Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326207
C. Wackerman
During SAXON-FPN spotlight mode Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data was collected of ocean surface waves under different environmental conditions and imaging geometries. From this data, estimates can be derived for the values of three ocean surface parameters of importance to SAR imaging: (1) the range of radial velocities within a SAR resolution cell; (2) the magnitude of the real transfer function; and (3) the phase of the real transfer function. The real transfer function relates surface wave height modulations to modulations in radar cross section. In this paper the author describes a procedure to estimate these parameters from the spotlight data and show results from the SAXON-FPN data. For certain imaging geometries the parameter estimates are consistent with previous in situ measurements.<>
{"title":"Estimation of synthetic aperture radar modulation transfer function parameters with spotlight mode data","authors":"C. Wackerman","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326207","url":null,"abstract":"During SAXON-FPN spotlight mode Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data was collected of ocean surface waves under different environmental conditions and imaging geometries. From this data, estimates can be derived for the values of three ocean surface parameters of importance to SAR imaging: (1) the range of radial velocities within a SAR resolution cell; (2) the magnitude of the real transfer function; and (3) the phase of the real transfer function. The real transfer function relates surface wave height modulations to modulations in radar cross section. In this paper the author describes a procedure to estimate these parameters from the spotlight data and show results from the SAXON-FPN data. For certain imaging geometries the parameter estimates are consistent with previous in situ measurements.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115622656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326021
S. Dosso, G. Brooke, R. D. Huston, J. Todoeschuck
Describes a high-resolution seismic experiment designed to measure ocean-bottom geoacoustic properties in the Lincoln Sea, north of Ellesmere Island, Canada. An ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) was deployed through multi-year sea ice and used to record broadband explosive sources detonated on the bottom at a number of ranges from 65 m to 1200 m. A layered compressional-speed model of the bottom was determined from an analysis of head-wave arrival times. The data set did not lend itself as readily to the estimation of shear properties; however, the shear speed of the surficial sediments was inferred from a Scholte wave arrival, and a shear-speed model is presented which is consistent with this surface value and the compressional-speed model. The importance of including an estimate of shear speed in the geoacoustic model is demonstrated using a numerical propagation model.<>
{"title":"Ocean-bottom geoacoustic measurements in the ice-covered Lincoln Sea","authors":"S. Dosso, G. Brooke, R. D. Huston, J. Todoeschuck","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326021","url":null,"abstract":"Describes a high-resolution seismic experiment designed to measure ocean-bottom geoacoustic properties in the Lincoln Sea, north of Ellesmere Island, Canada. An ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) was deployed through multi-year sea ice and used to record broadband explosive sources detonated on the bottom at a number of ranges from 65 m to 1200 m. A layered compressional-speed model of the bottom was determined from an analysis of head-wave arrival times. The data set did not lend itself as readily to the estimation of shear properties; however, the shear speed of the surficial sediments was inferred from a Scholte wave arrival, and a shear-speed model is presented which is consistent with this surface value and the compressional-speed model. The importance of including an estimate of shear speed in the geoacoustic model is demonstrated using a numerical propagation model.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115721164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.325981
J. M. Preston, R. Poeckert
Image distortion and degradation caused by platform motion are familiar to all operators of side-scan sonars. Modest motions can distort unprocessed images, that is, the images normally generated on the ship. Image processing can remove distortions by resampling the image onto a geographic reference frame based on logged platform motion. This process is often called geocoding. To allow processing, though, the platform attitude must not change so rapidly that coverage gaps result, or the overlap between transmitted and received beams is much reduced. The criteria which apply to both unprocessed and geocoded images, for a high-resolution single-beam-perside sidescan sonar, are presented. The criteria are too complex for simple summaries such as an upper limit on yaw rate, but the relative importance of the towfish degrees of freedom can be seen. Several examples, acquired with a towfish in tidal turbulence, are shown of uncorrected images which are changed significantly by geocoding, including images which appear as two separate objects in the raw image but which are united by geocoding. Platform stability indicators are calculated and correlated with distortion and break-up.<>
