Rafael G. dos Santos, Juliana Mendes Rocha, Giordano Novak Rossi, Flávia L. Osório, Genís Ona, José Carlos Bouso, Gabriela de Oliveira Silveira, Mauricio Yonamine, Camila Marchioni, Eduardo José Crevelin, Maria Eugênia Queiroz, José Alexandre Crippa, Jaime E. C. Hallak
Objective
To assess endocannabinoid (anandamide, AEA; 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) plasma levels in healthy volunteers and in volunteers with social anxiety disorder (SAD) after a single oral dose of ayahuasca or placebo.
Methods
Post hoc analysis of endocannabinoid plasma levels (baseline, 90 and 240 min after drug intake) from two parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. In Study 1, 20 healthy volunteers ingested ayahuasca (average 1.58 mg/ml dimethyltryptamine (DMT)) or placebo, and in Study 2, 17 volunteers with SAD received ayahuasca (average 0.680 mg/ml DMT) or placebo.
Results
A significant difference was observed in AEA concentrations in Study 2 after ayahuasca intake (Χ2(2) = 6.5, p = 0.03, Friedman test), and near significant differences (increases) were observed between baseline and 90 (Z = 0, p = 0.06, Wilcoxon test) and 240 (Z = 10, p = 0.06) minutes after ayahuasca intake.
Conclusions
Although our findings suggest that ayahuasca could modulate AEA levels in SAD patients, the high interindividual variability in both trials and the small samples preclude definitive conclusions. More research with larger samples is needed to better understand the effects of ayahuasca and other hallucinogens in the endocannabinoid system.
目的评价内源性大麻素(anandamide, AEA);2-花生四烯醇甘油酯(2-AG)在健康志愿者和患有社交焦虑症(SAD)的志愿者口服单剂量死水或安慰剂后的血浆水平。方法对两个平行组、随机、安慰剂对照试验的内源性大麻素血浆水平(服药后基线、服药后90分钟和服药后240分钟)进行事后分析。在研究1中，20名健康志愿者服用死水(平均1.58 mg/ml二甲色胺(DMT))或安慰剂，在研究2中，17名患有SAD的志愿者服用死水(平均0.680 mg/ml DMT)或安慰剂。结果研究2中服用死藤水后AEA浓度差异有统计学意义(Χ2(2) = 6.5, p = 0.03, Friedman检验)，且与服用死藤水后90分钟(Z = 0, p = 0.06, Wilcoxon检验)和240分钟(Z = 10, p = 0.06)相比差异接近统计学意义(增加)。虽然我们的研究结果表明死藤水可以调节SAD患者的AEA水平，但两项试验的高个体间差异和小样本排除了明确的结论。为了更好地了解死藤水和其他致幻剂对内源性大麻素系统的影响，需要更多的研究和更大的样本。
{"title":"Effects of ayahuasca on the endocannabinoid system of healthy volunteers and in volunteers with social anxiety disorder: Results from two pilot, proof-of-concept, randomized, placebo-controlled trials","authors":"Rafael G. dos Santos, Juliana Mendes Rocha, Giordano Novak Rossi, Flávia L. Osório, Genís Ona, José Carlos Bouso, Gabriela de Oliveira Silveira, Mauricio Yonamine, Camila Marchioni, Eduardo José Crevelin, Maria Eugênia Queiroz, José Alexandre Crippa, Jaime E. C. Hallak","doi":"10.1002/hup.2834","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2834","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To assess endocannabinoid (anandamide, AEA; 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) plasma levels in healthy volunteers and in volunteers with social anxiety disorder (SAD) after a single oral dose of ayahuasca or placebo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Post hoc</i> analysis of endocannabinoid plasma levels (baseline, 90 and 240 min after drug intake) from two parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. In Study 1, 20 healthy volunteers ingested ayahuasca (average 1.58 mg/ml dimethyltryptamine (DMT)) or placebo, and in Study 2, 17 volunteers with SAD received ayahuasca (average 0.680 mg/ml DMT) or placebo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A significant difference was observed in AEA concentrations in Study 2 after ayahuasca intake (Χ<sup>2</sup>(2) = 6.5, <i>p</i> = 0.03, Friedman test), and near significant differences (increases) were observed between baseline and 90 (Z = 0, <i>p</i> = 0.06, Wilcoxon test) and 240 (Z = 10, <i>p</i> = 0.06) minutes after ayahuasca intake.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although our findings suggest that ayahuasca could modulate AEA levels in SAD patients, the high interindividual variability in both trials and the small samples preclude definitive conclusions. More research with larger samples is needed to better understand the effects of ayahuasca and other hallucinogens in the endocannabinoid system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39880415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examined the association of serotonin receptor transporter gene polymorphism in patients with MDD with the clinical efficacy of mirtazapine (MZ) and sertraline (ST).
