Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0270
P. Weston
Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease accounts for 0.5% of all cases of diabetes mellitus. These conditions are associated with exocrine as well as endocrine pancreatic failure and present a complex management challenge. Diabetes in patients with haemochromatosis is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications and most patients require insulin therapy. Regular venesection to reduce the iron overload is associated with improvements in glycaemic control. Secondary haemochromatosis occurring in patients with haematological conditions requiring frequent blood transfusions is also associated with diabetes. Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease is commonly seen and can present complex management problems which are best managed by a multidisciplinary team. Treating the underlying condition, as well as the associated hyperglycaemia, is essential.
{"title":"Diabetes Secondary to Pancreatic Disease","authors":"P. Weston","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0270","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease accounts for 0.5% of all cases of diabetes mellitus. These conditions are associated with exocrine as well as endocrine pancreatic failure and present a complex management challenge. Diabetes in patients with haemochromatosis is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications and most patients require insulin therapy. Regular venesection to reduce the iron overload is associated with improvements in glycaemic control. Secondary haemochromatosis occurring in patients with haematological conditions requiring frequent blood transfusions is also associated with diabetes. Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease is commonly seen and can present complex management problems which are best managed by a multidisciplinary team. Treating the underlying condition, as well as the associated hyperglycaemia, is essential.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127367358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0186
S. Ahmed, S. Ali
The newborn infant with a suspected disorder of sex development (DSD) presents a challenging scenario. It is paramount that any such chid is assessed by an expert with adequate knowledge about the range of variation in the physical appearance of genitalia, the underlying pathophysiology of disorders of sex development and the strengths and weaknesses of the tests that can be performed in early infancy. By working within a multidisciplinary team, the DSD expert can ensure that the parents’ needs for information are comprehensively addressed and that appropriate investigations are performed in a timely fashion. In the field of rare conditions, it is imperative that the clinician shares the experience with others through national and international clinical and research collaboration so that any evidence for future changes in practice have a stronger foundation than that which is currently available.
{"title":"Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) in the Newborn","authors":"S. Ahmed, S. Ali","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0186","url":null,"abstract":"The newborn infant with a suspected disorder of sex development (DSD) presents a challenging scenario. It is paramount that any such chid is assessed by an expert with adequate knowledge about the range of variation in the physical appearance of genitalia, the underlying pathophysiology of disorders of sex development and the strengths and weaknesses of the tests that can be performed in early infancy. By working within a multidisciplinary team, the DSD expert can ensure that the parents’ needs for information are comprehensively addressed and that appropriate investigations are performed in a timely fashion. In the field of rare conditions, it is imperative that the clinician shares the experience with others through national and international clinical and research collaboration so that any evidence for future changes in practice have a stronger foundation than that which is currently available.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125390920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0175
Wenyu Huang, M. Molitch
Pituitary adenomas are commonly found in general population. The impact of pituitary tumour on fertility are mainly due to over-secretion and/or under-secretion of pituitary hormones due to the tumour secretion per se or compression of pituitary stalk and normal pituitary tissue by the tumour. Diagnosing and managing pituitary tumours during pregnancy are faced with many challenges, including the effect of either hormone excess or hormone deficiency on pregnancy outcome, changes in the pituitary or pituitary-related hormones during pregnancy, changes in tumour size during pregnancy, and the impact of various treatments of pituitary tumours on maternal and fetal outcomes. This chapter will discuss the diagnosis and treatment of patients with prolactinomas, acromegaly, Cushing’s disease and other pituitary tumours during pregnancy.
