Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8378
M. Faizan, A. Hadimani, B. M. Chandhan, G. Kavana
The present investigation aimed to evaluate Okra hybrids for growth and yield characteristics during the monsoon season in the dry and humid regions of Telangana. The experiment was conducted under augmented design with nineteen numbers of checks over 335 okra hybrids. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the traits under adjusted and unadjusted treatment effect and moreover checks also, except the number of days for flowering. The comparative mean performance deduced the hybrids like 21A014, 21A046, 21A064, 21A077, 21A079, 21A095, 21A112, 21A121, 21A181, 21A235, 21A252 and Check-12 has performed well under monsoon condition for various characters. The genetic parameter revealed that the traits like number of branches, stem internode distance (cm), average fruit weight (g), seed count, yield per plant (g/plant) and yield per hectare (t/ha) resulted in moderate Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV), Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), with high broad sense heritability coupled with high Genetic Advance over Mean (GAM). The selected hybrids can be potentially evaluated for the summer season in various locations for yield prospective and viral tolerance.
{"title":"Hybrid evaluation for yield and yield attributes in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) during monsoon season","authors":"M. Faizan, A. Hadimani, B. M. Chandhan, G. Kavana","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8378","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation aimed to evaluate Okra hybrids for growth and yield characteristics during the monsoon season in the dry and humid regions of Telangana. The experiment was conducted under augmented design with nineteen numbers of checks over 335 okra hybrids. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the traits under adjusted and unadjusted treatment effect and moreover checks also, except the number of days for flowering. The comparative mean performance deduced the hybrids like 21A014, 21A046, 21A064, 21A077, 21A079, 21A095, 21A112, 21A121, 21A181, 21A235, 21A252 and Check-12 has performed well under monsoon condition for various characters. The genetic parameter revealed that the traits like number of branches, stem internode distance (cm), average fruit weight (g), seed count, yield per plant (g/plant) and yield per hectare (t/ha) resulted in moderate Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV), Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), with high broad sense heritability coupled with high Genetic Advance over Mean (GAM). The selected hybrids can be potentially evaluated for the summer season in various locations for yield prospective and viral tolerance.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131986180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8284
I. B. Iorliam, Tavershima Richard Ugoo
The effect of postharvest application of plant leaf powders on the physical quality and shelf life of okra fruits during Storage in Makurdi was determined. Moringa and Neem leaf powders were used to coat the okra fruits, which were then kept at room temperature. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial combination of treatments, fitted in a completely randomized design, and replicated thrice. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GENSTAT statistical package, and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at a 5% level of probability to separate the means. Results revealed that plant leaf powders of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Moringa oleifera have the ability to enhance the shelf life and maintain the physicochemical quality of okra fruits under storage. These powders also have the potential to be antifungal. Among the okra varieties studied, Clemson spineless gave better physical quality as compared to stubby okra thus the shelf life during storage. Treated okra shelf life extended to day 15 whereas the untreated fruits ranged from 1 - 7 days. These botanicals offer alternatives for maintaining crop management and postharvest physiology in addition to being safe for consumers, inexpensive, easy to create, and easy to apply formulations. It is therefore recommended the use of plant leaf powders particularly M. oleifera for the storage of okra fruits in Makurdi.