Method
Newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, 80 MDD patients (aged 18–45) diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria and with Beck's depression inventory score (BDI) score ≥21 were included and randomly divided into two groups of 40 participants and were administered MZ 15–45 mg/day or ST 25–200 mg/day respectively. Patients were followed up for 6 weeks for evaluation of BDI scores. Genotypic evaluation was done and three allele variants were identified based on the polymerase chain reaction fragment sizes: short (S; 486 bp), long (L; 529 bp), or extralong (XL; 612 or 654 bp) and classified into five genotypes: S/S,S/L, L/L, S/XL, and L/XL.
Result
We found that 32.5% patients belonged to the S/S genotype, suggesting that individuals with the SS genotype are at higher risk of developing MDD. No statistically significant association was seen with ST or MZ groups on the basis of genotypes. Clinically significant improvement was observed with a more than 50% reduction in BDI scores at 6 weeks of treatment with both drugs.
Conclusion
Identification of risk population can be carried out by genotype testing. Prior genotyping in MDD patients might help to predict a better clinical outcome with antidepressants.
{"title":"Association of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with efficacy of the antidepressant drugs sertraline and mirtazapine in newly diagnosed patients with major depressive disorders","authors":"Syed Gulfishan, Sumita Halder, Rajarshi Kar, Shruti Srivastava, Rachna Gupta","doi":"10.1002/hup.2833","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2833","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined the association of serotonin receptor transporter gene polymorphism in patients with MDD with the clinical efficacy of mirtazapine (MZ) and sertraline (ST).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, 80 MDD patients (aged 18–45) diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria and with Beck's depression inventory score (BDI) score ≥21 were included and randomly divided into two groups of 40 participants and were administered MZ 15–45 mg/day or ST 25–200 mg/day respectively. Patients were followed up for 6 weeks for evaluation of BDI scores. Genotypic evaluation was done and three allele variants were identified based on the polymerase chain reaction fragment sizes: short (S; 486 bp), long (L; 529 bp), or extralong (XL; 612 or 654 bp) and classified into five genotypes: S/S,S/L, L/L, S/XL, and L/XL.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Result</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that 32.5% patients belonged to the S/S genotype, suggesting that individuals with the SS genotype are at higher risk of developing MDD. No statistically significant association was seen with ST or MZ groups on the basis of genotypes. Clinically significant improvement was observed with a more than 50% reduction in BDI scores at 6 weeks of treatment with both drugs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identification of risk population can be carried out by genotype testing. Prior genotyping in MDD patients might help to predict a better clinical outcome with antidepressants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39867888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David P. Luke, Laura Lungu, Ross Friday, Devin B. Terhune
Objective
Preliminary research suggests that experiences resembling synaesthesia are frequently reported under the influence of a diverse range of chemical substances although the incidence, chemical specificity, and characteristics of these effects are poorly understood.
Methods
Here we surveyed recreational drug users and self-reported developmental synaesthetes regarding their use of 28 psychoactive drugs from 12 different drug classes and whether they had experienced synaesthesia under the influence of these substances.
Results
The drug class of tryptamines exhibited the highest incidence rates of drug-induced synaesthesia in controls and induction rates of novel forms of synaesthesia in developmental synaesthetes. Induction incidence rates in controls were strongly correlated with the corresponding induction and enhancement rates in developmental synaesthetes. In addition, the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was the strongest predictor of drug-induced synaesthesia in both controls and developmental synaesthetes. Clear evidence was observed for a clustering of synaesthesia-induction rates as a function of drug class in both groups, denoting non-random incidence rates within drug classes. Sound-colour synaesthesia was the most commonly observed type of induced synaesthesia. Further analyses suggest the presence of synaesthesia-prone individuals, who were more likely to experience drug-induced synaesthesia with multiple drugs.
