Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241255652
K. Piazza, Jamie Landy
Civilian control of the armed forces and the absence of military politicization are fundamental democratic norms. In recent years, some democratically elected national leaders, including former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, have subverted these norms. In this article, we, first, evaluate whether the increased national political involvement of the armed forces in Brazil extends to the realm of local politics and, second, discern whether conditions- and demand-based theories explain local-level trends. To do this, we descriptively assess candidacies from 21st-century Brazilian municipal elections and estimate a series of municipality- and multi-level regression models exclusively for the 2020 round. We learn that national politicization has coincided with a marked increase in the number of military candidates, conceptualized as those who use military titles in their electoral campaigns, in Brazilian mayoral and city councilor contests and that municipal support for Bolsonaro is positively associated with military candidates contesting local elections, in line with conditions-based theories, sounding the alarm bells of civil–military weakening.
{"title":"Captain Mayor and Sergeant Councilman? An Assessment of the Reach of Military Politicization in Brazilian Politics","authors":"K. Piazza, Jamie Landy","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241255652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241255652","url":null,"abstract":"Civilian control of the armed forces and the absence of military politicization are fundamental democratic norms. In recent years, some democratically elected national leaders, including former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, have subverted these norms. In this article, we, first, evaluate whether the increased national political involvement of the armed forces in Brazil extends to the realm of local politics and, second, discern whether conditions- and demand-based theories explain local-level trends. To do this, we descriptively assess candidacies from 21st-century Brazilian municipal elections and estimate a series of municipality- and multi-level regression models exclusively for the 2020 round. We learn that national politicization has coincided with a marked increase in the number of military candidates, conceptualized as those who use military titles in their electoral campaigns, in Brazilian mayoral and city councilor contests and that municipal support for Bolsonaro is positively associated with military candidates contesting local elections, in line with conditions-based theories, sounding the alarm bells of civil–military weakening.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"30 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241259080
Stephen Metraux, Claire A. Kolaja, Baylee Crone, Thomas Byrne, Rudolph P. Rull, Ben Porter
This study examined the associations between a broad range of individual characteristics and homelessness among 49,323 post-9/11 era Veterans. Questions concerning the roles of premilitary, military and post military factors in Veteran’s vulnerability to homelessness have persisted despite the considerable attention given to Veteran homelessness, and has highlighted the absence of longitudinal studies that could contribute to the empirical understanding of risk and protective factors among this population. The Veterans in this study group completed Millennium Cohort Study surveys during their military service and subsequently, when they transitioned back to civilian life. Among these Veterans, 1,071 (2.2%) reported becoming homeless after separating from the military. Results from multivariate models provide limited empirical support for direct links between aspects of military service and homelessness that are widely used to explain why Veterans become homeless. Instead, many risk factors for homelessness found here mirror risk factors among the general population. We also find a persistent association between sexual orientation and risk for homelessness, and decreased risk for homelessness among female Veterans. These findings challenge popular conceptions of why Veterans become homeless and contribute to understanding the dynamics of becoming homeless among this current Veteran cohort.
{"title":"Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Post-9/11 Era Veterans","authors":"Stephen Metraux, Claire A. Kolaja, Baylee Crone, Thomas Byrne, Rudolph P. Rull, Ben Porter","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241259080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241259080","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the associations between a broad range of individual characteristics and homelessness among 49,323 post-9/11 era Veterans. Questions concerning the roles of premilitary, military and post military factors in Veteran’s vulnerability to homelessness have persisted despite the considerable attention given to Veteran homelessness, and has highlighted the absence of longitudinal studies that could contribute to the empirical understanding of risk and protective factors among this population. The Veterans in this study group completed Millennium Cohort Study surveys during their military service and subsequently, when they transitioned back to civilian life. Among these Veterans, 1,071 (2.2%) reported becoming homeless after separating from the military. Results from multivariate models provide limited empirical support for direct links between aspects of military service and homelessness that are widely used to explain why Veterans become homeless. Instead, many risk factors for homelessness found here mirror risk factors among the general population. We also find a persistent association between sexual orientation and risk for homelessness, and decreased risk for homelessness among female Veterans. These findings challenge popular conceptions of why Veterans become homeless and contribute to understanding the dynamics of becoming homeless among this current Veteran cohort.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"49 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241260685
Dongni Li
The impact of military experience on employment has long been a hot topic of academic discussion, and understanding how military experience affects employment is crucial to promoting the employment of veterans. Based on the 2010 to 2020 China Family Panel Studies data, the article investigates the effect of military experience on individual employment and its underlying mechanism, and overcomes the endogeneity via IV-Probit model. It is found that military experience significantly contributes to employment, specifically through improving the job opportunities in the public sector, increasing the likelihood of holding an administrative position, and enhancing one’s political capital, social capital, and human capital. The findings of this article provide insights into how to deal with the unemployment problem of ex-servicemen and help the relevant authorities to formulate targeted measures to safeguard the employment of veterans.