{"title":"Effect of postharvest application of plant powders on physical quality and shelf life of okra during storage in Makurdi","authors":"I. B. Iorliam, Tavershima Richard Ugoo","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8284","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of postharvest application of plant leaf powders on the physical quality and shelf life of okra fruits during Storage in Makurdi was determined. Moringa and Neem leaf powders were used to coat the okra fruits, which were then kept at room temperature. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial combination of treatments, fitted in a completely randomized design, and replicated thrice. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GENSTAT statistical package, and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at a 5% level of probability to separate the means. Results revealed that plant leaf powders of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Moringa oleifera have the ability to enhance the shelf life and maintain the physicochemical quality of okra fruits under storage. These powders also have the potential to be antifungal. Among the okra varieties studied, Clemson spineless gave better physical quality as compared to stubby okra thus the shelf life during storage. Treated okra shelf life extended to day 15 whereas the untreated fruits ranged from 1 - 7 days. These botanicals offer alternatives for maintaining crop management and postharvest physiology in addition to being safe for consumers, inexpensive, easy to create, and easy to apply formulations. It is therefore recommended the use of plant leaf powders particularly M. oleifera for the storage of okra fruits in Makurdi.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130608831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-11DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8356
Abbas Saleem Khan, M. Z. Afridi, Adil Zia, A. Mihoub, M. Saeed, Musawer Abbas, A. Jamal
Soil salinity is a major constraint to modern agriculture, with around 20% of the previously irrigated area becoming salt affected. Identifying suitable salt stress-tolerant genotypes based on their agronomic and physiological traits remains a herculean challenge in forage-type Oat (Avena sativa L.) breeding. The present study was designed to investigate the response of oat crop plants against the salt (NaCl) stress in Mardan, Pakistan. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors trail comprising of the performance of four different genotypes of oat (NARC oat, PARC oat, Green Gold and Islamabad oat) in response to four levels of saline stress (0, 25, 50 and 75 mmol L-1 NaCl). Plant growth and physiological parameters including germination (G, %); fresh shoot weight (FSW, g); fresh root weight (FRW, g); chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids were analyzed for identifying salt tolerance. Germination (%) of oat genotypes was negatively affected by higher salt stress. Mean values showed that maximum germination (57.5%) was recorded for control while minimum germination (48.75%) was recorded for 25 mmol L-1 NaCl and that maximum germination (58%) was recorded for PARC oat. The root and shoot fresh weight of all genotypes declined with increasing salt stress, while NARC and Green Gold oat showed considerably higher values than the other genotypes. Although chlorophyll and carotenoids were found to be negatively affected by increasing salt concentrations, NARC and Green Gold oat genotypes performed considerably better at 75 mmol L-1 NaCl when compared to the other genotypes. Based on the mean shoot dry weight ratio ± one standard error, the four Oat genotypes were categorized as salt-tolerant (Green Gold), moderately tolerant (PARC and NARC), and salt-sensitive (Islamabad). The more salt-tolerant genotype (Green Gold) demonstrated relatively high salinity tolerance and may be useful for developing high-yielding oat hybrids in future breeding programs under salt stress conditions.
{"title":"Morphophysiological Responses of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes from Pakistan’s Semiarid Regions to Salt Stress","authors":"Abbas Saleem Khan, M. Z. Afridi, Adil Zia, A. Mihoub, M. Saeed, Musawer Abbas, A. Jamal","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8356","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinity is a major constraint to modern agriculture, with around 20% of the previously irrigated area becoming salt affected. Identifying suitable salt stress-tolerant genotypes based on their agronomic and physiological traits remains a herculean challenge in forage-type Oat (Avena sativa L.) breeding. The present study was designed to investigate the response of oat crop plants against the salt (NaCl) stress in Mardan, Pakistan. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors trail comprising of the performance of four different genotypes of oat (NARC oat, PARC oat, Green Gold and Islamabad oat) in response to four levels of saline stress (0, 25, 50 and 75 mmol L-1 NaCl). Plant growth and physiological parameters including germination (G, %); fresh shoot weight (FSW, g); fresh root weight (FRW, g); chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids were analyzed for identifying salt tolerance. Germination (%) of oat genotypes was negatively affected by higher salt stress. Mean values showed that maximum germination (57.5%) was recorded for control while minimum germination (48.75%) was recorded for 25 mmol L-1 NaCl and that maximum germination (58%) was recorded for PARC oat. The root and shoot fresh weight of all genotypes declined with increasing salt stress, while NARC and Green Gold oat showed considerably higher values than the other genotypes. Although chlorophyll and carotenoids were found to be negatively affected by increasing salt concentrations, NARC and Green Gold oat genotypes performed considerably better at 75 mmol L-1 NaCl when compared to the other genotypes. Based on the mean shoot dry weight ratio ± one standard error, the four Oat genotypes were categorized as salt-tolerant (Green Gold), moderately tolerant (PARC and NARC), and salt-sensitive (Islamabad). The more salt-tolerant genotype (Green Gold) demonstrated relatively high salinity tolerance and may be useful for developing high-yielding oat hybrids in future breeding programs under salt stress conditions.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121778638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8327