{"title":"Pituitary Tumours in Pregnancy","authors":"Wenyu Huang, M. Molitch","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0175","url":null,"abstract":"Pituitary adenomas are commonly found in general population. The impact of pituitary tumour on fertility are mainly due to over-secretion and/or under-secretion of pituitary hormones due to the tumour secretion per se or compression of pituitary stalk and normal pituitary tissue by the tumour. Diagnosing and managing pituitary tumours during pregnancy are faced with many challenges, including the effect of either hormone excess or hormone deficiency on pregnancy outcome, changes in the pituitary or pituitary-related hormones during pregnancy, changes in tumour size during pregnancy, and the impact of various treatments of pituitary tumours on maternal and fetal outcomes. This chapter will discuss the diagnosis and treatment of patients with prolactinomas, acromegaly, Cushing’s disease and other pituitary tumours during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122649070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0274
M. Calcia, C. Whicher, H. Price, K. Ismail, C. Moulton
Every category of mental disorders in the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) is associated with type 2 diabetes. Concurrent mental disorders add an additional £1.8 billion annually to the costs of type 2 diabetes care. This chapter will summarize those mental disorders most commonly associated with type 2 diabetes (depression, eating disorders, psychotic disorders, and dementia). Practical advice for non-specialists in recognizing these disorders and initiating first-line therapy will also be given. Finally, novel interventions to achieve better integration between mental and physical healthcare and improved biomedical outcomes and outlook for patients will be suggested.
{"title":"Type 2 Diabetes and Psychiatry","authors":"M. Calcia, C. Whicher, H. Price, K. Ismail, C. Moulton","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0274","url":null,"abstract":"Every category of mental disorders in the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) is associated with type 2 diabetes. Concurrent mental disorders add an additional £1.8 billion annually to the costs of type 2 diabetes care. This chapter will summarize those mental disorders most commonly associated with type 2 diabetes (depression, eating disorders, psychotic disorders, and dementia). Practical advice for non-specialists in recognizing these disorders and initiating first-line therapy will also be given. Finally, novel interventions to achieve better integration between mental and physical healthcare and improved biomedical outcomes and outlook for patients will be suggested.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122892561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0070
B. Vaidya, C. Daumerie
Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common condition associated with a raised serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) but normal serum free thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It is more prevalent in women and people with advancing age. Most patients with subclinical hypothyroidism are asymptomatic. About 2.5% patients progress to overt hypothyroidism annually although the rate of progression is higher in the presence of thyroid autoantibodies. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, heart failure and cerebrovascular disease in younger patients (<65 years), particularly in those with TSH ≥10.0 mU/L. Currently, there is no randomized controlled trial evidence that levothyroxine prevents these complications, although a large observational study has shown that levothyroxine may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in younger patients (<70 years). The treatment decision for subclinical hypothyroidism requires careful consideration of the patients’ age as well as the presence of symptoms, thyroid autoantibodies, and cardiovascular risk factors.
{"title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism","authors":"B. Vaidya, C. Daumerie","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0070","url":null,"abstract":"Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common condition associated with a raised serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) but normal serum free thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It is more prevalent in women and people with advancing age. Most patients with subclinical hypothyroidism are asymptomatic. About 2.5% patients progress to overt hypothyroidism annually although the rate of progression is higher in the presence of thyroid autoantibodies. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, heart failure and cerebrovascular disease in younger patients (<65 years), particularly in those with TSH ≥10.0 mU/L. Currently, there is no randomized controlled trial evidence that levothyroxine prevents these complications, although a large observational study has shown that levothyroxine may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in younger patients (<70 years). The treatment decision for subclinical hypothyroidism requires careful consideration of the patients’ age as well as the presence of symptoms, thyroid autoantibodies, and cardiovascular risk factors.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123011083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0044
L. Hegedüs, F. N. Bennedbæk
Clinical examination and evaluation of thyroid function remain fundamental in the evaluation of thyroid disorders, but observer variation leads to a considerable heterogeneity in the evaluation of patients with suspected thyroid disease. Thus, it is not surprising that imaging of the thyroid is often performed. Although it most often cannot distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, and its clinical value is thought to be limited, a recent survey confirms the value of ultrasonography (US) in euthyroid patients with a solitary thyroid nodule. The thyroid gland can be evaluated by several non-isotopic imaging techniques. The most commonly used are US, CT, and MRI. Each method has advantages and limitations, and there is no absolute clinical indication for performing any of these imaging procedures in most patients.