{"title":"Distortion and break-up of sidescan images - criteria and reconstruction by geocoding","authors":"J. M. Preston, R. Poeckert","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.325981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.325981","url":null,"abstract":"Image distortion and degradation caused by platform motion are familiar to all operators of side-scan sonars. Modest motions can distort unprocessed images, that is, the images normally generated on the ship. Image processing can remove distortions by resampling the image onto a geographic reference frame based on logged platform motion. This process is often called geocoding. To allow processing, though, the platform attitude must not change so rapidly that coverage gaps result, or the overlap between transmitted and received beams is much reduced. The criteria which apply to both unprocessed and geocoded images, for a high-resolution single-beam-perside sidescan sonar, are presented. The criteria are too complex for simple summaries such as an upper limit on yaw rate, but the relative importance of the towfish degrees of freedom can be seen. Several examples, acquired with a towfish in tidal turbulence, are shown of uncorrected images which are changed significantly by geocoding, including images which appear as two separate objects in the raw image but which are united by geocoding. Platform stability indicators are calculated and correlated with distortion and break-up.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"27 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123120173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326117
V. Wismann, R. Theis, W. Alpers, H. Huhnerfuss
As a part of the joint US-German SAXON-FPN experiment radar signatures of five experimental monomolecular sea slicks of different visco-elastic properties were measured by an airborne five-frequency (L-, S-, C-, X- and Ku-band) microwave scatterometer. The ratio of the backscattered radar power from slick-free and slick-covered sea surfaces were measured at different microwave frequencies and incidence angles such that the Bragg wavelength ranged from 2 to 40 cm. At wind speeds up to 6 m/s this ratio exhibits the wavenumber dependence that is consistent with the Marangoni damping theory, which describes the damping of ocean surface waves by visco-elastic surface films in the centimeter to decimeter wavelength region. At wind speeds between 9 and 11 m/s the ratio decreases in the wavenumber range between k=60 m/sup -1/ and k=300 m/sup -1/. No statistically significant dependence of the damping ratio on radar look direction and polarization of the radar was measured at wind speeds between 1.5 m/s and 6 m/s.<>
{"title":"The damping of short gravity-capillary waves by experimental sea slicks measured by an airborne multi-frequency microwave scatterometer","authors":"V. Wismann, R. Theis, W. Alpers, H. Huhnerfuss","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326117","url":null,"abstract":"As a part of the joint US-German SAXON-FPN experiment radar signatures of five experimental monomolecular sea slicks of different visco-elastic properties were measured by an airborne five-frequency (L-, S-, C-, X- and Ku-band) microwave scatterometer. The ratio of the backscattered radar power from slick-free and slick-covered sea surfaces were measured at different microwave frequencies and incidence angles such that the Bragg wavelength ranged from 2 to 40 cm. At wind speeds up to 6 m/s this ratio exhibits the wavenumber dependence that is consistent with the Marangoni damping theory, which describes the damping of ocean surface waves by visco-elastic surface films in the centimeter to decimeter wavelength region. At wind speeds between 9 and 11 m/s the ratio decreases in the wavenumber range between k=60 m/sup -1/ and k=300 m/sup -1/. No statistically significant dependence of the damping ratio on radar look direction and polarization of the radar was measured at wind speeds between 1.5 m/s and 6 m/s.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117051273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326098
F. el-Hawary, Yuyang Jing
A robust approach to solving the passive underwater target tracking problem based on the extended Kalman filtering (ERF) is proposed in this paper. The conventional method based on the assumption of Gaussian noise statistics is not robust in many instances and the resulting filter is likely to diverge even for the slightest deviation from the Gaussian assumption. The proposed approach involves pre-processing of data using a robust M-estimate pre-filter. Monte Carlo simulation results for test cases involving heavy-tailed contaminated observation noise demonstrate the robustness of the proposed estimation procedure.<>
{"title":"A robust pre-filtering approach to EKF underwater target tracking","authors":"F. el-Hawary, Yuyang Jing","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326098","url":null,"abstract":"A robust approach to solving the passive underwater target tracking problem based on the extended Kalman filtering (ERF) is proposed in this paper. The conventional method based on the assumption of Gaussian noise statistics is not robust in many instances and the resulting filter is likely to diverge even for the slightest deviation from the Gaussian assumption. The proposed approach involves pre-processing of data using a robust M-estimate pre-filter. Monte Carlo simulation results for test cases involving heavy-tailed contaminated observation noise demonstrate the robustness of the proposed estimation procedure.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121021222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326052
D. Harris, D. DeCicco
