Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0171
K. Poppe, F. Veltri, D. Unuane
Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and infertility. Fertility problems may persist even after restoring normal thyroid function, and then an assisted reproductive technology (ART) may be considered as a therapeutic option. Prior to an ART treatment, an ovarian hyperstimulation is performed, leading to high oestradiol levels, which may lead to hypothyroidism in women with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), necessitating thyroid hormone supplements (LT4) before pregnancy. Moreover, women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and idiopathic infertility have a higher prevalence of TAI. Women with a known hypothyroidism before pregnancy and treated with LT4 should have a serum TSH <2.5 mIU/L, both in case of assisted and spontaneous pregnancies. Women with Graves’ disease desiring pregnancy should be advised of the increased risk of maternal and fetal complications and about the possible side effects of antithyroid drugs. If necessary, pregnancy must be postponed until euthyroidism is reached and confirmed. With the exception of women planning ART or those known to have TAI, at present there are no recommendations regarding universal screening for thyroid function in the preconception phase.
{"title":"Management of Thyroid Disorders Before Assisted and Spontaneous Pregnancies","authors":"K. Poppe, F. Veltri, D. Unuane","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0171","url":null,"abstract":"Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and infertility. Fertility problems may persist even after restoring normal thyroid function, and then an assisted reproductive technology (ART) may be considered as a therapeutic option. Prior to an ART treatment, an ovarian hyperstimulation is performed, leading to high oestradiol levels, which may lead to hypothyroidism in women with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), necessitating thyroid hormone supplements (LT4) before pregnancy. Moreover, women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and idiopathic infertility have a higher prevalence of TAI. Women with a known hypothyroidism before pregnancy and treated with LT4 should have a serum TSH <2.5 mIU/L, both in case of assisted and spontaneous pregnancies. Women with Graves’ disease desiring pregnancy should be advised of the increased risk of maternal and fetal complications and about the possible side effects of antithyroid drugs. If necessary, pregnancy must be postponed until euthyroidism is reached and confirmed. With the exception of women planning ART or those known to have TAI, at present there are no recommendations regarding universal screening for thyroid function in the preconception phase.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122369522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0119
E. Maher, R. Casey
A phaeochromocytoma is a tumour arising from the adrenal medulla and a paraganglioma refers to its extra-adrenal counterpart, which can develop from sympathetic or parasympathetic tissue anywhere from the skull base to the pelvis. Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are considered to be the most heritable tumours as up to 40% of patients who develop these tumours have a hereditary predisposition. This chapter provides an update on the clinical and molecular genetics of PPGL and related syndromes, as well as offering a guideline for genetic testing and surveillance of those individuals identified as carriers for a known PPGL predisposition gene.
{"title":"Familial Syndromes and Genetic Causes of Paraganglioma and Phaeochromocytoma","authors":"E. Maher, R. Casey","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0119","url":null,"abstract":"A phaeochromocytoma is a tumour arising from the adrenal medulla and a paraganglioma refers to its extra-adrenal counterpart, which can develop from sympathetic or parasympathetic tissue anywhere from the skull base to the pelvis. Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are considered to be the most heritable tumours as up to 40% of patients who develop these tumours have a hereditary predisposition. This chapter provides an update on the clinical and molecular genetics of PPGL and related syndromes, as well as offering a guideline for genetic testing and surveillance of those individuals identified as carriers for a known PPGL predisposition gene.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122804141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0011
G. Brabant, H. Oster
Hormonal signalling is a central component of the regulation of sleep, behaviour, and multiple other physiological processes aligned with external time cues through endogenous circadian clocks. Endocrine feedback to the circadian clock is exerted via key systems and supports the robustness of endogenous rhythmicity. It is challenged by multiple modern lifestyle factors such as shift work, light pollution, or high-calorie diets which may alter this delicate balance and shift physiological set points. The following chapter summarizes current knowledge on the underlying mechanisms controlling this interregulation of circadian timing, sleep, and the endocrine system, and what disorders may be caused by its imbalance.