{"title":"Thyroid Imaging: Non-Isotopic Techniques","authors":"L. Hegedüs, F. N. Bennedbæk","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0044","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical examination and evaluation of thyroid function remain fundamental in the evaluation of thyroid disorders, but observer variation leads to a considerable heterogeneity in the evaluation of patients with suspected thyroid disease. Thus, it is not surprising that imaging of the thyroid is often performed. Although it most often cannot distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, and its clinical value is thought to be limited, a recent survey confirms the value of ultrasonography (US) in euthyroid patients with a solitary thyroid nodule. The thyroid gland can be evaluated by several non-isotopic imaging techniques. The most commonly used are US, CT, and MRI. Each method has advantages and limitations, and there is no absolute clinical indication for performing any of these imaging procedures in most patients.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122054485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0156
Julian P. L. Davis, A. Swiecicka
Hyperprolactinaemia is a common clinical problem with important effects on reproductive function. The condition is often drug-induced but potential pituitary disease, including micro- and macroprolactinoma and non-tumoural hyperprolactinaemia, requires evaluation. Treatment is usually with dopamine agonist drugs such as cabergoline, which suppress hyperprolactinaemia in most patients, and allow restoration of regular ovulation in women. Even large pituitary tumours usually display marked shrinkage with dopamine agonist treatment, hence pituitary surgery is rarely necessary. Women who become pregnant with dopamine agonists usually discontinue the drug during pregnancy, but have a small risk of significant pituitary enlargement.
{"title":"Hyperprolactinaemia","authors":"Julian P. L. Davis, A. Swiecicka","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0156","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperprolactinaemia is a common clinical problem with important effects on reproductive function. The condition is often drug-induced but potential pituitary disease, including micro- and macroprolactinoma and non-tumoural hyperprolactinaemia, requires evaluation. Treatment is usually with dopamine agonist drugs such as cabergoline, which suppress hyperprolactinaemia in most patients, and allow restoration of regular ovulation in women. Even large pituitary tumours usually display marked shrinkage with dopamine agonist treatment, hence pituitary surgery is rarely necessary. Women who become pregnant with dopamine agonists usually discontinue the drug during pregnancy, but have a small risk of significant pituitary enlargement.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"52 9 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122213300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0152
G. Bozdag, B. Ata, Engin Türkgeldi
Understanding the physiology of follicular development is important in order to extrapolate the preclinical data to the clinical side. In this context, there has been an increasing effort to figure out the autocrine/paracrine signalling and microenvironment that will determine the fate of a follicle. The processes of atresia or further development to later stages reaching to a dominant follicle appear to be regulated by highly complicated system that consists oocyte and granulosa cell derived factors, peptides, cytokines, and sex steroids. Additionally, recent research on the menstrual cycle that yields the presence of more than one wave of follicular cohort growing within a single period will undoubtedly implicate our perception on reproductive function, hormonal contraception, and ovarian stimulation during an assisted reproduction treatment. This chapter reviews the current knowledge that reflects the timetable of a follicle throughout the early ages to the formation of dominant follicle and corresponding endometrial changes.
