Carlie Abbott-Imboden, Yadira Gonzalez, Andrea Utley
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of taking Mind Lab Pro, a plant-based nootropic on memory in a group of healthy adults. Auditory, visual, visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall (DR) were assessed.
Methods
The study employed a pseudo randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled design. A total of 49 healthy individuals completed the study with 36 in the experimental group and 13 in the control group. Participants ranged between 20 and 68 years with a mean age of 31.4 ± 14.4 years. Pre and post taking either the Mind Lab Pro supplement or placebo for 30 days. All participants completed the Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth UK Edition (WSM-IV UK).
Results
We found that the experimental group significantly improved in all memory subtests assessed (p < 0.05) whilst the control group only significantly improved in auditory memory and immediate recall (p = 0.004 and p = 0.014 respectively). A significant difference in immediate and DR was also found between the control and experimental group (p = 0.005 and 0.034 respectively).
Conclusion
The use of Mind Lab Pro for 4 weeks improves memory with the experimental group significantly improving in all sub areas of memory as assessed by the WSM-IV UK.
{"title":"Efficacy of the nootropic supplement Mind Lab Pro on memory in adults: Double blind, placebo-controlled study","authors":"Carlie Abbott-Imboden, Yadira Gonzalez, Andrea Utley","doi":"10.1002/hup.2872","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2872","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of taking Mind Lab Pro, a plant-based nootropic on memory in a group of healthy adults. Auditory, visual, visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall (DR) were assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study employed a pseudo randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled design. A total of 49 healthy individuals completed the study with 36 in the experimental group and 13 in the control group. Participants ranged between 20 and 68 years with a mean age of 31.4 ± 14.4 years. Pre and post taking either the Mind Lab Pro supplement or placebo for 30 days. All participants completed the Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth UK Edition (WSM-IV UK).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that the experimental group significantly improved in all memory subtests assessed (<i>p</i> < 0.05) whilst the control group only significantly improved in auditory memory and immediate recall (<i>p</i> = 0.004 and <i>p</i> = 0.014 respectively). A significant difference in immediate and DR was also found between the control and experimental group (<i>p</i> = 0.005 and 0.034 respectively).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of Mind Lab Pro for 4 weeks improves memory with the experimental group significantly improving in all sub areas of memory as assessed by the WSM-IV UK.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9794035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Youshay Jawad, Maurish Fatima, Umer Hassan, Zaofashan Zaheer, Muhammad Ayyan, Muhammad Ehsan, Muhmmad Huzaifa Ahmed Khan, Ahsan Qadeer, Abdul Rehman Gull, Muhammad Talha Asif, Mujeeb U. Shad
Introduction
Despite frequent recognition of emotional blunting in the published literature, either as a primary symptom of depression or as an adverse effect of antidepressants, there is no systematic synthesis on this topic to our knowledge. We undertook this scoping review to assess the prevalence, clinical features, implicated causes and management of emotional blunting, outlining the phenomenological and clinical gaps in research.
Method
A systematic search was done until March 15, 2022, to include all original studies (i.e., interventional trials, cohort & cross-sectional studies, case reports, and case series). All reviewed data were delineated to answer pertinent clinical, phenomenological, and management questions related to the phenomenon of emotional blunting.
Results
A total of 25 original studies were included in our scoping review. Emotional blunting was described as a persistent diminution in both positive and negative feelings in depressed patients, who could subjectively differentiate it from their acute symptoms. However, the literature lacked the distinction between emotional blunting as a primary symptom of depression or an adverse effect of antidepressants. Common clinical strategies to manage antidepressant-induced emotional blunting included dose reduction or switching to a different antidepressant.
Conclusion
Emotional blunting was a significant patient-reported concern with antidepressants. Future research should clarify phenomenological and neurobiological constructs underlying emotional blunting to improve diagnostic and management skills.