Conclusions
These data corroborate the hypothesized link between drug-induced synaesthesia and serotoninergic activity, but also suggest the possibility of alternative neurochemical pathways involved in the induction of synaesthesia. They further imply that the induction and modulation of synaesthesia in controls and developmental synaesthetes share overlapping mechanisms and that certain individuals may be more susceptible to experiencing induced synaesthesia with different drugs.
{"title":"The chemical induction of synaesthesia","authors":"David P. Luke, Laura Lungu, Ross Friday, Devin B. Terhune","doi":"10.1002/hup.2832","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2832","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preliminary research suggests that experiences resembling synaesthesia are frequently reported under the influence of a diverse range of chemical substances although the incidence, chemical specificity, and characteristics of these effects are poorly understood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here we surveyed recreational drug users and self-reported developmental synaesthetes regarding their use of 28 psychoactive drugs from 12 different drug classes and whether they had experienced synaesthesia under the influence of these substances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The drug class of tryptamines exhibited the highest incidence rates of drug-induced synaesthesia in controls and induction rates of novel forms of synaesthesia in developmental synaesthetes. Induction incidence rates in controls were strongly correlated with the corresponding induction and enhancement rates in developmental synaesthetes. In addition, the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was the strongest predictor of drug-induced synaesthesia in both controls and developmental synaesthetes. Clear evidence was observed for a clustering of synaesthesia-induction rates as a function of drug class in both groups, denoting non-random incidence rates within drug classes. Sound-colour synaesthesia was the most commonly observed type of induced synaesthesia. Further analyses suggest the presence of synaesthesia-prone individuals, who were more likely to experience drug-induced synaesthesia with multiple drugs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These data corroborate the hypothesized link between drug-induced synaesthesia and serotoninergic activity, but also suggest the possibility of alternative neurochemical pathways involved in the induction of synaesthesia. They further imply that the induction and modulation of synaesthesia in controls and developmental synaesthetes share overlapping mechanisms and that certain individuals may be more susceptible to experiencing induced synaesthesia with different drugs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39831767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant challenges in the management of major depressive disorder include the lag period from treatment initiation to an evident response, low response rates and unpredictable disparities in outcome between patients. As a large part of these has been linked to genetic mechanisms, we tried to establish a relationship between genes associated with serotonin neurotransmission and outcome to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment.
Methods
One hundred and twenty-five patients with moderate to severe depression [at least 15 on the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) Rating Scale] being started on SSRI were recruited. Those with a reduction of at least 50% from baseline or an absolute score of 7 or less after 8 weeks of treatment were considered as responders. The serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region 5HTTLPR, serotonin transporter intron 2 (STin2) polymorphism and the 5-HT receptor 1A rs6295 polymorphisms were studied in association with outcome.
Results
The l/l genotype of the 5HTTLPR was associated with greater likelihood of response (OR: 4.65, CI: 1.74–12.38, p = 0.003). Patients with the 12/12 repeat variant of the STin2 VNTR polymorphism showed a greater reduction in HAM-D score, compared to patients with the 10/10 genotype (OR: 0.12, CI: 0.03–0.44, p = 0.001). We found no association of the 5HTR1Ars6295 polymorphism with response.
Conclusions
The 5HTTLPR polymorphism and the SLC6A4 intron 2 polymorphism were associated with treatment response, with the l/l genotype and 12-copy allele showing a tendency towards better outcomes, respectively.
