly high inhibition of 26.77±0.50 after the treatment. At P<= 0.05 there was a significant difference in the antifungal activity of the extract of A. indica on Golovinomyces cichoracearum. \u0000Conclusion: The extracts of both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indic (neem) possess antifungal properties, and may have the potential for the production of biopesticides, that can be used for the control of fungi.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122390442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130237
R. Opuogulaya, H. T. Ekiyor, D. N. Girah, G. Eyi, M. F. Ekanem, M. B. Elleh
Plants are a source of first-line treatment for most humans, particularly in Africa and offer nutrition for most terrestrial ecosystems. The world's attention have been called repeatedly to the therapeutic marvels of plants, one of which is Garcinia kola. This study aims to determine the antisalmonella efficacy of several Garcinia kola leaf and seed extracts. Extracts of leaves, seeds, and seed/leaf were obtained using methanol and ethanol as extraction solvents. Inoculated Salmonella typhi were observed for 24 hours using the well diffusion method to determine zones of inhibition. All extracts were found to be effective against S. typhi. 100/50 mg/ml methanol leave extract produced a 14/12mm zone of inhibition, whereas 100/50 mg/ml methanol seed extract produced a 13/11mm zone of inhibition. 100/50 mg/ml ethanol leave extract showed a 17/10mm inhibition zone, while 100/50 mg/ml ethanol seed extract showed a 16/14mm inhibition zone. The inhibition zone of methanol seed/leaf extract of 100/50 mg/ml was 17/12mm, while the inhibition zone of ethanol seed/leaf extract was 19/14mm. While all concentrations of plant extracts were effective against S. typhi, greater concentrations created larger zones of inhibition and the plant extracts outperformed the control. Seed/leaf extracts outperformed seed extract and leaf extract in most cases. The results showed that ethanol was a better extraction liquid and that the leaf extracts were more potent; however, this is not true in all cases. To stimulate local mitigation of illnesses caused by Salmonella typhi, more research on the antisalmonella effectiveness of Garcinia kola seed and leaf extracts should be done.
{"title":"Antisalmonella Potency of Varying Extracts of Garcinia kola","authors":"R. Opuogulaya, H. T. Ekiyor, D. N. Girah, G. Eyi, M. F. Ekanem, M. B. Elleh","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130237","url":null,"abstract":"Plants are a source of first-line treatment for most humans, particularly in Africa and offer nutrition for most terrestrial ecosystems. The world's attention have been called repeatedly to the therapeutic marvels of plants, one of which is Garcinia kola. This study aims to determine the antisalmonella efficacy of several Garcinia kola leaf and seed extracts. Extracts of leaves, seeds, and seed/leaf were obtained using methanol and ethanol as extraction solvents. Inoculated Salmonella typhi were observed for 24 hours using the well diffusion method to determine zones of inhibition. All extracts were found to be effective against S. typhi. 100/50 mg/ml methanol leave extract produced a 14/12mm zone of inhibition, whereas 100/50 mg/ml methanol seed extract produced a 13/11mm zone of inhibition. 100/50 mg/ml ethanol leave extract showed a 17/10mm inhibition zone, while 100/50 mg/ml ethanol seed extract showed a 16/14mm inhibition zone. The inhibition zone of methanol seed/leaf extract of 100/50 mg/ml was 17/12mm, while the inhibition zone of ethanol seed/leaf extract was 19/14mm. While all concentrations of plant extracts were effective against S. typhi, greater concentrations created larger zones of inhibition and the plant extracts outperformed the control. Seed/leaf extracts outperformed seed extract and leaf extract in most cases. The results showed that ethanol was a better extraction liquid and that the leaf extracts were more potent; however, this is not true in all cases. To stimulate local mitigation of illnesses caused by Salmonella typhi, more research on the antisalmonella effectiveness of Garcinia kola seed and leaf extracts should be done.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134034631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-27DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130238
Azeez Falilat