{"title":"Can antidepressant use be associated with emotional blunting in a subset of patients with depression? A scoping review of available literature","authors":"Muhammad Youshay Jawad, Maurish Fatima, Umer Hassan, Zaofashan Zaheer, Muhammad Ayyan, Muhammad Ehsan, Muhmmad Huzaifa Ahmed Khan, Ahsan Qadeer, Abdul Rehman Gull, Muhammad Talha Asif, Mujeeb U. Shad","doi":"10.1002/hup.2871","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2871","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite frequent recognition of emotional blunting in the published literature, either as a primary symptom of depression or as an adverse effect of antidepressants, there is no systematic synthesis on this topic to our knowledge. We undertook this scoping review to assess the prevalence, clinical features, implicated causes and management of emotional blunting, outlining the phenomenological and clinical gaps in research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic search was done until March 15, 2022, to include all original studies (i.e., interventional trials, cohort & cross-sectional studies, case reports, and case series). All reviewed data were delineated to answer pertinent clinical, phenomenological, and management questions related to the phenomenon of emotional blunting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 25 original studies were included in our scoping review. Emotional blunting was described as a persistent diminution in both positive and negative feelings in depressed patients, who could subjectively differentiate it from their acute symptoms. However, the literature lacked the distinction between emotional blunting as a primary symptom of depression or an adverse effect of antidepressants. Common clinical strategies to manage antidepressant-induced emotional blunting included dose reduction or switching to a different antidepressant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emotional blunting was a significant patient-reported concern with antidepressants. Future research should clarify phenomenological and neurobiological constructs underlying emotional blunting to improve diagnostic and management skills.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9793504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shariful A. Syed, Rajita Sinha, Verica Milivojevic, Alicia MacDougall, Heather LaValle, Gustavo A. Angarita, Helen C. Fox
Background
Stress and depression have each been associated with relapse risk. In clinical practice, chronic alcohol use is often accompanied by poor emotional and self-regulatory processes. Tonic and phasic changes in stress responsivity impact an individual's relapse risk to alcohol. A further complicating factor is the pervasive coexistence of depressive symptoms in those with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), where the contribution of depressive symptomatology to these processes is not well understood. Individuals with AUD (AD) (21 with and 12 without sub-clinical depressive symptoms) and 37 social drinking controls (16 with and 21 without sub-clinical depressive symptoms) as part of a more extensive study (Fox et al., 2019). All participants were exposed to two 5-min personalized guided imagery conditions (stress and neutral) in a randomized and counterbalanced order across consecutive days. Alcohol craving, negative mood, Stroop performance, and plasma measures (cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and salivary alpha-amylase) were collected before and after imagery exposure.
Results
Elevations in autonomic response (heart rate) to imagery (stress and neutral) were observed as a function of drinking (in both depressed and non-depressed individuals with alcohol use disorder compared with depressed and non-depressed social drinkers). Conversely, suppressed cortisol following stress was observed as a function of depressive symptomatology across both drinking groups. Individuals with comorbid AD and depressive symptoms demonstrated attenuated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and poor Stroop performance compared with the other groups, indicating an interactive effect between drinking and depression on pituitary and inhibitory systems.
Conclusion
Sub-clinical depressive pathophysiology may be distinct from drinking severity and may alter relapse-related stress adaptations during protracted abstinence from alcohol.