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored the design and fabrication of a wave follower system. The wave follower is a mechanical device designed to position sensors above and below the sea surface. Instruments are mounted on a platform suspended on an endless loop of cable rigged between two pulleys; an idler pulley below the sea surface and a drives pulley above the surface. Data obtained with the wave follower system confirms sea surface data obtained with synthetic aperture radar or other remote sensors. ONR's wave follower was originally designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Messrs Harris and DeCicco of EG&G Washington Analytical Services Center Inc. Performed all design and engineering to modify ONR's wave follower. This included replacing the direct current electric servo drive with one based on electronically controlled hydraulics and other modifications to increase the instrument payload and frequency response.<>
{"title":"Wave follower instrumentation platform redesign and test","authors":"D. Harris, D. DeCicco","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326052","url":null,"abstract":"The Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored the design and fabrication of a wave follower system. The wave follower is a mechanical device designed to position sensors above and below the sea surface. Instruments are mounted on a platform suspended on an endless loop of cable rigged between two pulleys; an idler pulley below the sea surface and a drives pulley above the surface. Data obtained with the wave follower system confirms sea surface data obtained with synthetic aperture radar or other remote sensors. ONR's wave follower was originally designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Messrs Harris and DeCicco of EG&G Washington Analytical Services Center Inc. Performed all design and engineering to modify ONR's wave follower. This included replacing the direct current electric servo drive with one based on electronically controlled hydraulics and other modifications to increase the instrument payload and frequency response.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124801262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326163
M. Wilmut, J. Ozard, B. Woods
The objective of the paper is to illustrate the use of matched field processing (MFP) for tracking targets of low signal-to-noise ratio moving linearly at constant speed and depth. The input to the tracker consists of the positions and correlation squared of the largest peaks on the MFP ambiguity surfaces. These largest peaks usually include the match at or near the source position. Since an exhaustive search for the best matching track over all possible target tracks is beyond the scope of today's computers for any realistic oceanic surveillance region, the authors propose the use of an efficient algorithm based on examining the average Bartlett output along a set of linear tracks that connect the largest peaks. A simulated example is given which the most significant tracks determined by the algorithm includes the true target track. If the true target track is one of those examined then it can be shown that its average Bartlett statistic is almost certainly maximum.<>
{"title":"An efficient target tracking algorithm for matched field processing","authors":"M. Wilmut, J. Ozard, B. Woods","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326163","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the paper is to illustrate the use of matched field processing (MFP) for tracking targets of low signal-to-noise ratio moving linearly at constant speed and depth. The input to the tracker consists of the positions and correlation squared of the largest peaks on the MFP ambiguity surfaces. These largest peaks usually include the match at or near the source position. Since an exhaustive search for the best matching track over all possible target tracks is beyond the scope of today's computers for any realistic oceanic surveillance region, the authors propose the use of an efficient algorithm based on examining the average Bartlett output along a set of linear tracks that connect the largest peaks. A simulated example is given which the most significant tracks determined by the algorithm includes the true target track. If the true target track is one of those examined then it can be shown that its average Bartlett statistic is almost certainly maximum.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125847266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326128
D. Lemon
A prototype of an operational acoustic scintillation flowmeter has been installed and operated periodically in the estuary of the Fraser River in British Columbia since 1990. The instrument transmits 200 kHz acoustic signals along two parallel paths across the river and from their fluctuations measures the spatially-averaged flow normal to the acoustic paths, in real time. A nearly continuous record of seven months duration was obtained in 1991, before river traffic damaged the installation. A comparison with an acoustic Doppler current profiler operated from a launch showed agreement for flow speeds up to 1.4 m/s. The record from the scintillation flowmeter also revealed the occasional presence of fluctuations in the spatially-avenged flow of 20 to 25 minutes period and 2.5 cm/s amplitude. As well as continuous flow speed and transport estimates, there is also the possibility of detecting changes in the concentration of suspended sediments, the turbulent refractive index and other properties of the flow.<>