Enow Albert, N. Bille, N. Leonard
Despite its widespread employment as a highly efficient dimensionality reduction technique, limited research has been carried out on the advantage of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)–based compression/reconstruction of image data to machine learning-based image classification performance and storage space optimization. To address this limitation, we designed a study in which we compared the performances of two Convolutional Neural Network-Random Forest Algorithm (CNN-RF) guava leaf image classification models developed using training data from a number of original guava leaf images contained in a predefined amount of storage space (on the one hand), and a number of PCA compressed/reconstructed guava leaf images contained in the same amount of storage space (on the other hand), on the basis of four criteria – Accuracy, F1-Score, Phi Coefficient and the Fowlkes–Mallows index. Our approach achieved a 1:100 image compression ratio (99.00% image compression) which was comparatively much better than previous results achieved using other algorithms like arithmetic coding (1:1.50), wavelet transform (90.00% image compression), and a combination of three transform-based techniques – Discrete Fourier (DFT), Discrete Wavelet (DWT) and Discrete Cosine (DCT) (1:22.50). From a subjective visual quality perspective, the PCA compressed/reconstructed guava leaf images presented almost no loss of image detail. Finally, the CNN-RF model developed using PCA compressed/reconstructed guava leaf images outperformed the CNN-RF model developed using original guava leaf images by 0.10% accuracy increase, 0.10 F1-Score increase, 0.18 Phi Coefficient increase and 0.09 Fowlkes–Mallows increase.
{"title":"Application of Principal Component Analysis to advancing digital phenotyping of plant disease in the context of limited memory for training data storage","authors":"Enow Albert, N. Bille, N. Leonard","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8327","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its widespread employment as a highly efficient dimensionality reduction technique, limited research has been carried out on the advantage of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)–based compression/reconstruction of image data to machine learning-based image classification performance and storage space optimization. To address this limitation, we designed a study in which we compared the performances of two Convolutional Neural Network-Random Forest Algorithm (CNN-RF) guava leaf image classification models developed using training data from a number of original guava leaf images contained in a predefined amount of storage space (on the one hand), and a number of PCA compressed/reconstructed guava leaf images contained in the same amount of storage space (on the other hand), on the basis of four criteria – Accuracy, F1-Score, Phi Coefficient and the Fowlkes–Mallows index. Our approach achieved a 1:100 image compression ratio (99.00% image compression) which was comparatively much better than previous results achieved using other algorithms like arithmetic coding (1:1.50), wavelet transform (90.00% image compression), and a combination of three transform-based techniques – Discrete Fourier (DFT), Discrete Wavelet (DWT) and Discrete Cosine (DCT) (1:22.50). From a subjective visual quality perspective, the PCA compressed/reconstructed guava leaf images presented almost no loss of image detail. Finally, the CNN-RF model developed using PCA compressed/reconstructed guava leaf images outperformed the CNN-RF model developed using original guava leaf images by 0.10% accuracy increase, 0.10 F1-Score increase, 0.18 Phi Coefficient increase and 0.09 Fowlkes–Mallows increase.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131958793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8094
S. Ramesh, S. Babu
Biochar, the solid product of pyrolysis of biomass at thermal degradation temperatures, is useful in agriculture as manure for enhancing plant growth through the supply of nutrients. It is used in protected cultivation practices of vegetables and flower crops in the pot culture and grow bags especially to improve soil physicochemical properties, and in hydroponics to remove pollutants like heavy metals in the water. The usage of biochar as a potential soil amendment for plant growth promotion, improving soil fertility and plant disease suppression are being explored in recent years. Biochar made from many of the agro waste materials was found to suppress the plant pathogens in the soil and also effective in controlling the pathogens affecting aerial parts of the plants. Although direct antifungal or antibacterial effects and metabolites of biochar are poorly understood, induced systemic resistance in plants through signal transduction and expression of defence chemicals and metabolites have been studied. In addition, microbiome analyses through metagenome sequencing revealed an increase in the population of beneficial microbes (antagonistic to plant pathogens) in the rhizosphere soils applied with biochar.