背景:压力和抑郁都与复发风险有关。在临床实践中，慢性酒精使用通常伴随着不良的情绪和自我调节过程。应激反应的补益性和阶段性变化影响个体对酒精的复发风险。进一步的复杂因素是酒精使用障碍(AUD)患者普遍存在抑郁症状，其中抑郁症状学对这些过程的贡献尚不清楚。作为更广泛研究的一部分，AUD (AD)患者(21人有亚临床抑郁症状，12人没有亚临床抑郁症状)和37名社交饮酒对照(16人有亚临床抑郁症状，21人没有亚临床抑郁症状)(Fox et al.， 2019)。所有参与者在连续几天内以随机和平衡的顺序暴露于两个5分钟的个性化引导图像条件(压力和中性)。在图像暴露前后收集酒精渴望、消极情绪、Stroop表现和血浆测量(皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素和唾液α -淀粉酶)。结果观察到，饮酒对意象(压力和中性)的自主神经反应(心率)升高(在患有酒精使用障碍的抑郁和非抑郁个体中，与抑郁和非抑郁的社交饮酒者相比)。相反，在两个饮酒组中，应激后的皮质醇抑制被观察到是抑郁症状的一个功能。与其他组相比，伴有AD和抑郁症状的个体表现出促肾上腺皮质激素减弱，Stroop表现较差，表明饮酒和抑郁对垂体和抑制系统有相互作用。结论亚临床抑郁的病理生理可能不同于饮酒严重程度，并可能改变长期戒酒期间复发相关的应激适应。
{"title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and autonomic response to psychological stress in abstinent alcohol use disorder individuals with and without depressive symptomatology","authors":"Shariful A. Syed, Rajita Sinha, Verica Milivojevic, Alicia MacDougall, Heather LaValle, Gustavo A. Angarita, Helen C. Fox","doi":"10.1002/hup.2867","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2867","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stress and depression have each been associated with relapse risk. In clinical practice, chronic alcohol use is often accompanied by poor emotional and self-regulatory processes. Tonic and phasic changes in stress responsivity impact an individual's relapse risk to alcohol. A further complicating factor is the pervasive coexistence of depressive symptoms in those with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), where the contribution of depressive symptomatology to these processes is not well understood. Individuals with AUD (AD) (21 with and 12 without sub-clinical depressive symptoms) and 37 social drinking controls (16 with and 21 without sub-clinical depressive symptoms) as part of a more extensive study (Fox et al., 2019). All participants were exposed to two 5-min personalized guided imagery conditions (stress and neutral) in a randomized and counterbalanced order across consecutive days. Alcohol craving, negative mood, Stroop performance, and plasma measures (cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and salivary alpha-amylase) were collected before and after imagery exposure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elevations in autonomic response (heart rate) to imagery (stress and neutral) were observed as a function of drinking (<span>in both depressed and non-depressed individuals with alcohol use disorder compared with depressed and non-depressed social drinkers</span>). Conversely, suppressed cortisol following stress was observed as a function of depressive symptomatology across both drinking groups. Individuals with comorbid AD and depressive symptoms demonstrated attenuated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and poor Stroop performance compared with the other groups, indicating an interactive effect between drinking and depression on pituitary and inhibitory systems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sub-clinical depressive pathophysiology may be distinct from drinking severity and may alter relapse-related stress adaptations during protracted abstinence from alcohol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9790207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the placebo effect is well known to affect many behaviors, the effects on cognitive performance are less well investigated.
Methods
In this study, the effects of a placebo and a nocebo manipulation on cognitive performance was investigated in healthy young participants in an unblinded between-subjects study. In addition, the participants were asked about their subjective experience in the placebo and nocebo condition.
Results
The data suggested that the placebo condition induced the feeling of being more attentive and more motivated and the nocebo condition induced a feeling of being less attentive and alert and that they performed less well than normal. However, no placebo or nocebo effects were found on the actual performance on word learning, working memory, Tower of London task, or spatial pattern separation.
Conclusions
These findings further support the notion that placebo or nocebo effects are not likely to occur in young healthy volunteers. However, other studies suggest that placebo effects can be found in implicit memory tasks and in participants with memory problems. Further placebo/nocebo studies are indicated using different experimental designs and different populations in order to better understand the placebo effect on cognitive performance.