Introduction: Environmental health encompasses the assessment and control of the environmental factors that can potentially affect health and is targeted towards preventing diseases and creating health-supportive environment. Although, the environmental health indicators are made up of intermediate and impact indicators; these indicators are most routinely used for monitoring the three most common environmental health problems faced in developing countries, which includes Malaria, ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) and Diarrhoea. This study shows the interrelationship between environmental health condition and WASH diseases (Cholera, Typhoid fever, and Diarrheal). Materials and Methods: A pre-test on analysis of Environmental Health condition in Obio-Akpo LGA, multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting a total of 50 respondent who were women, questionnaires were used to elicit data from the respondents and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics, prevalence and correlation. Results: The women in the study area indicated their willingness to participate in the survey when compared to the men, with the women having 50(100%) and the men 0(0%) participation. It was common among the respondents that 37(74%) wash their hands with soap and water while others 13(26%) wash their hands at times with soap and water, and at times they just rinse their hands with water. The diseases related to WASH that occurred in the past 12months among the respondents were 6(12%) had Cholera, Diarrhoea occurred in 10(20%) of the respondents, Typhoid malaria occurred in 13(26%) of the respondents, also Skin Infection and COVID-19 were 1(2%) each. While 19(38%) of the respondents had none of the diseases related to WASH in the past 12 months. The type of toilet facilities had a negative relationship to the prevalence of diseases with a 0.01 level of significance. Discussion: There was prevalence of WASH disease among the respondents and it was above average, it is recommended that the government and non-governmental organisations should provide water in homes and public spaces due to the strong correlation between hand washing and prevalence of diseases.
{"title":"Analysis of Environmental Health Conditions in Obio-Akpo Local Government Area, Rivers State","authors":"Azeez Falilat","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v10i130238","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Environmental health encompasses the assessment and control of the environmental factors that can potentially affect health and is targeted towards preventing diseases and creating health-supportive environment. Although, the environmental health indicators are made up of intermediate and impact indicators; these indicators are most routinely used for monitoring the three most common environmental health problems faced in developing countries, which includes Malaria, ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) and Diarrhoea. This study shows the interrelationship between environmental health condition and WASH diseases (Cholera, Typhoid fever, and Diarrheal). \u0000Materials and Methods: A pre-test on analysis of Environmental Health condition in Obio-Akpo LGA, multi-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting a total of 50 respondent who were women, questionnaires were used to elicit data from the respondents and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics, prevalence and correlation. \u0000Results: The women in the study area indicated their willingness to participate in the survey when compared to the men, with the women having 50(100%) and the men 0(0%) participation. It was common among the respondents that 37(74%) wash their hands with soap and water while others 13(26%) wash their hands at times with soap and water, and at times they just rinse their hands with water. The diseases related to WASH that occurred in the past 12months among the respondents were 6(12%) had Cholera, Diarrhoea occurred in 10(20%) of the respondents, Typhoid malaria occurred in 13(26%) of the respondents, also Skin Infection and COVID-19 were 1(2%) each. While 19(38%) of the respondents had none of the diseases related to WASH in the past 12 months. The type of toilet facilities had a negative relationship to the prevalence of diseases with a 0.01 level of significance. \u0000Discussion: There was prevalence of WASH disease among the respondents and it was above average, it is recommended that the government and non-governmental organisations should provide water in homes and public spaces due to the strong correlation between hand washing and prevalence of diseases.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115272253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430235
V. Govindan, P. K. Murthy
Many malaria endemic nations are pursuing malaria elimination and these technical challenges require the development of integrated approaches, among which safe and effective malaria vaccines could be a crucial tool. Due to non-availability of malaria vaccine, the control efforts rely heavily on treatment with new antimalarial agents preferably acting on newer targets. In this study, the protected serum proteomics after garlic and arteether combination treatment of P.berghei infected mice has been analyzed by western blotting. One of the identified host parasites specific proteins, peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA) is known to catalyze the interconversion of the cis and trans and mediate certain protein folding events both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. This study hypothesizes that, overexpressed PPIA might lead to misfold of the parasite protein which are needed for parasite multiplication and in turn lead to the parasite death or in the protection of combination drug treated samples.