{"title":"Role of serotonin transporter and receptor gene polymorphisms in treatment response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depressive disorder","authors":"Varsha Ramesh, Vettriselvi Venkatesan, Balakrishnan Ramasamy","doi":"10.1002/hup.2830","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2830","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant challenges in the management of major depressive disorder include the lag period from treatment initiation to an evident response, low response rates and unpredictable disparities in outcome between patients. As a large part of these has been linked to genetic mechanisms, we tried to establish a relationship between genes associated with serotonin neurotransmission and outcome to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred and twenty-five patients with moderate to severe depression [at least 15 on the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) Rating Scale] being started on SSRI were recruited. Those with a reduction of at least 50% from baseline or an absolute score of 7 or less after 8 weeks of treatment were considered as responders. The serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region 5HTTLPR, serotonin transporter intron 2 (STin2) polymorphism and the 5-HT receptor 1A rs6295 polymorphisms were studied in association with outcome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The l/l genotype of the 5HTTLPR was associated with greater likelihood of response (OR: 4.65, CI: 1.74–12.38, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Patients with the 12/12 repeat variant of the STin2 VNTR polymorphism showed a greater reduction in HAM-D score, compared to patients with the 10/10 genotype (OR: 0.12, CI: 0.03–0.44, <i>p</i> = 0.001). We found no association of the 5HTR1Ars6295 polymorphism with response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The 5HTTLPR polymorphism and the SLC6A4 intron 2 polymorphism were associated with treatment response, with the l/l genotype and 12-copy allele showing a tendency towards better outcomes, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39905868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study conducted a pharmacoepidemiologic examination of antidepressant prescription patterns in homeless and unstably housed (HUH) populations.
Methods
Data were analyzed on over 2.6 million veterans from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest provider of healthcare for HUH veterans and a system that does not require healthcare insurance.
Results
Multivariable analyses revealed that HUH veterans with depression and PTSD were less likely to receive an antidepressant Rx compared to their stably housed (SH) counterparts with these conditions (OR = 0.77, 99% CI = 0.74–0.79; and OR = 0.87, 99% CI = 0.84–0.90, respectively). Antidepressants were mostly prescribed in specialty mental health care settings, but HUH veterans were less likely to be prescribed antidepressants in primary care settings than SH veterans. In the total sample, the 40–49 age group, female sex, VA service-connected disability, outpatient mental health visits, and emergency department visits were positively associated with any antidepressant Rx. Nearly all psychiatric diagnoses were more associated with prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SNRIs) than tricyclic antidepressants.
Conclusion
These findings highlight socioeconomic disparities in antidepressant Rx in a healthcare system that does not rely on insurance and suggest clinical challenges with antidepressant prescriptions in HUH populations.
目的对无家可归和住房不稳定人群的抗抑郁药物处方模式进行药物流行病学调查。方法分析来自美国退伍军人事务部(VA)的260多万退伍军人的数据，VA是HUH退伍军人最大的医疗保健提供者，也是一个不需要医疗保险的系统。结果多变量分析显示，与稳定居住(SH)的退伍军人相比，患有抑郁症和PTSD的HUH退伍军人接受抗抑郁药Rx的可能性更低(OR = 0.77, 99% CI = 0.74-0.79;和= 0.87,99% CI -0.90 = 0.84,分别)。抗抑郁药主要在专业精神卫生保健机构开，但HUH退伍军人在初级保健机构开抗抑郁药的可能性低于SH退伍军人。在总样本中，40-49岁年龄组、女性、退伍军人事务部服务相关的残疾、门诊精神健康就诊和急诊就诊与任何抗抑郁药处方呈正相关。几乎所有的精神病诊断都与选择性5 -羟色胺再摄取抑制剂/ 5 -羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs/SNRIs)的处方相关，而不是三环抗抑郁药。这些发现突出了在不依赖保险的医疗保健系统中抗抑郁药物处方的社会经济差异，并提示了在HUH人群中抗抑郁药物处方的临床挑战。
{"title":"Psychopharmacoepidemiology of antidepressant medications among homeless and unstably housed service users in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system","authors":"Jack Tsai, Dorota Szymkowiak, Theddeus Iheanacho","doi":"10.1002/hup.2829","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2829","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study conducted a pharmacoepidemiologic examination of antidepressant prescription patterns in homeless and unstably housed (HUH) populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were analyzed on over 2.6 million veterans from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest provider of healthcare for HUH veterans and a system that does not require healthcare insurance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multivariable analyses revealed that HUH veterans with depression and PTSD were less likely to receive an antidepressant Rx compared to their stably housed (SH) counterparts with these conditions (OR = 0.77, 99% CI = 0.74–0.79; and OR = 0.87, 99% CI = 0.84–0.90, respectively). Antidepressants were mostly prescribed in specialty mental health care settings, but HUH veterans were less likely to be prescribed antidepressants in primary care settings than SH veterans. In the total sample, the 40–49 age group, female sex, VA service-connected disability, outpatient mental health visits, and emergency department visits were positively associated with any antidepressant Rx. Nearly all psychiatric diagnoses were more associated with prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SNRIs) than tricyclic antidepressants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings highlight socioeconomic disparities in antidepressant Rx in a healthcare system that does not rely on insurance and suggest clinical challenges with antidepressant prescriptions in HUH populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39893623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Csilla Ágoston, László Bernáth, Peter J. Rogers, Zsolt Demetrovics
Objective
Psychosis-like perceptual distortions can occur in the general population, and both stress and caffeine can enhance the proneness to psychosis-like experiences, such as hallucinations. The current study aims to explore the effects of acute caffeine intake and acute stress on perceptual distortions in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment.