{"title":"Can placebo or nocebo pills improve or impair cognition performance?","authors":"Arjan Blokland","doi":"10.1002/hup.2869","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2869","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the placebo effect is well known to affect many behaviors, the effects on cognitive performance are less well investigated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, the effects of a placebo and a nocebo manipulation on cognitive performance was investigated in healthy young participants in an unblinded between-subjects study. In addition, the participants were asked about their subjective experience in the placebo and nocebo condition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The data suggested that the placebo condition induced the feeling of being more attentive and more motivated and the nocebo condition induced a feeling of being less attentive and alert and that they performed less well than normal. However, no placebo or nocebo effects were found on the actual performance on word learning, working memory, Tower of London task, or spatial pattern separation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings further support the notion that placebo or nocebo effects are not likely to occur in young healthy volunteers. However, other studies suggest that placebo effects can be found in implicit memory tasks and in participants with memory problems. Further placebo/nocebo studies are indicated using different experimental designs and different populations in order to better understand the placebo effect on cognitive performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9797983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although gamma-aminobutyric acid–benzodiazepine (GABA-BZ) receptor agonists are used to treat insomnia, their long-term or high-dosage use causes adverse events. Nevertheless, evidence regarding the discontinuation and replacement of GABA-BZ receptor agonists with alternative agents is lacking. Suvorexant (SUX), an existing orexin receptor antagonist, is effective in preventing nocturnal awakening in 70%–75% of patients with insomnia.
Methods
The novel dual orexin receptor antagonist lemborexant (LEM) has fewer adverse effects than GABA-BZ receptor agonists. Therefore, in this retrospective study, we categorised patients taking GABA-BZ receptor agonists and SUX into LEM-treated (switched) and non-treated (non-switched) groups and compared their outcomes over a 12-week period.
Results
The GABA-BZ group (N = 59) comprised 34 ‘switched’ and 25 ‘non-switched’ and the SUX group (N = 14) comprised 6 ‘switched’ and 8 ‘non-switched’ patients. A mixed model showed a significant diazepam equivalence reduction in patients taking GABA-BZ receptor agonists and improved Athens Insomnia Scale score in those taking SUX. The safety and tolerability of GABA-BZ receptor agonists and SUX were high, and no serious adverse effects were observed after switching to LEM.
Conclusions
Lemborexant may be a useful alternative for long-term GABA-BZ receptor agonist users. For SUX, the number of cases (N = 6) was insufficient to draw definite conclusions.
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of lemborexant as an alternative drug for patients with insomnia taking gamma-aminobutyric acid–benzodiazepine receptor agonists or suvorexant","authors":"Kazumaro Okino, Hirohisa Suzuki, Hiroi Tomioka, Kenji Sanada, Keita Kawai, Akira Iwanami, Atsuko Inamoto","doi":"10.1002/hup.2868","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2868","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although gamma-aminobutyric acid–benzodiazepine (GABA-BZ) receptor agonists are used to treat insomnia, their long-term or high-dosage use causes adverse events. Nevertheless, evidence regarding the discontinuation and replacement of GABA-BZ receptor agonists with alternative agents is lacking. Suvorexant (SUX), an existing orexin receptor antagonist, is effective in preventing nocturnal awakening in 70%–75% of patients with insomnia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The novel dual orexin receptor antagonist lemborexant (LEM) has fewer adverse effects than GABA-BZ receptor agonists. Therefore, in this retrospective study, we categorised patients taking GABA-BZ receptor agonists and SUX into LEM-treated (switched) and non-treated (non-switched) groups and compared their outcomes over a 12-week period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The GABA-BZ group (<i>N</i> = 59) comprised 34 ‘switched’ and 25 ‘non-switched’ and the SUX group (<i>N</i> = 14) comprised 6 ‘switched’ and 8 ‘non-switched’ patients. A mixed model showed a significant diazepam equivalence reduction in patients taking GABA-BZ receptor agonists and improved Athens Insomnia Scale score in those taking SUX. The safety and tolerability of GABA-BZ receptor agonists and SUX were high, and no serious adverse effects were observed after switching to LEM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lemborexant may be a useful alternative for long-term GABA-BZ receptor agonist users. For SUX, the number of cases (<i>N</i> = 6) was insufficient to draw definite conclusions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9780810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To review the literature on the neuropharmacology of synthetic cathinones.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was carried out across multiple databases (mainly PubMed, World Wide Web, and Google Scholar) using relevant keywords.