{"title":"Endocrinology, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms","authors":"G. Brabant, H. Oster","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Hormonal signalling is a central component of the regulation of sleep, behaviour, and multiple other physiological processes aligned with external time cues through endogenous circadian clocks. Endocrine feedback to the circadian clock is exerted via key systems and supports the robustness of endogenous rhythmicity. It is challenged by multiple modern lifestyle factors such as shift work, light pollution, or high-calorie diets which may alter this delicate balance and shift physiological set points. The following chapter summarizes current knowledge on the underlying mechanisms controlling this interregulation of circadian timing, sleep, and the endocrine system, and what disorders may be caused by its imbalance.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128519298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0177
D. Torpy, M. O’Reilly, S. M. D. De Sousa
Diagnosis of adrenal gland dysfunction in pregnancy is complex, and confounded by physiological gestational changes in maternal adrenal hormone metabolism. Management of newly diagnosed or pre-existing adrenal disease in pregnant women requires intensive input from the endocrinologist, and close collaboration with the obstetrician or fetal medicine specialist. Maternal adrenal gland dysfunction during pregnancy encompasses adrenocortical disorders resulting in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency or excess, and medullary disease resulting in catecholamine excess. The aim of this chapter is to review clinical aspects of the most common adrenal disorders in pregnancy, and to discuss approaches to diagnosis and management. Both benign and malignant diseases of the adrenal cortex and medulla will also be discussed.
{"title":"Adrenal Disease in Pregnancy","authors":"D. Torpy, M. O’Reilly, S. M. D. De Sousa","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0177","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnosis of adrenal gland dysfunction in pregnancy is complex, and confounded by physiological gestational changes in maternal adrenal hormone metabolism. Management of newly diagnosed or pre-existing adrenal disease in pregnant women requires intensive input from the endocrinologist, and close collaboration with the obstetrician or fetal medicine specialist. Maternal adrenal gland dysfunction during pregnancy encompasses adrenocortical disorders resulting in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency or excess, and medullary disease resulting in catecholamine excess. The aim of this chapter is to review clinical aspects of the most common adrenal disorders in pregnancy, and to discuss approaches to diagnosis and management. Both benign and malignant diseases of the adrenal cortex and medulla will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128767724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0168
Siew S. Lim, A. Mousa, S. Shorakae, L. Moran
Undernutrition adversely affects fertility. A low body weight is associated with delayed conception. When conception does occur, undernutrition could also adversely affect pregnancy outcomes. Low prepregnancy BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) is associated with increased risk of early miscarriage, preterm labour, anaemia, insufficient weight gain, and impaired intrauterine fetal growth. On the other hand, overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and other complications during pregnancy and delivery. Weight loss through energy restriction, with or without exercise, improves reproductive function in overweight or obese women. Aside from body weight and energy status, maternal macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes before and during pregnancy would also influence pregnancy outcomes. Studies in mostly nutritionally at-risk women reported that balanced energy/protein supplementation (<25% energy from protein) is associated with higher birth weights but high protein supplementation (> 25% energy from protein) may increase the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Reducing glycaemic index or glycaemic load of maternal diet may reduce the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births or gestational diabetes. In terms of micronutrients, current evidence supports folic acid supplementation (at least 400 µg/day) to reduce the risk of fetal abnormalities, iodine supplementation for women at risk of iodine deficiency to prevent complications in fetal physical and mental development, and iron supplementation to reduce the risk of maternal anaemia where required.