{"title":"New Protein Settings to Support in vivo Antimalarial Activity in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice after Garlic-Arteether Therapy","authors":"V. Govindan, P. K. Murthy","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430235","url":null,"abstract":"Many malaria endemic nations are pursuing malaria elimination and these technical challenges require the development of integrated approaches, among which safe and effective malaria vaccines could be a crucial tool. Due to non-availability of malaria vaccine, the control efforts rely heavily on treatment with new antimalarial agents preferably acting on newer targets. In this study, the protected serum proteomics after garlic and arteether combination treatment of P.berghei infected mice has been analyzed by western blotting. One of the identified host parasites specific proteins, peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA) is known to catalyze the interconversion of the cis and trans and mediate certain protein folding events both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. This study hypothesizes that, overexpressed PPIA might lead to misfold of the parasite protein which are needed for parasite multiplication and in turn lead to the parasite death or in the protection of combination drug treated samples.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121104259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430234
Ngozi A. Ujoh, S. Amala, E. Nwokah, C. K. Wachukwu
Aim: To determine the prevalent rates of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and non-O157 strains in of isolates from meat, human stool and abattoir waste water, collected from selected sources in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Study Design: Case-controlled study. Place and Duration of Study: Selected places in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, between November, 2020 to November, 2021. Methodology: Three hundred and forty -nine (349) samples were analyzed, 80 meat and 63 waste waters from five abattoirs cited in the city, 46 meat samples from five selected sites sold by roadside butchers, 109 patient stool samples and 30 stool samples from food sellers, in addition to 20 stool samples from healthy subjects and 1 commercial bottled water which served as control samples. Tryptone soya broth (TSB) as an enrichment media, selective agar media namely; Eosin methylene blue agar, cefixime tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC), Chromagar STEC were used to isolate STEC from the samples and serology done with O157 latex agglutinating kit to confirm E. coli O157:H7 serogroup. Results: The results showed that Isolation rates obtained for E. coli O157:H7 and non O157 respectively were: abattoir meat 11(13.8%);13(16.3%), roadside meat 5(10.9%); 10(21.7%), clinical stool 7(6.4%); 27(24.7%), food sellers’ stool 4(13.3%);6(20%), waste abattoir water 2(3%); 14(22.2%). Food sellers and abattoir effluents were found to be potential sources of STEC dissemination in Port Harcourt. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using chi- square which showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the rate of isolation of E. coli O157: H7 and non- O157 strain from the samples. Conclusion: The detection of E.coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains in raw meat (food), environment and clinical samples in Port Harcourt may give rise to a potential widespread public health hazard if strict adherence to proper hygiene management are not place to regulate food processing in other to reduce contamination and foodborne infections.
{"title":"Detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Non-O157 Strains in Meat, Human Stool, Abattoir Wastewater and Hygiene Practices among Meat Peddlers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"Ngozi A. Ujoh, S. Amala, E. Nwokah, C. K. Wachukwu","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430234","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To determine the prevalent rates of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and non-O157 strains in of isolates from meat, human stool and abattoir waste water, collected from selected sources in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. \u0000Study Design: Case-controlled study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Selected places in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, between November, 2020 to November, 2021. \u0000Methodology: Three hundred and forty -nine (349) samples were analyzed, 80 meat and 63 waste waters from five abattoirs cited in the city, 46 meat samples from five selected sites sold by roadside butchers, 109 patient stool samples and 30 stool samples from food sellers, in addition to 20 stool samples from healthy subjects and 1 commercial bottled water which served as control samples. Tryptone soya broth (TSB) as an enrichment media, selective agar media namely; Eosin methylene blue agar, cefixime tellurite-sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC), Chromagar STEC were used to isolate STEC from the samples and serology done with O157 latex agglutinating kit to confirm E. coli O157:H7 serogroup. \u0000Results: The results showed that Isolation rates obtained for E. coli O157:H7 and non O157 respectively were: abattoir meat 11(13.8%);13(16.3%), roadside meat 5(10.9%); 10(21.7%), clinical stool 7(6.4%); 27(24.7%), food sellers’ stool 4(13.3%);6(20%), waste abattoir water 2(3%); 14(22.2%). Food sellers and abattoir effluents were found to be potential sources of STEC dissemination in Port Harcourt. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using chi- square which showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the rate of isolation of E. coli O157: H7 and non- O157 strain from the samples. \u0000Conclusion: The detection of E.coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains in raw meat (food), environment and clinical samples in Port Harcourt may give rise to a potential widespread public health hazard if strict adherence to proper hygiene management are not place to regulate food processing in other to reduce contamination and foodborne infections.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131462728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430233