Results
Cathinones exhibit a broad toxicological profile, mimicking the effects of a wide variety of ‘classic drugs’ such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine and cocaine. Even small structural changes affect their interactions with key proteins. This article reviews existing knowledge of the mechanisms of action of cathinones at the molecular level, and key findings from research on their structure-activity relationship. The cathinones are also classified according to their chemical structure and neuropharmacological profiles.
Conclusions
Synthetic cathinones represent one of the most numerous and widespread groups among new psychoactive substances. Initially developed for therapeutic purposes, they quickly started to be used recreationally. With a rapidly increasing number of new agents entering the market, structure-activity relationship studies are valuable for assessing and predicting the addictive potential and toxicity of new and potential future substances. The neuropharmacological properties of synthetic cathinones are still not fully understood. A full elucidation of the role of some key proteins, including organic cation transporters, requires detailed studies.
{"title":"A narrative review of the neuropharmacology of synthetic cathinones—Popular alternatives to classical drugs of abuse","authors":"Patryk Kuropka, Marcin Zawadzki, Paweł Szpot","doi":"10.1002/hup.2866","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2866","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To review the literature on the neuropharmacology of synthetic cathinones.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A comprehensive literature search was carried out across multiple databases (mainly PubMed, World Wide Web, and Google Scholar) using relevant keywords.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cathinones exhibit a broad toxicological profile, mimicking the effects of a wide variety of ‘classic drugs’ such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine and cocaine. Even small structural changes affect their interactions with key proteins. This article reviews existing knowledge of the mechanisms of action of cathinones at the molecular level, and key findings from research on their structure-activity relationship. The cathinones are also classified according to their chemical structure and neuropharmacological profiles.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Synthetic cathinones represent one of the most numerous and widespread groups among new psychoactive substances. Initially developed for therapeutic purposes, they quickly started to be used recreationally. With a rapidly increasing number of new agents entering the market, structure-activity relationship studies are valuable for assessing and predicting the addictive potential and toxicity of new and potential future substances. The neuropharmacological properties of synthetic cathinones are still not fully understood. A full elucidation of the role of some key proteins, including organic cation transporters, requires detailed studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9427262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Courtney R. Burgazli, Krishna B. Rana, Jamie N. Brown, Frank Tillman III
Objective
The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine for insomnia in adults.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases was conducted to identify relevant published studies through October 2022 using the search terms: hydroxyzine and sleep, insomnia, sleep disorder or sleep initiation and maintenance disorders. Studies identified for review included prospective, interventional designs or cohort trials that reported impact of hydroxyzine on sleep in adults. Animal studies, case reports, non-English articles, letters to the editor, case studies, and conference abstracts were excluded. Data were extracted using a standardized systematic process.
Results
Five articles were identified for inclusion, including 1 open-label and 4 randomized controlled trials, evaluating a total of 207 patients receiving hydroxyzine 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg at bedtime. Mixed efficacy was demonstrated in the sleep measures of sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep quality. The most common adverse drug effect was dry mouth, although 4 of the 5 studies did not report safety outcomes.
Conclusions
The studies in this review suggest hydroxyzine could be considered as a short-term treatment option for adults with insomnia for whom previous therapy was ineffective, not tolerated, or contraindicated. Additional long-term studies with an active comparator are needed to further establish its role in insomnia treatment.