{"title":"Biochar for the Control of Plant Pathogens","authors":"S. Ramesh, S. Babu","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8094","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar, the solid product of pyrolysis of biomass at thermal degradation temperatures, is useful in agriculture as manure for enhancing plant growth through the supply of nutrients. It is used in protected cultivation practices of vegetables and flower crops in the pot culture and grow bags especially to improve soil physicochemical properties, and in hydroponics to remove pollutants like heavy metals in the water. The usage of biochar as a potential soil amendment for plant growth promotion, improving soil fertility and plant disease suppression are being explored in recent years. Biochar made from many of the agro waste materials was found to suppress the plant pathogens in the soil and also effective in controlling the pathogens affecting aerial parts of the plants. Although direct antifungal or antibacterial effects and metabolites of biochar are poorly understood, induced systemic resistance in plants through signal transduction and expression of defence chemicals and metabolites have been studied. In addition, microbiome analyses through metagenome sequencing revealed an increase in the population of beneficial microbes (antagonistic to plant pathogens) in the rhizosphere soils applied with biochar.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127659604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8061
Gauden Nantale, P. Wasswa, Richard Tusiime, Edgar Muhumuza, I. Dramadri, P. Paparu
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp) is a legume crop mainly grown on small scale in low–input farming systems in Uganda. Cowpea bacterial blight (CoBB) disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola (Burkh.) Dye is increasingly becoming a major hindrance to cowpea productivity. Sixty-four cowpea genotypes were evaluated for their response to bacterial blight disease (CoBB). Field experiments were carried out during the first and second rainy seasons using alpha lattice design with three replications. Data on disease incidence and severity, grain yield, days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod, pod length, number of peduncles per plant, and number of branches per plant were collected. Disease severity and incidence data was used to determine relative Area Under Disease Progress Curve (rAUDPC). Results showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) among the genotypes for rAUDPC in each season. The rAUDPC across the seasons indicated that genotypes NE 32, WC 32A, WC 26 and NE 44 with rAUDPC values ranging from 0.22 to 0.26 were resistant to CoBB whereas genotypes NE 31 and NE 40 with rAUDPC values 0.44 and 0.46 respectively were susceptible. The rAUDPC did not show any significant correlation with days to 50% flowering, yield and its components. This study suggested that the genotypes NE 32, WC 32A, NE 44, and WC 26 be used as prospective parents in breeding initiatives to develop bacterial blight-resistant varieties due to their high yields and resistance to CoBB.
{"title":"Response of cowpea germplasm to bacterial blight in Uganda","authors":"Gauden Nantale, P. Wasswa, Richard Tusiime, Edgar Muhumuza, I. Dramadri, P. Paparu","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8061","url":null,"abstract":"Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp) is a legume crop mainly grown on small scale in low–input farming systems in Uganda. Cowpea bacterial blight (CoBB) disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola (Burkh.) Dye is increasingly becoming a major hindrance to cowpea productivity. Sixty-four cowpea genotypes were evaluated for their response to bacterial blight disease (CoBB). Field experiments were carried out during the first and second rainy seasons using alpha lattice design with three replications. Data on disease incidence and severity, grain yield, days to 50% flowering, number of seeds per pod, pod length, number of peduncles per plant, and number of branches per plant were collected. Disease severity and incidence data was used to determine relative Area Under Disease Progress Curve (rAUDPC). Results showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) among the genotypes for rAUDPC in each season. The rAUDPC across the seasons indicated that genotypes NE 32, WC 32A, WC 26 and NE 44 with rAUDPC values ranging from 0.22 to 0.26 were resistant to CoBB whereas genotypes NE 31 and NE 40 with rAUDPC values 0.44 and 0.46 respectively were susceptible. The rAUDPC did not show any significant correlation with days to 50% flowering, yield and its components. This study suggested that the genotypes NE 32, WC 32A, NE 44, and WC 26 be used as prospective parents in breeding initiatives to develop bacterial blight-resistant varieties due to their high yields and resistance to CoBB.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127855756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-03DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8216
Ahad Masood Hashmi, Hafiz Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Sohail Qamar Zaman, M. Aizaz, Usama Iqbal
Armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) is one of the most economically significant insect pests in global agriculture. The current study was performed to study the biology of S. litura under laboratory conditions. In the current study, the biological parameters of pests i.e., egg, larva, pupa and adult along with the duration were determined. The mean incubation period of pests on cabbage, maize and artificial diet was 2.86±0.33, 3.09 ± 0.12 and 3.97±0.77 days, respectively. S. litura had five instars. The mean developmental period of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instar on cabbage was 3.44±0.11, 2.09±0.12, 4.11±0.12, 3.00±0.20, 6.68±0.23 and 5.94±0.18 days, respectively while 2.81±0.77, 3.55±0.33, 3.64±0.45, 4.43±0.71, 6.55±0.21 and 5.98±0.19 days on the maize, respectively. The mean developmental periods were 3.85±0.54, 3.45±0.63, 3.67±0.67, 4.37±0.82, 6.55±0.23 and 5.30±0.38 days of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instars on artificial diet, respectively. The mean total life period of S. litura was 33.43±5.86 days on cabbage and 34.79±6.95 days on maize while 35.98±7.86 days on an artificial diet. The longest developmental period of S. litura was recorded on the artificial diet while the minimum was on cabbage. The mean developmental period of pupa was 7.50±0.71 days on cabbage, 9.87±0.94 days on maize and 11.63±0.99 days on an artificial diet. Females were short-lived as compared to males. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-ovipositional period of S. litura on cabbage were recorded as a minimum while maximum on an artificial diet. The maximum number of eggs laid by females with the highest hatchability on cabbage followed by maize and artificial diet. An artificial diet was not good for pest development and growth as compared to a natural diet i.e., cabbage and maize. The findings will provide basic information about food pests which help in pest management.
{"title":"Biology of Spodoptera litura on natural and artificial diet under laboratory conditions","authors":"Ahad Masood Hashmi, Hafiz Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Sohail Qamar Zaman, M. Aizaz, Usama Iqbal","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.8216","url":null,"abstract":"Armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) is one of the most economically significant insect pests in global agriculture. The current study was performed to study the biology of S. litura under laboratory conditions. In the current study, the biological parameters of pests i.e., egg, larva, pupa and adult along with the duration were determined. The mean incubation period of pests on cabbage, maize and artificial diet was 2.86±0.33, 3.09 ± 0.12 and 3.97±0.77 days, respectively. S. litura had five instars. The mean developmental period of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instar on cabbage was 3.44±0.11, 2.09±0.12, 4.11±0.12, 3.00±0.20, 6.68±0.23 and 5.94±0.18 days, respectively while 2.81±0.77, 3.55±0.33, 3.64±0.45, 4.43±0.71, 6.55±0.21 and 5.98±0.19 days on the maize, respectively. The mean developmental periods were 3.85±0.54, 3.45±0.63, 3.67±0.67, 4.37±0.82, 6.55±0.23 and 5.30±0.38 days of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instars on artificial diet, respectively. The mean total life period of S. litura was 33.43±5.86 days on cabbage and 34.79±6.95 days on maize while 35.98±7.86 days on an artificial diet. The longest developmental period of S. litura was recorded on the artificial diet while the minimum was on cabbage. The mean developmental period of pupa was 7.50±0.71 days on cabbage, 9.87±0.94 days on maize and 11.63±0.99 days on an artificial diet. Females were short-lived as compared to males. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-ovipositional period of S. litura on cabbage were recorded as a minimum while maximum on an artificial diet. The maximum number of eggs laid by females with the highest hatchability on cabbage followed by maize and artificial diet. An artificial diet was not good for pest development and growth as compared to a natural diet i.e., cabbage and maize. The findings will provide basic information about food pests which help in pest management.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122063854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-03DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.7639
Temesgen Chimdessa, C. Takele, Garamu Bayeta, Firaol Gemada, Rafisa Leta
Soil test crop response-based P calibration study can give farmers more economic use of fertilizers and better soil management practices. In a view of this, the trial was done in the Abay Choman district on ten experimental farmers’ fields in the first year of the experiment (2018/19 cropping season) to determine the economic rate of N and on twenty farmers’ fields in the second and third years of the experiment (2019/20 and 2020/21 cropping season respectively) to determine phosphorus critical level and requirement factor. In the first year of the experiment, the treatments were combined in factorial with four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 40 kg/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg/ha). While experiments in the second and third years of the experiment were six levels of Phosphorus 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha. The treatments were laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Representative soil samples were taken before planting and analyzed. Experimental sites that have a pH of < 5.5 were amended using the lime application before the setup of the experiment. Soil test results of the study sites before planting indicated that pH values of most soils were strongly acidic (<5.5) and available phosphorus of experimental soil ranged from 3.22 to 13.62 pp. The main effects of both N and P significantly influenced the mean grain yield of maize, but their interaction was not significant with a grand mean of 76.53 qt/ha during the N determination trial. Economic analysis using partial budget analysis showed 92 kg/ha of N was economically optimal for the production of maize in the Abay Choman district. The study also showed that P- the critical value (12 ppm) and P- the requirement factor (10.55 Kg P/ha) were determined for the phosphorus fertilizer recommendation in the study area. Thus, the farmers in the area might be advised to use soil test crop response-based fertilizer recommendations to increase the productivity of maize in and around the study district.