{"title":"How Does Military Experience Affect Employment: Evidence From China","authors":"Dongni Li","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241260685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241260685","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of military experience on employment has long been a hot topic of academic discussion, and understanding how military experience affects employment is crucial to promoting the employment of veterans. Based on the 2010 to 2020 China Family Panel Studies data, the article investigates the effect of military experience on individual employment and its underlying mechanism, and overcomes the endogeneity via IV-Probit model. It is found that military experience significantly contributes to employment, specifically through improving the job opportunities in the public sector, increasing the likelihood of holding an administrative position, and enhancing one’s political capital, social capital, and human capital. The findings of this article provide insights into how to deal with the unemployment problem of ex-servicemen and help the relevant authorities to formulate targeted measures to safeguard the employment of veterans.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"63 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241260660
Marcel Mangold
This article explores the lived experiences of Ukrainian soldiers in a romantic relationship with another soldier in the same unit in the Russo-Ukrainian War. Contributing to scholarship on military couples, embodied experiences of war, human dimensions of warfare, and soldierly love, the study aims to understand how these soldiers are affected emotionally and as soldiers by having a relationship on the frontline. Drawing upon the Grounded Theory method, based on eight semi-structured interviews with soldiers from four couples, the findings visualize these experiences through four theoretical constructs. Having a relationship while serving on the frontline endowed these soldiers in Ukraine with an existential purpose that was protective and motivating, making them cautious and feel less dehumanized but also stressed from fear of loss. The findings have implications for how armed forces understand soldiers’ emotional needs and relations at war.
{"title":"Partners in Love/War: An Explorative Study of Ukrainian Soldiers’ Lived Experiences of Being in a Romantic Relationship in the Russo-Ukrainian War","authors":"Marcel Mangold","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241260660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241260660","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the lived experiences of Ukrainian soldiers in a romantic relationship with another soldier in the same unit in the Russo-Ukrainian War. Contributing to scholarship on military couples, embodied experiences of war, human dimensions of warfare, and soldierly love, the study aims to understand how these soldiers are affected emotionally and as soldiers by having a relationship on the frontline. Drawing upon the Grounded Theory method, based on eight semi-structured interviews with soldiers from four couples, the findings visualize these experiences through four theoretical constructs. Having a relationship while serving on the frontline endowed these soldiers in Ukraine with an existential purpose that was protective and motivating, making them cautious and feel less dehumanized but also stressed from fear of loss. The findings have implications for how armed forces understand soldiers’ emotional needs and relations at war.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"51 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241262206
John Sibley Butler
This commentary addresses Professor Charles C. Moskos, Jr.’s Institutional/Occupational Framework (I/O) for the study of organizational change within the military. The first section examines the integration of military organizations with other organizations, and the second section is my recollections when Moskos was formulating the thesis. The final section comments on my experiences under Professor Moskos as his PhD Student.
这篇评论论述了小查尔斯-C-莫斯科斯教授（Charles C. Moskos, Jr.）用于研究军队内部组织变革的机构/职业框架（I/O）。第一部分探讨了军事组织与其他组织的融合，第二部分是我在莫斯科斯提出论文时的回忆。最后一部分是我作为博士生师从 Moskos 教授的经历。
{"title":"The Science of Charles C. Moskos: From Institution to Occupation","authors":"John Sibley Butler","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241262206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241262206","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary addresses Professor Charles C. Moskos, Jr.’s Institutional/Occupational Framework (I/O) for the study of organizational change within the military. The first section examines the integration of military organizations with other organizations, and the second section is my recollections when Moskos was formulating the thesis. The final section comments on my experiences under Professor Moskos as his PhD Student.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"59 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241254354
Dragan Stanar
This article investigates the military side of the civil–military value gap in societies with fully professionalized armed forces. The “Huntingtonian Universe” is a paradigm of civil–military relations in which isolation and alienation of armed forces are inevitable once the military becomes separated not just from politics but from the entire political realm by its full professionalization. It is argued that the emergence of a value gap, a sentiment of moral superiority, and contempt toward civilian society is less probable in societies which rely on mandatory military service, as conscription preserves the necessary link between the military and the political realm by keeping the military profession in constant contact with society via conscripts, that is, “temporary soldiers.” Article offers a potential solution for saving the “Huntingtonian Universe” and the concept of objective control of the military by asserting that the optimal way of solving the problem of civil–military value gap is reinstating conscription along with meaningful changes in military education.