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine for sleep in adults: Systematic review","authors":"Courtney R. Burgazli, Krishna B. Rana, Jamie N. Brown, Frank Tillman III","doi":"10.1002/hup.2864","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2864","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine for insomnia in adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases was conducted to identify relevant published studies through October 2022 using the search terms: hydroxyzine and sleep, insomnia, sleep disorder or sleep initiation and maintenance disorders. Studies identified for review included prospective, interventional designs or cohort trials that reported impact of hydroxyzine on sleep in adults. Animal studies, case reports, non-English articles, letters to the editor, case studies, and conference abstracts were excluded. Data were extracted using a standardized systematic process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Five articles were identified for inclusion, including 1 open-label and 4 randomized controlled trials, evaluating a total of 207 patients receiving hydroxyzine 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg at bedtime. Mixed efficacy was demonstrated in the sleep measures of sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep quality. The most common adverse drug effect was dry mouth, although 4 of the 5 studies did not report safety outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The studies in this review suggest hydroxyzine could be considered as a short-term treatment option for adults with insomnia for whom previous therapy was ineffective, not tolerated, or contraindicated. Additional long-term studies with an active comparator are needed to further establish its role in insomnia treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9483638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thanita Pilunthanakul, Mable Quek Jing Ting, Jimmy Lee, Bhanu Gupta
Objective
To evaluate the effect of adjunct aripiprazole on QT of patients clinically stabilized on atypical antipsychotics.
Methods
The dataset was from an open-label 12-week prospective trial that evaluated adjunctive use of 5 mg/day of aripiprazole on metabolic profile in patients with schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder stabilized on olanzapine, clozapine, or risperidone. Bazett-corrected QT (QTc) was manually calculated from ECGs measured at baseline (before aripiprazole) and week 12, by two doctors blind to the diagnosis and atypical antipsychotic. The change in QTc (∆QTc: baseline QTc–week 12 QTc) and the number of participants in normal, borderline, prolonged, and pathological groups after 12 weeks were analyzed.
Results
Fifty-five participants, mean age of 39.3 (SD 8.2) years, were analyzed. The ∆QTc after 12 weeks was 5.9 ms (p = 0.143) for the whole sample; 16.4 ms (p = 0.762), 3.7 ms (p = 0.480) and 0.5 ms (p = 0.449), for the clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine group, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference comparing the change in QTc overall, and between atypical antipsychotic groups, when evaluating from baseline to endpoint. However, stratifying the sample based on sex-dependent QTc cut-offs showed a 45% decrease in abnormal QTc readings (p = 0.049) after aripiprazole initiation; 20 subjects had abnormal QTc at baseline, while only 11 subjects had abnormal QTc at 12 weeks. 25.5% of participants showed a reduction in at least one QTc severity group, while 65.5% had no change and 9.0% worsened in QTc group, after 12 weeks of adjunct aripiprazole.
Conclusion
Low-dose adjunctive aripiprazole did not prolong QTc in patients stabilized on either olanzapine, risperidone, or clozapine. More controlled studies evaluating the QTc effect of adjunctive aripiprazole should be done to confirm and support these findings.
