This article compares the two largest raw cotton regions in Brazil between the 1750s and the 1810s. Through the analysis of new data on cotton export records and parish records, we argue that the high pattern of ownership of enslaved people, together with the organization of labour, the specialization in cotton and the cultivation of short fibres, made enforced labour more productive in Maranhão. In turn, the low pattern of ownership of enslaved people and food production, together with the cultivation of long and fine fibres of cotton made it less productive in the North-East. Yet the enormous manpower working on small farms in the North-East grew cotton at quantities close to the productive large-scale plantations in Maranhão.
{"title":"Reassessing the productivity of enslavement on large-scale plantations and small farms in Brazilian cotton production (c.1750–c.1810)","authors":"F. S. Melo, Diego de Cambraia Martins","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htac030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htac030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article compares the two largest raw cotton regions in Brazil between the 1750s and the 1810s. Through the analysis of new data on cotton export records and parish records, we argue that the high pattern of ownership of enslaved people, together with the organization of labour, the specialization in cotton and the cultivation of short fibres, made enforced labour more productive in Maranhão. In turn, the low pattern of ownership of enslaved people and food production, together with the cultivation of long and fine fibres of cotton made it less productive in the North-East. Yet the enormous manpower working on small farms in the North-East grew cotton at quantities close to the productive large-scale plantations in Maranhão.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44448192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the polemical history of John White’s First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests (1643) to argue that the revolutionary public culture of England’s mid-century civil wars transformed seventeenth-century libellous politics by rendering ad hominem defamation into a routine element of formal partisan print culture for the first time in English history. The article concludes by demonstrating that when the Century reappeared in print eighty years later to excoriate a new generation of clergymen, public defamation had become a mundane, although still controversial, element of English political culture.
{"title":"Licensing libel in seventeenth-century England: John White’s First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests in context/s","authors":"S. Fullerton","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htad002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the polemical history of John White’s First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests (1643) to argue that the revolutionary public culture of England’s mid-century civil wars transformed seventeenth-century libellous politics by rendering ad hominem defamation into a routine element of formal partisan print culture for the first time in English history. The article concludes by demonstrating that when the Century reappeared in print eighty years later to excoriate a new generation of clergymen, public defamation had become a mundane, although still controversial, element of English political culture.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45045521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates Leveller prehistory by analysing three polemical tracts of 1646–7. William Walwyn and Richard Overton arguably collaborated in the Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens and in the New Found Stratagem Framed in the Old Forge of Machivilisme, as well as in the Warning to All the Counties of England. Their denunciations of the dominant Presbyterian faction supported the independent alliance; but they employed distinctive language too extreme for many independents, pointing to their increasing political ambiguity. Their collaboration challenges scholarly characterizations of Walwyn’s ‘gentle’ style. The essay concludes by examining the related emergence of London, army and county radicals, some of whom would soon become Levellers.
{"title":"The emergence of Leveller polemic: William Walwyn, collaborative authorship and radical identity, 1645–7","authors":"Gary S De Krey","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htad003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article investigates Leveller prehistory by analysing three polemical tracts of 1646–7. William Walwyn and Richard Overton arguably collaborated in the Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens and in the New Found Stratagem Framed in the Old Forge of Machivilisme, as well as in the Warning to All the Counties of England. Their denunciations of the dominant Presbyterian faction supported the independent alliance; but they employed distinctive language too extreme for many independents, pointing to their increasing political ambiguity. Their collaboration challenges scholarly characterizations of Walwyn’s ‘gentle’ style. The essay concludes by examining the related emergence of London, army and county radicals, some of whom would soon become Levellers.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46228400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The late seventeenth century in Genoa presents aspects of great fascination, some of which are largely unexplored, as in the case of relations with Rome (city, court and Curia). These were decades in which Genoa tried to find an alternative route to the Spanish Mediterranean, to relaunch its navy towards the Levant and the Far East (as an ideal goal). Its diplomats for this purpose went to Constantinople, London and Holland, although their most important forum remained Rome, the court of the courts, where, from the death of Urban VIII Barberini (1644) onwards, they managed tough negotiations, assisted by the most eminent prelates of their nation. The crisis of the protectorate (for the entire second half of the seventeenth century, Genoa did not have a cardinal protector) and that of St. John the Baptist, a national church, hospital and confraternity, is also inscribed in this framework of relations. Furthermore, from the pontificate of Innocent X Pamphilj (1644–55) onwards, the postmaster generals of Genoa had the task of renewing and managing communications between the Holy See and the nunciature in Madrid, the apostolic see to which the papacy entrusted the task of mediating between Spain and France, in view of the agreements of Westphalia (1648) and the Pyrenees (1659).