A. Alabbadi, Moshrega Mahgoub Ahmed, M. Bashir, G. M. Mahjaf, B. M. T. Gorish
Background: Bacterial resistance is a more serious threat, and herbal medicines have been used as an alternative solution to this problem. Honey has been used to treat bacterial infections for decades. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Shendi, Sudan between October 2021 and November 2021. In this study, 50 different clinical samples were collected from different microbiology laboratories in Shendi City, and different Gram-positive cocci bacteria were isolated and identified by Gram’s staining and biochemical tests. The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to the bee honey was determined using agar well diffusion technique. Results: Out of a total of 50 clinical specimens cultured the most frequent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (46%), Streptococcus epidermidis (36%), Streptococcus viridian's (10%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4%), while the least isolated bacteria was Enterococcus fecalis (4%). On the other hand, 100% (v/v) honey was more effective than the tested antibiotics, inhibiting 74% of clinical isolates, while 38% of microorganisms were inhibited by only 50% (v/v) honey and 14% of organisms inhibited by 25% (v/v) Honey. Bee honey showed a clear effect on the isolated bacteria. Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that honey has broad activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, honey can be considered as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. The medicinal use of Sudanese honey and the assumption that the possibility of local production of bioactive honey requires additional investigation.
{"title":"In vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Bee Honey against Gram-Positive Cocci Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimen in Shendi Town","authors":"A. Alabbadi, Moshrega Mahgoub Ahmed, M. Bashir, G. M. Mahjaf, B. M. T. Gorish","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430233","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacterial resistance is a more serious threat, and herbal medicines have been used as an alternative solution to this problem. Honey has been used to treat bacterial infections for decades. \u0000Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Shendi, Sudan between October 2021 and November 2021. In this study, 50 different clinical samples were collected from different microbiology laboratories in Shendi City, and different Gram-positive cocci bacteria were isolated and identified by Gram’s staining and biochemical tests. The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to the bee honey was determined using agar well diffusion technique. \u0000Results: Out of a total of 50 clinical specimens cultured the most frequent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (46%), Streptococcus epidermidis (36%), Streptococcus viridian's (10%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4%), while the least isolated bacteria was Enterococcus fecalis (4%). On the other hand, 100% (v/v) honey was more effective than the tested antibiotics, inhibiting 74% of clinical isolates, while 38% of microorganisms were inhibited by only 50% (v/v) honey and 14% of organisms inhibited by 25% (v/v) Honey. Bee honey showed a clear effect on the isolated bacteria. \u0000Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that honey has broad activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, honey can be considered as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. The medicinal use of Sudanese honey and the assumption that the possibility of local production of bioactive honey requires additional investigation.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"68 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131520114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-08DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430230
M. Y. Iliyasu, U. M. Askira, I. M. Tom, M. Sahal, S. Y. Dogonjeji, H. Tahir, Z. M. Kabeer, H. S. Musa, S. Panda, A. Sama’ila
Background: Cryptosporidium is an etiologic agent of gastro-intestinal disorders and severe, profuse watery diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients, such as people living with HIV/AIDS. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium parvum among HIV patients who usually received antiretroviral therapy (ART) in four selected hospitals in Maiduguri Metropolis. Study Design: This is a clinical laboratory study of opportunistic pathogens in HIV/AIDS Patients. Place and Duration of Study: This was conducted at the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, the University of Maiduguri in collaboration with the Biological Sciences Department, ATBU Bauchi, Nigeria, between March 2021, and February 2022. Methods: A total of 400 faecal specimens were collected from confirmed HIV-positive patients and screened for Cryptosporidium-specific antigen by Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Genomic DNA Extraction was done by Quick-DNATM Faecal Microbe Miniprep with PCR amplification and sequencing of 18s SSU rRNA gene using specific reference primers. Results: Out of the 70 HIV/AIDS and Cryptosporidium co-infected patients, 20 of the samples contained 18s SSU rRNA genes, with the highest frequency (45.0%) found in patients from the University Teaching Hospital. The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that there is significant intra-species diversity in the genus Cryptosporidium. The four human C. parvum isolates differ from the bovine and the two avian isolates in three regions of the 18s rRNA gene. Conclusion: The human genotype (genotype I) found in this study is exclusively human and in a single non-human primate, in bovine genotype (genotype II) has proved to be anthroponotic and zoonotic to the livestock. The study, therefore, advocates further genotyping of Cryptosporidium from both HIV-infected patients and immunocompetent hosts from various regions together with surveillance of animal and environmental reservoirs is highly recommended.