Methods
Regular caffeine consumers (n = 92) and non/low consumers (n = 89) were assigned to 100 mg caffeine/placebo and stress/no stress conditions. The White Christmas Paradigm (WCP) was used to measure hallucination-like symptoms, and bias towards threat-related words was used as an indicator of persecutory ideation. Participants reported their daily caffeine intake, and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire and the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.
Results
Acute stress slightly increased hallucination-like experiences, but not recall bias, while the small amount of caffeine had a time-dependent effect on recall bias. Proneness to persecutory ideation was positively and social desirability was negatively correlated with recall bias towards threat-related words, while proneness to hallucinations positively correlated with hallucination-like experiences.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that psychosocial stress—in line with the diathesis–stress model—can lead to the enhancement of hallucination-like experiences.
{"title":"Stress, caffeine and psychosis-like experiences—A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment","authors":"Csilla Ágoston, László Bernáth, Peter J. Rogers, Zsolt Demetrovics","doi":"10.1002/hup.2828","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2828","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Psychosis-like perceptual distortions can occur in the general population, and both stress and caffeine can enhance the proneness to psychosis-like experiences, such as hallucinations. The current study aims to explore the effects of acute caffeine intake and acute stress on perceptual distortions in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regular caffeine consumers (<i>n</i> = 92) and non/low consumers (<i>n</i> = 89) were assigned to 100 mg caffeine/placebo and stress/no stress conditions. The White Christmas Paradigm (WCP) was used to measure hallucination-like symptoms, and bias towards threat-related words was used as an indicator of persecutory ideation. Participants reported their daily caffeine intake, and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire and the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute stress slightly increased hallucination-like experiences, but not recall bias, while the small amount of caffeine had a time-dependent effect on recall bias. Proneness to persecutory ideation was positively and social desirability was negatively correlated with recall bias towards threat-related words, while proneness to hallucinations positively correlated with hallucination-like experiences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results indicate that psychosocial stress—in line with the diathesis–stress model—can lead to the enhancement of hallucination-like experiences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39635295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ersin Hatice Karslioğlu, Zeynep Kolcu, Nisa İrem Karslioğlu, Ali Çayköylü
Objective
Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics were developed to improve adherence to schizophrenia treatment. Paliperidone palmitate (PP) has two LAI forms: Monthly (PP1M) and three-monthly (PP3M). PP3M shows less difference in Peak-to-Trough drug concentration levels. This could be related to a lower incidence of hyperprolactinemia, which may negatively affect adherence. We aimed to compare prolactin levels and investigate relationships between prolactin levels, symptomatology and sexual function in patients with schizophrenia after switching from PP1M to PP3M.
Methods
Twenty-five patients were enrolled. The sociodemographic data form, the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) were used. Morning blood samples were drawn to determine prolactin levels.
Results
Prolactin level (p < 0.001), the total score and arousal sub-score of ASEX (respectively; p = 0.015, p = 0.020) and the total score and positive scale of PANSS (respectively; p = 0.017, p = 0.021) were decreased on the 90th day (±15 days).
Conclusions
After switching to PP3M, the decreases in prolactin levels and potentially related sexual side effects was statistically significant. There may be a difference between two formulations of the same drug in terms of side effects, and there is a need for prospective follow-up studies with larger samples.