{"title":"Exogenous Factors and Female Reproductive Health","authors":"Siew S. Lim, A. Mousa, S. Shorakae, L. Moran","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0168","url":null,"abstract":"Undernutrition adversely affects fertility. A low body weight is associated with delayed conception. When conception does occur, undernutrition could also adversely affect pregnancy outcomes. Low prepregnancy BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) is associated with increased risk of early miscarriage, preterm labour, anaemia, insufficient weight gain, and impaired intrauterine fetal growth. On the other hand, overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and other complications during pregnancy and delivery. Weight loss through energy restriction, with or without exercise, improves reproductive function in overweight or obese women. Aside from body weight and energy status, maternal macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes before and during pregnancy would also influence pregnancy outcomes. Studies in mostly nutritionally at-risk women reported that balanced energy/protein supplementation (<25% energy from protein) is associated with higher birth weights but high protein supplementation (> 25% energy from protein) may increase the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Reducing glycaemic index or glycaemic load of maternal diet may reduce the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births or gestational diabetes. In terms of micronutrients, current evidence supports folic acid supplementation (at least 400 µg/day) to reduce the risk of fetal abnormalities, iodine supplementation for women at risk of iodine deficiency to prevent complications in fetal physical and mental development, and iron supplementation to reduce the risk of maternal anaemia where required.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129904289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0013
J. Valabhji, R. Agha-Jaffar
Changing epidemiology has led to a clear shift in focus in endocrinology disease prevention. Iodine deficiency disorders and congenital hypothyroidism were examples of conditions, which when left untreated had severe consequences including impaired neurological development. However, introduction of appropriate health policies has successfully increased early recognition and treatment, thereby reducing the associated health burden. The epidemic of type 2 diabetes has now superseded these and presents one of the greatest public health challenges. In some countries, national policies are being implemented to tackle the increasing prevalence with strategies focusing on improving the obesogenic environment, a significant modifiable contributor to type 2 diabetes, as well as strategies that aim to prevent high-risk individuals progressing through to type 2 diabetes, such as the National type 2 diabetes Prevention Programme in England. The potential for prevention in other areas including gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and osteoporosis will also be explored in this chapter.
{"title":"Prevention in Endocrinology","authors":"J. Valabhji, R. Agha-Jaffar","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Changing epidemiology has led to a clear shift in focus in endocrinology disease prevention. Iodine deficiency disorders and congenital hypothyroidism were examples of conditions, which when left untreated had severe consequences including impaired neurological development. However, introduction of appropriate health policies has successfully increased early recognition and treatment, thereby reducing the associated health burden. The epidemic of type 2 diabetes has now superseded these and presents one of the greatest public health challenges. In some countries, national policies are being implemented to tackle the increasing prevalence with strategies focusing on improving the obesogenic environment, a significant modifiable contributor to type 2 diabetes, as well as strategies that aim to prevent high-risk individuals progressing through to type 2 diabetes, such as the National type 2 diabetes Prevention Programme in England. The potential for prevention in other areas including gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and osteoporosis will also be explored in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130531827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0207
S. Grinspoon, T. Stanley
Treated and untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with perturbations in body composition and in the function of the endocrine axes. In advanced stages of disease, individuals with untreated HIV may have wasting, decreased lean mass, and abnormalities of multiple endocrine axes, including growth hormone (GH) resistance, androgen deficiency, oligo- or amenorrhea in women, and impaired adrenal function. By contrast, individuals with well-treated HIV often experience weight gain and ectopic fat accumulation. Whereas frank endocrine abnormalities are less common in people with well-treated HIV, cardiometabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are relatively common. Finally, bone mineral density may be reduced, and cardiovascular risk is increased in individuals with HIV, in large part due to the immune dysregulation and persistent inflammation that accompanies even treated HIV. Appropriate care for individuals with HIV includes evaluation of any potential signs or symptoms of endocrine dysregulation as well as assessment and management of cardiovascular risk factors.
{"title":"Endocrine Abnormalities in HIV Infection","authors":"S. Grinspoon, T. Stanley","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0207","url":null,"abstract":"Treated and untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with perturbations in body composition and in the function of the endocrine axes. In advanced stages of disease, individuals with untreated HIV may have wasting, decreased lean mass, and abnormalities of multiple endocrine axes, including growth hormone (GH) resistance, androgen deficiency, oligo- or amenorrhea in women, and impaired adrenal function. By contrast, individuals with well-treated HIV often experience weight gain and ectopic fat accumulation. Whereas frank endocrine abnormalities are less common in people with well-treated HIV, cardiometabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are relatively common. Finally, bone mineral density may be reduced, and cardiovascular risk is increased in individuals with HIV, in large part due to the immune dysregulation and persistent inflammation that accompanies even treated HIV. Appropriate care for individuals with HIV includes evaluation of any potential signs or symptoms of endocrine dysregulation as well as assessment and management of cardiovascular risk factors.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122952192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0491
H. Tournaye, B. Popovic-Todorovic
Male reproductive deficiency may result from factors that affect sperm production, sperm quality and function, or sperm transport. However, in about 30–40% of men the cause for these impairments remain unexplained, but increasingly, genetic causes are being discovered. In general, although largely unproven, a healthy lifestyle may improve sperm quality. Currently, there is no evidence of beneficial effect of food supplements and oral antioxidant preparations in management of idiopathic male infertility. Empiric hormonal treatment has no role in unexplained male infertility. Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are relatively successful and increasingly used as the management of choice in the idiopathic male infertility.