{"title":"The impact of adjunctive aripiprazole on QT interval: A 12-week open label study in patients on olanzapine, clozapine or risperidone","authors":"Thanita Pilunthanakul, Mable Quek Jing Ting, Jimmy Lee, Bhanu Gupta","doi":"10.1002/hup.2863","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2863","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the effect of adjunct aripiprazole on QT of patients clinically stabilized on atypical antipsychotics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The dataset was from an open-label 12-week prospective trial that evaluated adjunctive use of 5 mg/day of aripiprazole on metabolic profile in patients with schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder stabilized on olanzapine, clozapine, or risperidone. Bazett-corrected QT (QTc) was manually calculated from ECGs measured at baseline (before aripiprazole) and week 12, by two doctors blind to the diagnosis and atypical antipsychotic. The change in QTc (∆QTc: baseline QTc–week 12 QTc) and the number of participants in normal, borderline, prolonged, and pathological groups after 12 weeks were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-five participants, mean age of 39.3 (SD 8.2) years, were analyzed. The ∆QTc after 12 weeks was 5.9 ms (<i>p</i> = 0.143) for the whole sample; 16.4 ms (<i>p</i> = 0.762), 3.7 ms (<i>p</i> = 0.480) and 0.5 ms (<i>p</i> = 0.449), for the clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine group, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference comparing the change in QTc overall, and between atypical antipsychotic groups, when evaluating from baseline to endpoint. However, stratifying the sample based on sex-dependent QTc cut-offs showed a 45% decrease in abnormal QTc readings (<i>p</i> = 0.049) after aripiprazole initiation; 20 subjects had abnormal QTc at baseline, while only 11 subjects had abnormal QTc at 12 weeks. 25.5% of participants showed a reduction in at least one QTc severity group, while 65.5% had no change and 9.0% worsened in QTc group, after 12 weeks of adjunct aripiprazole.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Low-dose adjunctive aripiprazole did not prolong QTc in patients stabilized on either olanzapine, risperidone, or clozapine. More controlled studies evaluating the QTc effect of adjunctive aripiprazole should be done to confirm and support these findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9819262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faiz M. Kassim, J. H. Mark Lim, Matthew A. Albrecht, Mathew T. Martin-Iverson
Objectives
Our team previously showed that like the experience of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) in people with schizophrenia and their offspring¸ dexamphetamine administration to healthy volunteers increases the stimulus binding windows (BWs) in RHI. It is not clear if similar expansions of BWs are present for unimodal illusions. Studies have also shown that subjective or objective effects of amphetamine would be linked to between-person variations in personality measures. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of dexamphetamine (DEX), a dopamine-releasing stimulant, on illusory perception using unimodal sensory stimuli (Tactile Funneling Illusion [TFI]) across both temporal and spatial variables. We further examined the relationship between changes in psychometric scores and changes in illusion perception induced by dexamphetamine.
Methods
Healthy subjects (N = 20) participated in a randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. The effects of dexamphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO, q.d.) on funneling and error of spatial localization (EL) were examined using TFI. Psychotomimetic effects were assessed using a battery of psychological measures.
Results
Dexamphetamine did not significantly increased the funneling illusion (p = 0.88) or EL (p = 0.5), relative to placebo. However, the degree of change in psychometric scores following dexamphetamine positively correlated with changes in funneling (ρ = 0.48, p = 0.03, n = 20), mainly at 0 ms delay condition (ρ = 0.6, p = 0.004, n = 20).
Conclusion
Unlike multimodal illusions, alteration of BWs does not occur for unimodal illusions after administration of a dopamine-releasing agent. However, our findings indicate that moderate release of dopamine, through its psychotomimetic effect, indirectly influences unimodal illusion.
本研究小组之前的研究表明，与精神分裂症患者及其后代的橡胶手错觉(RHI)经历一样，健康志愿者给药右安非他明增加了RHI的刺激结合窗口(BWs)。目前尚不清楚单峰错觉中是否存在类似的bw扩张。研究还表明，安非他明的主观或客观影响可能与人格测量的人与人之间的差异有关。因此，我们的目的是研究右安非他明(dexamphetamine，一种释放多巴胺的兴奋剂)对使用单峰感觉刺激(触觉漏斗错觉[TFI])的错觉感知的影响，包括时间和空间变量。我们进一步研究了心理测量分数的变化与右安非他明引起的错觉知觉变化之间的关系。方法健康受试者20例，采用随机、双盲、平衡、安慰剂对照、交叉研究。采用TFI检测右安非他明(0.45 mg/kg, PO, q.d)对空间定位(EL)漏斗和误差的影响。使用一系列心理测量来评估拟精神效应。结果与安慰剂相比，右安非他明没有显著增加漏斗错觉(p = 0.88)或EL (p = 0.5)。然而，右安非他明后心理测量得分的变化程度与漏斗的变化呈正相关(ρ = 0.48, p = 0.03, n = 20)，主要在0 ms延迟条件下(ρ = 0.6, p = 0.004, n = 20)。结论与多模态幻觉不同，多巴胺释放剂对单模态幻觉不产生脑宽的改变。然而，我们的研究结果表明，适度释放多巴胺，通过其拟心理作用，间接影响单峰错觉。