目的研制长效注射抗精神病药物，提高精神分裂症治疗的依从性。棕榈酸帕利哌酮(PP)有两种LAI形式:每月(PP1M)和三个月(PP3M)。PP3M在峰谷药物浓度水平上差异较小。这可能与高泌乳素血症发生率较低有关，这可能对依从性产生负面影响。我们的目的是比较催乳素水平，并研究精神分裂症患者从PP1M转为PP3M后催乳素水平、症状和性功能之间的关系。方法入选25例患者。采用社会人口学数据表、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)和亚利桑那性经验量表(ASEX)。早上抽取血样以测定催乳素水平。结果催乳素水平(p <0.001)， ASEX总分和唤醒分值分别为;p = 0.015, p = 0.020)， PANSS总分和阳性量表分别为;P = 0.017, P = 0.021)在第90天(±15天)下降。结论改用PP3M后，催乳素水平下降及相关的性副作用均有统计学意义。同一药物的两种剂型在副作用方面可能存在差异，因此需要对更大样本进行前瞻性随访研究。
{"title":"Prospective analysis of serum prolactin levels, clinical symptomatology and sexual functions in patients with schizophrenia switched to paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly from paliperidone palmitate 1-monthly: Preliminary findings of the first 3 months","authors":"Ersin Hatice Karslioğlu, Zeynep Kolcu, Nisa İrem Karslioğlu, Ali Çayköylü","doi":"10.1002/hup.2827","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2827","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics were developed to improve adherence to schizophrenia treatment. Paliperidone palmitate (PP) has two LAI forms: Monthly (PP1M) and three-monthly (PP3M). PP3M shows less difference in Peak-to-Trough drug concentration levels. This could be related to a lower incidence of hyperprolactinemia, which may negatively affect adherence. We aimed to compare prolactin levels and investigate relationships between prolactin levels, symptomatology and sexual function in patients with schizophrenia after switching from PP1M to PP3M.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-five patients were enrolled. The sociodemographic data form, the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) were used. Morning blood samples were drawn to determine prolactin levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prolactin level (<i>p</i> < 0.001), the total score and arousal sub-score of ASEX (respectively; <i>p</i> = 0.015, <i>p</i> = 0.020) and the total score and positive scale of PANSS (respectively; <i>p</i> = 0.017, <i>p</i> = 0.021) were decreased on the 90th day (±15 days).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After switching to PP3M, the decreases in prolactin levels and potentially related sexual side effects was statistically significant. There may be a difference between two formulations of the same drug in terms of side effects, and there is a need for prospective follow-up studies with larger samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39632010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisanne M. Geers, Taichi Ochi, Natalya M. Vyalova, Innokentiy S. Losenkov, Diana Z. Paderina, Ivan V. Pozhidaev, German G. Simutkin, Nikolay A. Bokhan, Bob Wilffert, Daniël J. Touw, Anton J.M. Loonen, Svetlana A. Ivanova
Background
Many antidepressants are substrates of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter in the blood-brain-barrier encoded by the ABCB1 gene. Genetic variations might influence the transport rate of antidepressants and hence their pharmacological effects. This study investigates the influence of eight polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene on antidepressant treatment response.
Method
152 patients were included from psychiatric departments of the Mental Health Research Institute in Tomsk. The difference in Hamilton-Depression-Rating-Scale (HAMD-17)-scores between baseline and week two, week two and four, and baseline and week four was used to estimate timing of improvement of depression. Associations between the ABCB1 gene-polymorphisms and reduction in HAMD-17 score were assessed using independent t-test and multiple linear regression.
Results
Tricyclic antidepressants were associated with a higher reduction of HAMD-17 score when compared to SSRIs. The SNP rs2235040 A-allele had a significant positive influence on the ΔHAMD-17(0→2W) score but a significant negative influence on the ΔHAMD-17(2→4W) score. The rs4148739 G-allele had a significant negative influence on the ΔHAMD-17(0→2W) score but a significant positive influence on the ΔHAMD-17(2→4W) score. The SNP rs2235015 T-allele is significant negatively related to the ΔHAMD-17(2→4W) score.
Conclusion
ABCB1 Genetic variations appear to affect speed but not magnitude of antidepressant drug response.