{"title":"Management of Idiopathic Male Infertility","authors":"H. Tournaye, B. Popovic-Todorovic","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0491","url":null,"abstract":"Male reproductive deficiency may result from factors that affect sperm production, sperm quality and function, or sperm transport. However, in about 30–40% of men the cause for these impairments remain unexplained, but increasingly, genetic causes are being discovered. In general, although largely unproven, a healthy lifestyle may improve sperm quality. Currently, there is no evidence of beneficial effect of food supplements and oral antioxidant preparations in management of idiopathic male infertility. Empiric hormonal treatment has no role in unexplained male infertility. Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are relatively successful and increasingly used as the management of choice in the idiopathic male infertility.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125902058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0166
Jennifer Chin, B. Kaneshiro
The birth control pill, the first hormonal contraceptive method widely available to the public, transformed the way society viewed childbearing and sexuality. Since the 1960s, many different types of hormonal contraceptives have been developed and are now available to women. There are two main categories of hormonal contraceptives, combined hormonal contraceptives, which consist of oestrogen and progestin, and progestin-only contraceptives. Within each category, various methods and formulations exist, each with a different mechanism of action, efficacy, and side effect profile. Emergency contraception offers a post-coital method that can be used in cases where women did not use contraception at the time of intercourse or had a method failure (i.e. condom breakage). Several contraceptive methods have non-contraceptive benefits. Most methods decrease the risk of endometrial cancer and combined hormonal contraceptives decrease the risk of ovarian cancer. Many methods have been used in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, and acne.
{"title":"Hormonal Contraception","authors":"Jennifer Chin, B. Kaneshiro","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0166","url":null,"abstract":"The birth control pill, the first hormonal contraceptive method widely available to the public, transformed the way society viewed childbearing and sexuality. Since the 1960s, many different types of hormonal contraceptives have been developed and are now available to women. There are two main categories of hormonal contraceptives, combined hormonal contraceptives, which consist of oestrogen and progestin, and progestin-only contraceptives. Within each category, various methods and formulations exist, each with a different mechanism of action, efficacy, and side effect profile. Emergency contraception offers a post-coital method that can be used in cases where women did not use contraception at the time of intercourse or had a method failure (i.e. condom breakage). Several contraceptive methods have non-contraceptive benefits. Most methods decrease the risk of endometrial cancer and combined hormonal contraceptives decrease the risk of ovarian cancer. Many methods have been used in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, and acne.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121025684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0003
K. Siddle, G. Brierley
Hormones travel in the bloodstream to exert effects on target tissues, which are often anatomically remote from the site of hormone secretion. They achieve this by binding and activating receptors, which usually are highly selective or specific. Receptors are grouped into several families according to their molecular structure and mechanism of action. Common classes of receptors important in endocrinology include cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cytokine-like receptors, and intracellular nuclear hormone receptors. In this chapter the basic anatomy of the signalling pathways emanating from these receptors is described, and the principles and mechanisms of information coding and transmission, and how these may go awry in endocrine disease, are discussed.
{"title":"Molecular Aspects of Hormone Regulation","authors":"K. Siddle, G. Brierley","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Hormones travel in the bloodstream to exert effects on target tissues, which are often anatomically remote from the site of hormone secretion. They achieve this by binding and activating receptors, which usually are highly selective or specific. Receptors are grouped into several families according to their molecular structure and mechanism of action. Common classes of receptors important in endocrinology include cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cytokine-like receptors, and intracellular nuclear hormone receptors. In this chapter the basic anatomy of the signalling pathways emanating from these receptors is described, and the principles and mechanisms of information coding and transmission, and how these may go awry in endocrine disease, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":130301,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131371843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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