{"title":"Genotypic and Phylogenetic Profile of Cryptosporidium Parvum Strains from HIV Positive Patients in Maiduguri, Nigeria","authors":"M. Y. Iliyasu, U. M. Askira, I. M. Tom, M. Sahal, S. Y. Dogonjeji, H. Tahir, Z. M. Kabeer, H. S. Musa, S. Panda, A. Sama’ila","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430230","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cryptosporidium is an etiologic agent of gastro-intestinal disorders and severe, profuse watery diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients, such as people living with HIV/AIDS. \u0000Aim: This study was carried out to determine the genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium parvum among HIV patients who usually received antiretroviral therapy (ART) in four selected hospitals in Maiduguri Metropolis. \u0000Study Design: This is a clinical laboratory study of opportunistic pathogens in HIV/AIDS Patients. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This was conducted at the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, the University of Maiduguri in collaboration with the Biological Sciences Department, ATBU Bauchi, Nigeria, between March 2021, and February 2022. \u0000Methods: A total of 400 faecal specimens were collected from confirmed HIV-positive patients and screened for Cryptosporidium-specific antigen by Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Genomic DNA Extraction was done by Quick-DNATM Faecal Microbe Miniprep with PCR amplification and sequencing of 18s SSU rRNA gene using specific reference primers. \u0000Results: Out of the 70 HIV/AIDS and Cryptosporidium co-infected patients, 20 of the samples contained 18s SSU rRNA genes, with the highest frequency (45.0%) found in patients from the University Teaching Hospital. The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that there is significant intra-species diversity in the genus Cryptosporidium. The four human C. parvum isolates differ from the bovine and the two avian isolates in three regions of the 18s rRNA gene. \u0000Conclusion: The human genotype (genotype I) found in this study is exclusively human and in a single non-human primate, in bovine genotype (genotype II) has proved to be anthroponotic and zoonotic to the livestock. The study, therefore, advocates further genotyping of Cryptosporidium from both HIV-infected patients and immunocompetent hosts from various regions together with surveillance of animal and environmental reservoirs is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122222244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study is aimed at Isolating and Identifying the Toxigenic Aspergillus species Associated With Sorghum Grains and Locally Brewed Beer (Burkutu) in Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, Nigeria. Methodology: Sorghum grains and locally brewed beer (Burkutu) were collected from three different locations; Gyel, Kugiya, and Doruwa Market of Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, and Screened for their fungal and total aflatoxin level. The grains were blended for 30 seconds using a high-speed blender. 1 gram of the blended sorghum and 1ml of the Burkutu sample (local beer) were cultured into freshly prepared PDA supplemented with 0.5mg/ml of gentamycin and streptomycin to suppress bacterial growth. This was then incubated at a temperature of 37°C for 72 hours after which various fungi colonies were observed and counted with a colony counter. The fungi isolated were further sub-cultured to obtain pure cultures after which they were classified using conidial morphology as obtained from microscopy. Lactophenol cotton blue mount was also carried out to identify the exact fungi with reference to a mycological atlas. The colony-forming unit for each sample was determined, and the Aflatoxin test was carried out using a Mycotoxin kit (the Rida Quick Scan method) to determine the Total aflatoxin level. Results: The Aspergillus species found in both Sorghum grains and Burkuru (local beer) were: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus. For sorghum grains, Aspergillus niger had the highest frequency of occurrence (42.86%) while Aspergillus flavus & Aspergillus fumigatus occurred equally with (28.57%) respectively. Aspergillus flavus had the highest frequency of occurrence in Burkutu (50%), followed by Aspergillus niger (33.33%) and the least was Aspergillus fumigatus (16.67%). The highest aflatoxin level for grains was detected in Kugiya which had (3.6 parts per billion) followed by the grain sample from Gyel which had (3.0 Ppb) and the least was Doruwa (2.8 Ppb). Burkutu had the highest total level of aflatoxin (3.1Ppb) in the sample from Gyel, followed by Burkutu from Doruwa (2.6 Ppb) and the least was from Kugiya (2.4 Ppb). Conclusion: Both the sorghum grains and Locally Brewed Beer (Burkutu) collected from the Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, Nigeria were significantly contaminated by the toxigenic Aspergillus species. This indicates possible health hazards for humans and animals ingesting these substances. However, effective screening of these grains for aflatoxins is advocated to ensure the safety of both grains and their products.