{"title":"Influence of eight ABCB1 polymorphisms on antidepressant response in a prospective cohort of treatment-free Russian patients with moderate or severe depression: An explorative psychopharmacological study with naturalistic design","authors":"Lisanne M. Geers, Taichi Ochi, Natalya M. Vyalova, Innokentiy S. Losenkov, Diana Z. Paderina, Ivan V. Pozhidaev, German G. Simutkin, Nikolay A. Bokhan, Bob Wilffert, Daniël J. Touw, Anton J.M. Loonen, Svetlana A. Ivanova","doi":"10.1002/hup.2826","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2826","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many antidepressants are substrates of P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter in the blood-brain-barrier encoded by the <i>ABCB1</i> gene. Genetic variations might influence the transport rate of antidepressants and hence their pharmacological effects. This study investigates the influence of eight polymorphisms in the <i>ABCB1</i> gene on antidepressant treatment response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>152 patients were included from psychiatric departments of the Mental Health Research Institute in Tomsk. The difference in Hamilton-Depression-Rating-Scale (HAMD-17)-scores between baseline and week two, week two and four, and baseline and week four was used to estimate timing of improvement of depression. Associations between the <i>ABCB1</i> gene-polymorphisms and reduction in HAMD-17 score were assessed using independent <i>t</i>-test and multiple linear regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tricyclic antidepressants were associated with a higher reduction of HAMD-17 score when compared to SSRIs. The SNP rs2235040 A-allele had a significant positive influence on the ΔHAMD-17<sub>(0→2W)</sub> score but a significant negative influence on the ΔHAMD-17<sub>(2→4W)</sub> score. The rs4148739 G-allele had a significant negative influence on the ΔHAMD-17<sub>(0→2W)</sub> score but a significant positive influence on the ΔHAMD-17<sub>(2→4W)</sub> score. The SNP rs2235015 T-allele is significant negatively related to the ΔHAMD-17<sub>(2→4W)</sub> score.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ABCB1 Genetic variations appear to affect speed but not magnitude of antidepressant drug response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/88/a4/HUP-37-0.PMC9285790.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39741346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hang Li, Yi Zhong, Siyuan Yang, Jiahe Wang, Xiang Li, Jianguo Xu, Heng Gao, Gang Chen
Objective
In recent years, interest in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and corresponding therapy has increased rapidly. In this meta-analysis, we explored the effects of LSD on healthy subjects with respect to subjective drug effects, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and side effects.
Method
PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2010 to December 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of LSD in healthy people. Subsequently, 5 RCTs with 132 healthy people which focused on the effects of LSD were enrolled in our study.
Result
We found that taking 50, 100 and 200 mcg LSD doses were associated with a significant increase in the maximal difference from the baseline compared to the placebo group among the outcomes of AMRS (Adjective Mood Rating Scale) score. Significant differences existed between the LSD and placebo groups when taking 100 and 200 mcg LSD in acute adverse effects (100 mcg: SMD = .97, 95% confidence interval [CI], .50, 1.44, Z = 4.04, p < .001; 200 mcg: SMD = 1.18, 95% CI, 0.65, 1.72, Z = 4.32, p < .001).
Conclusions
Meta-analysis of the subjective effects of LSD in healthy people revealed moderate significant effect sizes in favor of LSD with no significant adverse effects. A 100 mcg dose of LSD has potential for use in psychological-assisted therapy and may improve the mental fitness of patients with disease-related psychiatric distress. Additional clinical trials are necessary to explore the efficacy and safety of LSD as a psychological-assisted therapy.