{"title":"Flow measurements by acoustic scintillation drift in the Fraser River estuary","authors":"D. Lemon","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326128","url":null,"abstract":"A prototype of an operational acoustic scintillation flowmeter has been installed and operated periodically in the estuary of the Fraser River in British Columbia since 1990. The instrument transmits 200 kHz acoustic signals along two parallel paths across the river and from their fluctuations measures the spatially-averaged flow normal to the acoustic paths, in real time. A nearly continuous record of seven months duration was obtained in 1991, before river traffic damaged the installation. A comparison with an acoustic Doppler current profiler operated from a launch showed agreement for flow speeds up to 1.4 m/s. The record from the scintillation flowmeter also revealed the occasional presence of fluctuations in the spatially-avenged flow of 20 to 25 minutes period and 2.5 cm/s amplitude. As well as continuous flow speed and transport estimates, there is also the possibility of detecting changes in the concentration of suspended sediments, the turbulent refractive index and other properties of the flow.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123711011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326118
V. Wismann, M. Gade, W. Alpers, H. Huhnerfuss
Radar signatures of different mineral oil spills were measured by an airborne five-frequency, (L-, S-, C-, X-, and K/sub u/-band) four-polarization (HH, HV, VV and VH), microwave scatterometer during a controlled oil spill experiment in the North Sea. The damping ratio, defined as the ratio of the backscattered radar power from an oil-free and an oil-covered sea surface, increases monotonically for Bragg wavenumbers from k/sub B/=20 m/sup -1/ to k/sub B/=500 m/sup -1/. The damping ratio depends on the oil type and the thickness of the oil layer, but was found to be independent of the polarization and the look direction of the radar relative to the wind direction for wind speeds between 6 m/s and 10 m/s. These experimental results are interpreted in terms of a theoretical model on the damping of short gravity-capillary waves by surface films.<>
{"title":"Radar signatures of mineral oil spills measured by an airborne multi-frequency multi-polarization microwave scatterometer","authors":"V. Wismann, M. Gade, W. Alpers, H. Huhnerfuss","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326118","url":null,"abstract":"Radar signatures of different mineral oil spills were measured by an airborne five-frequency, (L-, S-, C-, X-, and K/sub u/-band) four-polarization (HH, HV, VV and VH), microwave scatterometer during a controlled oil spill experiment in the North Sea. The damping ratio, defined as the ratio of the backscattered radar power from an oil-free and an oil-covered sea surface, increases monotonically for Bragg wavenumbers from k/sub B/=20 m/sup -1/ to k/sub B/=500 m/sup -1/. The damping ratio depends on the oil type and the thickness of the oil layer, but was found to be independent of the polarization and the look direction of the radar relative to the wind direction for wind speeds between 6 m/s and 10 m/s. These experimental results are interpreted in terms of a theoretical model on the damping of short gravity-capillary waves by surface films.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125584431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326076
J.L. Wingenroth
Technological advances and engineering improvements have increased the ability to collect data in ocean environments. The Argos system has provided the ocean community with global data telemetry and geolocation capabilities for over 15 years. Many programs, including those of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere program (TOGA), have successfully used Argos for observational activities. Argos has undergone significant enhancement to address the varied requirements of users worldwide. This includes establishing regional and global processing centers, developing application-specific software, and improving methods of data dissemination. More enhancements are planned to meet user requirements through the 1990s and into the next century. For example, equipment carried aboard future satellites will more than triple current capacity of the system. Frequency measurement accuracy and receiver sensitivity will increase thereby improving accuracy of geographic positioning. This paper discusses Argos use in ocean environments and enhancements to prepare Argos for the future.<>
{"title":"Improved data telemetry and location via satellite for ocean environment applications","authors":"J.L. Wingenroth","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1993.326076","url":null,"abstract":"Technological advances and engineering improvements have increased the ability to collect data in ocean environments. The Argos system has provided the ocean community with global data telemetry and geolocation capabilities for over 15 years. Many programs, including those of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere program (TOGA), have successfully used Argos for observational activities. Argos has undergone significant enhancement to address the varied requirements of users worldwide. This includes establishing regional and global processing centers, developing application-specific software, and improving methods of data dissemination. More enhancements are planned to meet user requirements through the 1990s and into the next century. For example, equipment carried aboard future satellites will more than triple current capacity of the system. Frequency measurement accuracy and receiver sensitivity will increase thereby improving accuracy of geographic positioning. This paper discusses Argos use in ocean environments and enhancements to prepare Argos for the future.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":130255,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of OCEANS '93","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115020454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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