17世纪晚期的热那亚呈现出非常迷人的方面，其中一些方面在很大程度上尚未被探索，例如与罗马的关系(城市，法院和教廷)。在这几十年里，热那亚试图找到一条通往西班牙地中海的替代路线，重新将其海军部署到黎凡特和远东(作为一个理想的目标)。为了这个目的，它的外交官去了君士坦丁堡、伦敦和荷兰，尽管他们最重要的论坛仍然是罗马，法院的法院，在那里，从乌尔班八世巴贝里尼去世(1644年)起，他们在该国最杰出的主教的协助下进行了艰难的谈判。保护国的危机(在整个17世纪下半叶，热那亚没有一个红衣主教保护国)和施洗者圣约翰(一个国家教堂、医院和兄弟会)的危机也被列入这一关系框架。此外，从Innocent X Pamphilj(1644-55)的教皇任期开始，热那亚邮政局长的任务是更新和管理罗马教廷与马德里大使馆之间的联系，鉴于威斯特伐利亚(1648)和比利牛斯山脉(1659)的协议，罗马教廷委托使徒座在西班牙和法国之间进行调解。
{"title":"Genoese Rome and Genoa–Rome relations in the late seventeenth century (1644–1700)","authors":"Alessia Ceccarelli","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htad004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The late seventeenth century in Genoa presents aspects of great fascination, some of which are largely unexplored, as in the case of relations with Rome (city, court and Curia). These were decades in which Genoa tried to find an alternative route to the Spanish Mediterranean, to relaunch its navy towards the Levant and the Far East (as an ideal goal). Its diplomats for this purpose went to Constantinople, London and Holland, although their most important forum remained Rome, the court of the courts, where, from the death of Urban VIII Barberini (1644) onwards, they managed tough negotiations, assisted by the most eminent prelates of their nation. The crisis of the protectorate (for the entire second half of the seventeenth century, Genoa did not have a cardinal protector) and that of St. John the Baptist, a national church, hospital and confraternity, is also inscribed in this framework of relations. Furthermore, from the pontificate of Innocent X Pamphilj (1644–55) onwards, the postmaster generals of Genoa had the task of renewing and managing communications between the Holy See and the nunciature in Madrid, the apostolic see to which the papacy entrusted the task of mediating between Spain and France, in view of the agreements of Westphalia (1648) and the Pyrenees (1659).","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136002174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article explores the ways in which clay tobacco pipes were used on or against the body for purposes other than smoking. Whereas most approaches to material culture in the past consider the intended uses of objects, this research focuses on alternative uses and the broader contexts in which these adaptations were made. Examination of pipes used as weapons and medical instruments provides new evidence of the physical worlds of those who encountered these objects. It also demonstrates how reading objects ‘against the grain’ through analysis of alternative uses of everyday objects expands what we can learn from material culture.
{"title":"Material encounters: the alternative use of clay tobacco pipes in England and Wales, <i>c.</i>1600–1900","authors":"Sarah Inskip, Angela Joy Muir","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htac032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htac032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the ways in which clay tobacco pipes were used on or against the body for purposes other than smoking. Whereas most approaches to material culture in the past consider the intended uses of objects, this research focuses on alternative uses and the broader contexts in which these adaptations were made. Examination of pipes used as weapons and medical instruments provides new evidence of the physical worlds of those who encountered these objects. It also demonstrates how reading objects ‘against the grain’ through analysis of alternative uses of everyday objects expands what we can learn from material culture.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134983441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article analyses the discussion of the Donation of Constantine contained in the Granarium, an encyclopedia compiled by the abbot of St. Albans, John Whethamstede, in the 1430s. Particular attention is given to Whethamstede’s list of reasons to doubt the veracity of the Donation, which differ in certain ways from the contemporaneous and better known criticisms of the Donation made by Nicolas of Cusa, Lorenzo Valla and Reginald Pecock. The article considers the sources and motivations for Whethamstede’s discussion, which reveals that criticism of the Donation was more widespread and more deeply rooted at this time than has previously been appreciated.