{"title":"A Problem in the Huntingtonian Universe: The Military Side of the Gap","authors":"Dragan Stanar","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241254354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241254354","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the military side of the civil–military value gap in societies with fully professionalized armed forces. The “Huntingtonian Universe” is a paradigm of civil–military relations in which isolation and alienation of armed forces are inevitable once the military becomes separated not just from politics but from the entire political realm by its full professionalization. It is argued that the emergence of a value gap, a sentiment of moral superiority, and contempt toward civilian society is less probable in societies which rely on mandatory military service, as conscription preserves the necessary link between the military and the political realm by keeping the military profession in constant contact with society via conscripts, that is, “temporary soldiers.” Article offers a potential solution for saving the “Huntingtonian Universe” and the concept of objective control of the military by asserting that the optimal way of solving the problem of civil–military value gap is reinstating conscription along with meaningful changes in military education.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141117832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241247811
Nick Wilson, J. Horrocks, G. Thomson
Military statues are being attacked and removed in multiple countries, but there is little analytic work on the associated reasons. Therefore, this research aimed to conduct a nationwide survey of outdoor military statues in a case study country (New Zealand) and identify reasons for attacks. Of the 118 statues identified, 11 (9%) of these had been physically attacked. A key risk factor for statue attack was it being linked to the colonial-era New Zealand Wars versus any other specific war (75% vs 8%, p = .003). This finding fitted with other evidence from attacks on statues of named New Zealanders (e.g. politicians) and on attacks of other types of monuments to these particular wars. It is also consistent with past and persisting injustices experienced by the Indigenous Māori population. In conclusion, some of the attacks on the military statues in this country appear to reflect social injustices and harm from colonialism.
多个国家的军事雕像遭到攻击和拆除，但对相关原因的分析工作却很少。因此，本研究旨在对案例研究国家（新西兰）的户外军事雕像进行一次全国范围的调查，并确定袭击的原因。在已确认的 118 座雕像中，有 11 座（9%）受到过人身攻击。雕像遭到攻击的一个关键风险因素是雕像与殖民时期的新西兰战争有关，而与其他任何特定战争无关（75% vs 8%, p = .003）。这一发现与其他证据相吻合，这些证据来自对有姓名的新西兰人（如政治家）雕像的袭击，以及对其他类型纪念碑的袭击。这也与土著毛利人过去和现在一直遭受的不公正待遇相吻合。总之，该国对军事雕像的一些攻击似乎反映了殖民主义造成的社会不公正和伤害。
{"title":"Why Do People Attack Military Statues? A National Survey in New Zealand","authors":"Nick Wilson, J. Horrocks, G. Thomson","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241247811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241247811","url":null,"abstract":"Military statues are being attacked and removed in multiple countries, but there is little analytic work on the associated reasons. Therefore, this research aimed to conduct a nationwide survey of outdoor military statues in a case study country (New Zealand) and identify reasons for attacks. Of the 118 statues identified, 11 (9%) of these had been physically attacked. A key risk factor for statue attack was it being linked to the colonial-era New Zealand Wars versus any other specific war (75% vs 8%, p = .003). This finding fitted with other evidence from attacks on statues of named New Zealanders (e.g. politicians) and on attacks of other types of monuments to these particular wars. It is also consistent with past and persisting injustices experienced by the Indigenous Māori population. In conclusion, some of the attacks on the military statues in this country appear to reflect social injustices and harm from colonialism.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140664507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241248360
Michelle A. Butler Samuels
{"title":"Book Review: Army spouses: Military families during the global war on terror","authors":"Michelle A. Butler Samuels","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241248360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241248360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140687107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241244621
David McCone, Wilbur Scott, Joseph Soeters
This article provides an account of the founding, growth, and success of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society (IUS), a long-established professional organization for those studying the military and war. How IUS has thrived invites explanation. Two theoretical themes guide our effort: first, the life cycles of organizations literature, and two, a complementary focus on the professional-career life cycles of IUS’s participants. To put together our account, we review articles about IUS’s early days and present oral history interview material from past and present leaders and members. We conclude with suggestions concerning IUS’s future directions.
大学间武装部队与社会研讨会（IUS）是一个历史悠久的研究军事和战争的专业组织，本文介绍了该组织的创立、发展和成功。IUS 是如何茁壮成长的，这需要解释。我们的研究以两个理论主题为指导：一是组织的生命周期文献，二是对 IUS 学员职业生涯周期的补充关注。为了把我们的论述归纳起来，我们回顾了有关国际大学协会早期的文章，并提供了对过去和现在的领导者和成员的口述历史访谈材料。最后，我们就国际大学协会的未来发展方向提出了建议。
{"title":"The Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society 70 Years Later: Alive and Kicking","authors":"David McCone, Wilbur Scott, Joseph Soeters","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241244621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241244621","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an account of the founding, growth, and success of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society (IUS), a long-established professional organization for those studying the military and war. How IUS has thrived invites explanation. Two theoretical themes guide our effort: first, the life cycles of organizations literature, and two, a complementary focus on the professional-career life cycles of IUS’s participants. To put together our account, we review articles about IUS’s early days and present oral history interview material from past and present leaders and members. We conclude with suggestions concerning IUS’s future directions.","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"95 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140695206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1177/0095327x241244739
Eyal Ben-Ari
{"title":"The Art of Military Innovation","authors":"Eyal Ben-Ari","doi":"10.1177/0095327x241244739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x241244739","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":130147,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140726851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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