目的近年来，人们对麦角酸二乙基酰胺(LSD)在精神病学研究和治疗中的应用兴趣迅速增加。在本荟萃分析中，我们探讨了LSD对健康受试者在主观药物效应、血压、心率、体温和副作用方面的影响。方法检索PubMed、Embase和Cochrane图书馆2010年1月至2020年12月关于LSD对健康人影响的随机对照试验(rct)。随后，我们的研究纳入了5项随机对照试验，涉及132名健康人，主要关注LSD的影响。结果我们发现，与安慰剂组相比，服用50、100和200 mcg LSD剂量组的AMRS(形容词情绪评定量表)评分结果与基线的最大差异显著增加。服用100 mcg和200 mcg LSD与安慰剂组在急性不良反应方面存在显著差异(100 mcg: SMD = 0.97, 95%可信区间[CI]， 0.50, 1.44, Z = 4.04, p <措施;200 mcg: SMD = 1.18, 95% CI, 0.65, 1.72, Z = 4.32, p & lt;措施)。结论LSD对健康人主观效应的荟萃分析显示，LSD具有中等显著效应，无显著不良反应。100微克剂量的LSD有可能用于心理辅助治疗，并可能改善与疾病相关的精神痛苦患者的心理健康。进一步的临床试验是必要的，以探索LSD作为一种心理辅助治疗的有效性和安全性。
{"title":"The potential role of lysergic acid diethylamide for psychological assisted therapy: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in healthy volunteers","authors":"Hang Li, Yi Zhong, Siyuan Yang, Jiahe Wang, Xiang Li, Jianguo Xu, Heng Gao, Gang Chen","doi":"10.1002/hup.2825","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2825","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, interest in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and corresponding therapy has increased rapidly. In this meta-analysis, we explored the effects of LSD on healthy subjects with respect to subjective drug effects, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and side effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2010 to December 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of LSD in healthy people. Subsequently, 5 RCTs with 132 healthy people which focused on the effects of LSD were enrolled in our study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Result</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that taking 50, 100 and 200 mcg LSD doses were associated with a significant increase in the maximal difference from the baseline compared to the placebo group among the outcomes of AMRS (Adjective Mood Rating Scale) score. Significant differences existed between the LSD and placebo groups when taking 100 and 200 mcg LSD in acute adverse effects (100 mcg: SMD = .97, 95% confidence interval [CI], .50, 1.44, <i>Z</i> = 4.04, <i>p</i> < .001; 200 mcg: SMD = 1.18, 95% CI, 0.65, 1.72, <i>Z</i> = 4.32, <i>p</i> < .001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Meta-analysis of the subjective effects of LSD in healthy people revealed moderate significant effect sizes in favor of LSD with no significant adverse effects. A 100 mcg dose of LSD has potential for use in psychological-assisted therapy and may improve the mental fitness of patients with disease-related psychiatric distress. Additional clinical trials are necessary to explore the efficacy and safety of LSD as a psychological-assisted therapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39681951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason B. Luoma, Ben Shahar, M. Kati Lear, Brian Pilecki, Anne Wagner
Objective
Researchers have suggested that psychotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), particularly in the treatment of disorders wherein interpersonal dysfunction is central, such as social anxiety disorder. We review literature pertaining to three potential processes of change that may be instigated during sessions involving MDMA administration in the treatment of social anxiety disorder.
Design
This is a narrative review that integrates research on the etiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder and mechanisms of action of MDMA to examine how MDMA may enhance psychotherapy outcomes.
Results
We first outline how MDMA may enhance memory reconsolidation in social anxiety disorder. We then discuss how MDMA may induce experiences of self-transcendence and self-transcendent emotions such as compassion, love, and awe; and how these experiences may be therapeutic in the context of social anxiety disorder. We subsequently discuss the possibility that MDMA may enhance the strength and effectiveness of the therapeutic relationship which is a robust predictor of outcomes across many disorders as well as a potential key ingredient in treating disorders where shame and social disconnection are central factors.
Conclusion
We discuss how processes of change may extend beyond the MDMA dosing sessions themselves.
{"title":"Potential processes of change in MDMA-Assisted therapy for social anxiety disorder: Enhanced memory reconsolidation, self-transcendence, and therapeutic relationships","authors":"Jason B. Luoma, Ben Shahar, M. Kati Lear, Brian Pilecki, Anne Wagner","doi":"10.1002/hup.2824","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2824","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Researchers have suggested that psychotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), particularly in the treatment of disorders wherein interpersonal dysfunction is central, such as social anxiety disorder. We review literature pertaining to three potential processes of change that may be instigated during sessions involving MDMA administration in the treatment of social anxiety disorder.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a narrative review that integrates research on the etiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder and mechanisms of action of MDMA to examine how MDMA may enhance psychotherapy outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We first outline how MDMA may enhance memory reconsolidation in social anxiety disorder. We then discuss how MDMA may induce experiences of self-transcendence and self-transcendent emotions such as compassion, love, and awe; and how these experiences may be therapeutic in the context of social anxiety disorder. We subsequently discuss the possibility that MDMA may enhance the strength and effectiveness of the therapeutic relationship which is a robust predictor of outcomes across many disorders as well as a potential key ingredient in treating disorders where shame and social disconnection are central factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We discuss how processes of change may extend beyond the MDMA dosing sessions themselves.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6c/b6/HUP-37-0.PMC9285360.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39593532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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