摘要本文分析了圣奥尔本斯修道院院长约翰·惠瑟姆斯泰德于1430年代编纂的百科全书《粮仓》中关于君士坦丁捐赠的论述。特别要注意的是，Whethamstede列出了怀疑捐赠真实性的理由，这些理由在某些方面不同于同时代的、更广为人知的对尼古拉斯·库萨(Nicolas of Cusa)、洛伦佐·瓦拉(Lorenzo Valla)和雷金纳德·佩科克(Reginald Pecock)对捐赠的批评。本文考虑了Whethamstede讨论的来源和动机，揭示了对捐赠的批评在这个时候比以前所认识的更广泛和更深入。
{"title":"The <i>Donation of Constantine</i> in John Whethamstede’s <i>Granarium</i>","authors":"Alfred Hiatt","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htac031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htac031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyses the discussion of the Donation of Constantine contained in the Granarium, an encyclopedia compiled by the abbot of St. Albans, John Whethamstede, in the 1430s. Particular attention is given to Whethamstede’s list of reasons to doubt the veracity of the Donation, which differ in certain ways from the contemporaneous and better known criticisms of the Donation made by Nicolas of Cusa, Lorenzo Valla and Reginald Pecock. The article considers the sources and motivations for Whethamstede’s discussion, which reveals that criticism of the Donation was more widespread and more deeply rooted at this time than has previously been appreciated.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135996399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical Research celebrates its centenary","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htad001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45407104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Despite calls for ‘no more parades’ following the First World War, and while the period was supposedly inhospitable to militaristic and martial ceremony, ‘naval theatre’, navalism and cultural displays of militarism all enjoyed significant resonance in the popular civic ritual of interwar Britain. One of the most prominent forms of naval theatre in this period was the annual celebration of Navy Weeks. First staged at Portsmouth, then extended to Plymouth and Chatham the following year, Navy Weeks were held between 1927 and 1938 and allowed members of the public to be brought into direct touch with the work, life and routine of the Royal Navy. Instituted to aid naval charities, the event also provided a public platform for the admiralty to promote the navy for the preservation of nation and empire, as well as encouraging naval education among the British public. Navy Weeks represented a site of modernity, technological innovation and military prestige. However, the event equally promoted naval heritage, tradition and the long-standing significance of the Royal Navy to Britain’s status as a maritime nation.
{"title":"No more parades? Navy Weeks, naval theatre and navalism, 1927–38","authors":"Rowan Thompson","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htac028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htac028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite calls for ‘no more parades’ following the First World War, and while the period was supposedly inhospitable to militaristic and martial ceremony, ‘naval theatre’, navalism and cultural displays of militarism all enjoyed significant resonance in the popular civic ritual of interwar Britain. One of the most prominent forms of naval theatre in this period was the annual celebration of Navy Weeks. First staged at Portsmouth, then extended to Plymouth and Chatham the following year, Navy Weeks were held between 1927 and 1938 and allowed members of the public to be brought into direct touch with the work, life and routine of the Royal Navy. Instituted to aid naval charities, the event also provided a public platform for the admiralty to promote the navy for the preservation of nation and empire, as well as encouraging naval education among the British public. Navy Weeks represented a site of modernity, technological innovation and military prestige. However, the event equally promoted naval heritage, tradition and the long-standing significance of the Royal Navy to Britain’s status as a maritime nation.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136297900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article documents a considerable increase in the percentage of manorial lords in fifteenth-century England who had enfeoffed their lands in use (trusts). Enfeoffments to use were the principal mechanism that enabled manorial lords to resettle their lands. The recent publication of inquisitions post-mortem for 1483–5 and wills for 1479–86 reveal how uses proliferated. Long-term uses appear to have been quite rare. Panels of feoffees were diminished by deaths and were rarely replaced by new panels. The article demonstrates how the uses were employed. While evasion of feudal incidents was a prime aim, this research shows how uses enabled deceased manorial lords to spend their landed incomes for religious purposes, for the benefit of spouses, daughters and younger sons subject to their conditions, and to postpone the succession of heirs for years and even decades after the lord’s death.
{"title":"Life after death: uses in practice in the fifteenth century","authors":"M. Hicks","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htac027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htac027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article documents a considerable increase in the percentage of manorial lords in fifteenth-century England who had enfeoffed their lands in use (trusts). Enfeoffments to use were the principal mechanism that enabled manorial lords to resettle their lands. The recent publication of inquisitions post-mortem for 1483–5 and wills for 1479–86 reveal how uses proliferated. Long-term uses appear to have been quite rare. Panels of feoffees were diminished by deaths and were rarely replaced by new panels. The article demonstrates how the uses were employed. While evasion of feudal incidents was a prime aim, this research shows how uses enabled deceased manorial lords to spend their landed incomes for religious purposes, for the benefit of spouses, daughters and younger sons subject to their conditions, and to postpone the succession of heirs for years and even decades after the lord’s death.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48075716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the politics of popular press astrology between 1939 and 1942. Charting the astrological content of the News of the World, The People, the Sunday Dispatch, the Sunday Express and the Sunday Pictorial, it unearths connections between predictions and wider themes of morale and press freedoms during the war. The article argues that these predictions, which were largely aimed at female readers, were, on balance, morale-boosting. Fears over the impact of press astrology speak to anxieties over the influence of popular newspapers in wartime among officials and contemporary researchers.
{"title":"The politics of press astrology in wartime Britain, 1939–42","authors":"Oliver Parken","doi":"10.1093/hisres/htac029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hisres/htac029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the politics of popular press astrology between 1939 and 1942. Charting the astrological content of the News of the World, The People, the Sunday Dispatch, the Sunday Express and the Sunday Pictorial, it unearths connections between predictions and wider themes of morale and press freedoms during the war. The article argues that these predictions, which were largely aimed at female readers, were, on balance, morale-boosting. Fears over the impact of press astrology speak to anxieties over the influence of popular newspapers in wartime among officials and contemporary researchers.","PeriodicalId":13059,"journal":{"name":"Historical Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41438787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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