{"title":"Soil test crop response based phosphorous calibration study on maize at Abay Choman district, Horo Guduru Wollega zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia","authors":"Temesgen Chimdessa, C. Takele, Garamu Bayeta, Firaol Gemada, Rafisa Leta","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.7639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2023.v7.7639","url":null,"abstract":"Soil test crop response-based P calibration study can give farmers more economic use of fertilizers and better soil management practices. In a view of this, the trial was done in the Abay Choman district on ten experimental farmers’ fields in the first year of the experiment (2018/19 cropping season) to determine the economic rate of N and on twenty farmers’ fields in the second and third years of the experiment (2019/20 and 2020/21 cropping season respectively) to determine phosphorus critical level and requirement factor. In the first year of the experiment, the treatments were combined in factorial with four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 40 kg/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg/ha). While experiments in the second and third years of the experiment were six levels of Phosphorus 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha. The treatments were laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Representative soil samples were taken before planting and analyzed. Experimental sites that have a pH of < 5.5 were amended using the lime application before the setup of the experiment. Soil test results of the study sites before planting indicated that pH values of most soils were strongly acidic (<5.5) and available phosphorus of experimental soil ranged from 3.22 to 13.62 pp. The main effects of both N and P significantly influenced the mean grain yield of maize, but their interaction was not significant with a grand mean of 76.53 qt/ha during the N determination trial. Economic analysis using partial budget analysis showed 92 kg/ha of N was economically optimal for the production of maize in the Abay Choman district. The study also showed that P- the critical value (12 ppm) and P- the requirement factor (10.55 Kg P/ha) were determined for the phosphorus fertilizer recommendation in the study area. Thus, the farmers in the area might be advised to use soil test crop response-based fertilizer recommendations to increase the productivity of maize in and around the study district.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129658245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.7922
T. Dinsa, Urgaya Balcha, Fisseha Tadesse
The experiment was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center (ATARC), Lume and Dugda Districts during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons to identify adaptable and high yielder snap bean genotypes for East Shewa Zone and similar agro ecologies. Ten snap bean genotypes were used as planting material. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The AMMI model shows that the environment accounted for 40.93%, GXE 31.79%, and genotype 12.70% of the total variation. The high percentage of the environment indicates that the major factor influencing the yield performance of snap beans is the environment. The first two IPCAs are the most accurate model that could predict the genotype’s stability and explained by IPCA-I (53.10%) and IPCA-II (21.1%) of GEI. This result revealed that there were differential yield performances among snap bean genotypes across testing environments due to the presence of GEI. According to stability parameters (ASV, and GGE Biplot) and mean yield results revealed that G-24 and G-12 genotypes are the most stable genotypes across test locations. Therefore, G-24 and G-12 were proposed as candidate genotypes for possible release.