{"title":"Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation","authors":"G. Bozdag, B. Ata, Engin Türkgeldi","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0152","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the physiology of follicular development is important in order to extrapolate the preclinical data to the clinical side. In this context, there has been an increasing effort to figure out the autocrine/paracrine signalling and microenvironment that will determine the fate of a follicle. The processes of atresia or further development to later stages reaching to a dominant follicle appear to be regulated by highly complicated system that consists oocyte and granulosa cell derived factors, peptides, cytokines, and sex steroids. Additionally, recent research on the menstrual cycle that yields the presence of more than one wave of follicular cohort growing within a single period will undoubtedly implicate our perception on reproductive function, hormonal contraception, and ovarian stimulation during an assisted reproduction treatment. This chapter reviews the current knowledge that reflects the timetable of a follicle throughout the early ages to the formation of dominant follicle and corresponding endometrial changes.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129426142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0268
A. Hattersley, K. Patel, R. Besser
Monogenic diabetes refers to diabetes resulting from mutations in a single gene. This chapter discusses monogenic disorders causing beta-cell dysfunction, which accounts for the majority of cases. Patients can usually be divided into three clinical categories; maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) which is dominantly inherited familial diabetes, neonatal diabetes diagnosed under the age of 6 months and monogenic diabetes syndromes which are characterized by multiple non-pancreatic features. In each clinical category there are several aetiological genes, which usually result in a discrete clinical phenotype. Genetic diagnosis is now possible in >80% of cases and is crucial in determining appropriate management, predicting clinical course, screening affected relatives, and genetic counselling of unaffected family members. Importantly, in many of the most common causes of monogenic beta-cell diabetes, making a diagnosis can result in greatly improved treatment. However diagnosis can be challenging because of low prevalence rates in a diabetes clinic (1–3%) and the majority of patients are therefore misdiagnosed as having type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Features that distinguish these disorders are discussed.
{"title":"Monogenic Forms of Diabetes Resulting from Beta-Cell Dysfunction","authors":"A. Hattersley, K. Patel, R. Besser","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0268","url":null,"abstract":"Monogenic diabetes refers to diabetes resulting from mutations in a single gene. This chapter discusses monogenic disorders causing beta-cell dysfunction, which accounts for the majority of cases. Patients can usually be divided into three clinical categories; maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) which is dominantly inherited familial diabetes, neonatal diabetes diagnosed under the age of 6 months and monogenic diabetes syndromes which are characterized by multiple non-pancreatic features. In each clinical category there are several aetiological genes, which usually result in a discrete clinical phenotype. Genetic diagnosis is now possible in >80% of cases and is crucial in determining appropriate management, predicting clinical course, screening affected relatives, and genetic counselling of unaffected family members. Importantly, in many of the most common causes of monogenic beta-cell diabetes, making a diagnosis can result in greatly improved treatment. However diagnosis can be challenging because of low prevalence rates in a diabetes clinic (1–3%) and the majority of patients are therefore misdiagnosed as having type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Features that distinguish these disorders are discussed.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129127255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0153
R. Roberts, S. Franks, C. Jayasena
Female reproductive endocrine disorders are common, and can result in significant morbidity for women due to their impact on fertility, in addition to physical, psychological, and sexual consequences. It is therefore important that women with menstrual disorders are recognized, receive thorough clinical evaluation, and have access to appropriate services to facilitate prompt diagnosis so that hormone levels are maintained and the potential health consequences on fertility, bone, and cardiovascular health are minimized. Clinical assessment is often sufficient to determine the likely cause of female reproductive disorders or infertility, and allow subsequent diagnostic evaluation to be performed in a more targeted manner. This chapter will provide a practical and systematic guide to interpreting clinical assessment of female reproductive endocrine disorders.
{"title":"Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Reproductive Endocrine Disorders","authors":"R. Roberts, S. Franks, C. Jayasena","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0153","url":null,"abstract":"Female reproductive endocrine disorders are common, and can result in significant morbidity for women due to their impact on fertility, in addition to physical, psychological, and sexual consequences. It is therefore important that women with menstrual disorders are recognized, receive thorough clinical evaluation, and have access to appropriate services to facilitate prompt diagnosis so that hormone levels are maintained and the potential health consequences on fertility, bone, and cardiovascular health are minimized. Clinical assessment is often sufficient to determine the likely cause of female reproductive disorders or infertility, and allow subsequent diagnostic evaluation to be performed in a more targeted manner. This chapter will provide a practical and systematic guide to interpreting clinical assessment of female reproductive endocrine disorders.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130644691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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