{"title":"Dexamphetamine influences funneling illusion based on psychometric score","authors":"Faiz M. Kassim, J. H. Mark Lim, Matthew A. Albrecht, Mathew T. Martin-Iverson","doi":"10.1002/hup.2862","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2862","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our team previously showed that like the experience of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) in people with schizophrenia and their offspring¸ dexamphetamine administration to healthy volunteers increases the stimulus binding windows (BWs) in RHI. It is not clear if similar expansions of BWs are present for unimodal illusions. Studies have also shown that subjective or objective effects of amphetamine would be linked to between-person variations in personality measures. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of dexamphetamine (DEX), a dopamine-releasing stimulant, on illusory perception using unimodal sensory stimuli (Tactile Funneling Illusion [TFI]) across both temporal and spatial variables. We further examined the relationship between changes in psychometric scores and changes in illusion perception induced by dexamphetamine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Healthy subjects (<i>N</i> = 20) participated in a randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. The effects of dexamphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO, q.d.) on funneling and error of spatial localization (EL) were examined using TFI. Psychotomimetic effects were assessed using a battery of psychological measures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dexamphetamine did not significantly increased the funneling illusion (<i>p</i> = 0.88) or EL (<i>p</i> = 0.5), relative to placebo. However, the degree of change in psychometric scores following dexamphetamine positively correlated with changes in funneling (<i>ρ</i> = 0.48, <i>p</i> = 0.03, <i>n</i> = 20), mainly at 0 ms delay condition (<i>ρ</i> = 0.6, <i>p</i> = 0.004, <i>n</i> = 20).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Unlike multimodal illusions, alteration of BWs does not occur for unimodal illusions after administration of a dopamine-releasing agent. However, our findings indicate that moderate release of dopamine, through its psychotomimetic effect, indirectly influences unimodal illusion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9128691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark Moss, Jasmine Ho, Sophie Swinburne, Anna Turner
Aggressive driving is of increasing concern in modern society. This study investigated the potential for the presence of an ambient aroma to reduce aggressive responses in a simulated driving situation. Previous literature has demonstrated the beneficial effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) aroma on driver alertness and we aimed to identify any impact on aggressive driver behaviour. Fifty volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (peppermint essential oil aroma and no aroma). Aggressive driving behaviours were measured in a virtual reality driving simulator. The analysis indicated that the peppermint aroma significantly reduced aggressive driving behaviours. The presence of the aroma also produced medium sized effects on some aspects of mood from pre-test levels. These results provide support for the use of ambient aromas for the modification of driving behaviours. It is proposed that applying peppermint into daily driving may be a beneficial for reducing driver aggression.
{"title":"Aroma of the essential oil of peppermint reduces aggressive driving behaviour in healthy adults","authors":"Mark Moss, Jasmine Ho, Sophie Swinburne, Anna Turner","doi":"10.1002/hup.2865","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hup.2865","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aggressive driving is of increasing concern in modern society. This study investigated the potential for the presence of an ambient aroma to reduce aggressive responses in a simulated driving situation. Previous literature has demonstrated the beneficial effect of peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i>) aroma on driver alertness and we aimed to identify any impact on aggressive driver behaviour. Fifty volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (peppermint essential oil aroma and no aroma). Aggressive driving behaviours were measured in a virtual reality driving simulator. The analysis indicated that the peppermint aroma significantly reduced aggressive driving behaviours. The presence of the aroma also produced medium sized effects on some aspects of mood from pre-test levels. These results provide support for the use of ambient aromas for the modification of driving behaviours. It is proposed that applying peppermint into daily driving may be a beneficial for reducing driver aggression.</p>","PeriodicalId":13030,"journal":{"name":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.2865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9124617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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