{"title":"AMMI Analysis for Green Pod Yield Stability of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes Evaluated in East Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"T. Dinsa, Urgaya Balcha, Fisseha Tadesse","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.7922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.7922","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center (ATARC), Lume and Dugda Districts during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons to identify adaptable and high yielder snap bean genotypes for East Shewa Zone and similar agro ecologies. Ten snap bean genotypes were used as planting material. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The AMMI model shows that the environment accounted for 40.93%, GXE 31.79%, and genotype 12.70% of the total variation. The high percentage of the environment indicates that the major factor influencing the yield performance of snap beans is the environment. The first two IPCAs are the most accurate model that could predict the genotype’s stability and explained by IPCA-I (53.10%) and IPCA-II (21.1%) of GEI. This result revealed that there were differential yield performances among snap bean genotypes across testing environments due to the presence of GEI. According to stability parameters (ASV, and GGE Biplot) and mean yield results revealed that G-24 and G-12 genotypes are the most stable genotypes across test locations. Therefore, G-24 and G-12 were proposed as candidate genotypes for possible release.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"31 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120909788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.7970
E. E. Ekoja, O. Pitan
Podagrica uniforma Jacoby and P. sjostedti Jacoby are two important flea beetles that cause economic damage to several Malvaceae crops in Africa. Host preference by the beetles was evaluated under field conditions in 2017 and 2018 using fourty different crops in the family Malvaceae. The setup was a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Both P. uniforma and P. sjostedti highly preferred the okra genotypes, but the cotton genotypes were not damaged in both years. More than 80% of the crop leaves had beetle-induced buckshot(s) except for cotton (0%) and jute mallow (<55%). Leaf tissue removal exceeded 40% of the total leaf area of kenaf. Damages induced by the beetles disrupted plants’ fitness, caused high leaf abscission and many crop stands were lost in both years. Only the okra fruits were damaged by the beetles, and plots with the Dwarf LP variety of okra recorded the highest crop loss (>43%) in both years. NHAe47-4, LD-88, and Dwarf LP okra genotypes were the first three Malvaceae crops that were most susceptible to Podagrica spp. attacks, while cotton genotypes were ranked as the least preferred crops. In conclusion, P. uniforma and P. sjostedti exhibited broad oligophagy in a polyculture of Malvaceae crops. While okra, kenaf, roselle, and jute mallow showed varying degrees of susceptibility to the beetles’ attacks, the cotton genotypes appeared to be outside the host range. The potential of utilizing this beetle-Malvaceae interaction information in agroecosystems to minimize Podagrica spp. infestation and crop losses were discussed.
{"title":"Susceptibility of different Malvaceae crops to herbivory induced by adult Podagrica spp.","authors":"E. E. Ekoja, O. Pitan","doi":"10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.7970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2022.v6.7970","url":null,"abstract":"Podagrica uniforma Jacoby and P. sjostedti Jacoby are two important flea beetles that cause economic damage to several Malvaceae crops in Africa. Host preference by the beetles was evaluated under field conditions in 2017 and 2018 using fourty different crops in the family Malvaceae. The setup was a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Both P. uniforma and P. sjostedti highly preferred the okra genotypes, but the cotton genotypes were not damaged in both years. More than 80% of the crop leaves had beetle-induced buckshot(s) except for cotton (0%) and jute mallow (<55%). Leaf tissue removal exceeded 40% of the total leaf area of kenaf. Damages induced by the beetles disrupted plants’ fitness, caused high leaf abscission and many crop stands were lost in both years. Only the okra fruits were damaged by the beetles, and plots with the Dwarf LP variety of okra recorded the highest crop loss (>43%) in both years. NHAe47-4, LD-88, and Dwarf LP okra genotypes were the first three Malvaceae crops that were most susceptible to Podagrica spp. attacks, while cotton genotypes were ranked as the least preferred crops. In conclusion, P. uniforma and P. sjostedti exhibited broad oligophagy in a polyculture of Malvaceae crops. While okra, kenaf, roselle, and jute mallow showed varying degrees of susceptibility to the beetles’ attacks, the cotton genotypes appeared to be outside the host range. The potential of utilizing this beetle-Malvaceae interaction information in agroecosystems to minimize Podagrica spp. infestation and crop losses were discussed.","PeriodicalId":130104,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Agriculture","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126843897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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