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Toxigenic Aspergillus species Associated with Sorghum Grains and Locally Brewed Beer (Burkutu) in Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, Nigeria","authors":"Ekemezie, Success Chiamaka, Gusen, Nanret Joshua, Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Modibbo Musa Sani, Oo Patience","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i430232","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study is aimed at Isolating and Identifying the Toxigenic Aspergillus species Associated With Sorghum Grains and Locally Brewed Beer (Burkutu) in Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Sorghum grains and locally brewed beer (Burkutu) were collected from three different locations; Gyel, Kugiya, and Doruwa Market of Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, and Screened for their fungal and total aflatoxin level. The grains were blended for 30 seconds using a high-speed blender. 1 gram of the blended sorghum and 1ml of the Burkutu sample (local beer) were cultured into freshly prepared PDA supplemented with 0.5mg/ml of gentamycin and streptomycin to suppress bacterial growth. This was then incubated at a temperature of 37°C for 72 hours after which various fungi colonies were observed and counted with a colony counter. The fungi isolated were further sub-cultured to obtain pure cultures after which they were classified using conidial morphology as obtained from microscopy. Lactophenol cotton blue mount was also carried out to identify the exact fungi with reference to a mycological atlas. The colony-forming unit for each sample was determined, and the Aflatoxin test was carried out using a Mycotoxin kit (the Rida Quick Scan method) to determine the Total aflatoxin level. \u0000Results: The Aspergillus species found in both Sorghum grains and Burkuru (local beer) were: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus. For sorghum grains, Aspergillus niger had the highest frequency of occurrence (42.86%) while Aspergillus flavus & Aspergillus fumigatus occurred equally with (28.57%) respectively. Aspergillus flavus had the highest frequency of occurrence in Burkutu (50%), followed by Aspergillus niger (33.33%) and the least was Aspergillus fumigatus (16.67%). The highest aflatoxin level for grains was detected in Kugiya which had (3.6 parts per billion) followed by the grain sample from Gyel which had (3.0 Ppb) and the least was Doruwa (2.8 Ppb). Burkutu had the highest total level of aflatoxin (3.1Ppb) in the sample from Gyel, followed by Burkutu from Doruwa (2.6 Ppb) and the least was from Kugiya (2.4 Ppb). \u0000Conclusion: Both the sorghum grains and Locally Brewed Beer (Burkutu) collected from the Bukuru Metropolis of Jos South Local Government Area, Nigeria were significantly contaminated by the toxigenic Aspergillus species. This indicates possible health hazards for humans and animals ingesting these substances. However, effective screening of these grains for aflatoxins is advocated to ensure the safety of both grains and their products.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132080533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i330229
B. Çelik
Aims: In this study, the antibiofilm activity of citric acid on P. fluorescens isolated from raw milk samples was studied. Background: Due to the resistance it gives to Pseudomonas bacteria, the presence of biofilm has been mentioned in recent studies. Biofilm is defined as the irreversible mucoid layer that microorganisms form on any surface and milk biofilms, which are the cause of contamination in milk, are a major concern in the dairy industry. Methods: In this study, antibiofilm activity of citric acid and chlorine was investigated in 16 Pseudomonas fluorescens strains isolated from raw milk samples. For this purpose, the prevention and removal of biofilm formation of P. fluorescens strains was determined comparatively after treatment with microtitration plates with chlorine or citric acid. Results: It was found that after treatment of microplates with citric acid, biofilm formation in P. fluorescens isolates was prevented by 52% and eliminated by 71-78%. It was also found that after the microplates were treated with chlorine, biofilm formation was prevented by 48% and eliminated by 61%. Conclusion: This study showed that it was observed that citric acid can be used as an antibiofilm against biofilms produced by P. fluorescens bacteria.
{"title":"Effect of Citric Acid on Biofilm Formed by P. fluorescens Strains Isolated from Raw Milk Samples Offered for Consumption","authors":"B. Çelik","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i330229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i330229","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: In this study, the antibiofilm activity of citric acid on P. fluorescens isolated from raw milk samples was studied. \u0000Background: Due to the resistance it gives to Pseudomonas bacteria, the presence of biofilm has been mentioned in recent studies. Biofilm is defined as the irreversible mucoid layer that microorganisms form on any surface and milk biofilms, which are the cause of contamination in milk, are a major concern in the dairy industry. \u0000Methods: In this study, antibiofilm activity of citric acid and chlorine was investigated in 16 Pseudomonas fluorescens strains isolated from raw milk samples. For this purpose, the prevention and removal of biofilm formation of P. fluorescens strains was determined comparatively after treatment with microtitration plates with chlorine or citric acid. \u0000Results: It was found that after treatment of microplates with citric acid, biofilm formation in P. fluorescens isolates was prevented by 52% and eliminated by 71-78%. It was also found that after the microplates were treated with chlorine, biofilm formation was prevented by 48% and eliminated by 61%. \u0000Conclusion: This study showed that it was observed that citric acid can be used as an antibiofilm against biofilms produced by P. fluorescens bacteria.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127283538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i330228
A. Utshudi, R. O. Oleko, C. Kayembe, D. Onautshu, E. M. Kitete, B. M. Mbala, P. Mpiana
Background: The Plant of Jatropha curcas is known for their many biological activities including antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial. Aim: To provide update knowledge on the phytochemistry, toxicology and antiviral activity of some medically interesting Jatropha curcas. Study Design: Multidisciplinary advanced bibliographic surveys and dissemination of the resulted knowledge. Results: The literature review shows that Jatropha curcas have antiviral properties on different types of viruses. Different parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, latex, seeds, fruits and other parts have been reported to have different compounds which have interesting bioactivities and antiviral properties. Conclusion: The present mini-review can therefore help inform future scientific research towards the development of anti-Hepatitis B virus and antiCovid-19 herbal drugs of relevance as well as nutraceuticals from J. curcas for the improvement of human health and wellbeing using reverse pharmacology approach. Molecular docking of some naturally occurring isolate compounds against anti-Hepatitis B virus protease is in progress.
{"title":"Antiviral Activities of Jatropha curcas: A Review","authors":"A. Utshudi, R. O. Oleko, C. Kayembe, D. Onautshu, E. M. Kitete, B. M. Mbala, P. Mpiana","doi":"10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i330228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v9i330228","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Plant of Jatropha curcas is known for their many biological activities including antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial. \u0000Aim: To provide update knowledge on the phytochemistry, toxicology and antiviral activity of some medically interesting Jatropha curcas. \u0000Study Design: Multidisciplinary advanced bibliographic surveys and dissemination of the resulted knowledge. \u0000Results: The literature review shows that Jatropha curcas have antiviral properties on different types of viruses. Different parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, latex, seeds, fruits and other parts have been reported to have different compounds which have interesting bioactivities and antiviral properties. \u0000Conclusion: The present mini-review can therefore help inform future scientific research towards the development of anti-Hepatitis B virus and antiCovid-19 herbal drugs of relevance as well as nutraceuticals from J. curcas for the improvement of human health and wellbeing using reverse pharmacology approach. Molecular docking of some naturally occurring isolate compounds against anti-Hepatitis B virus protease is in progress.","PeriodicalId":129993,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pathogen Research","volume":"517 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123693416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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