Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527491
Jeongjoon Hwang;Somi Ha;Dohyun Kim
Classifying wafer defects in the wafer manufacturing process is increasingly critical for ensuring high-quality production, optimizing processes, and reducing costs. Most existing methods for wafer map defect classification primarily rely on images alone for model training and prediction. However, these approaches often lack interpretability, which can hinder process improvement and problem-solving efforts. In other words, existing methods only calculate the probability of a specific image belonging to each class, making it difficult to visually judge why the image belongs to a particular class. Additionally, these methods make it challenging to assess the distance of new images from each class. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain representative images of each class. To address these limitations, we propose a novel approach for wafer defect classification using contrastive learning with label embedding. The proposed method aims to map label information and wafer defect images into a shared latent space through contrastive learning using label embedding. This not only facilitates defect class prediction from images but also enhances interpretability by visualizing relationships between images and defects (labels) and providing representative defect images. Moreover, compared to previous methods, our approach demonstrates better classification performance and computational efficiency, even in situations with imbalanced labels. This method also shows significant potential in identifying unseen defects not defined in the original classification tasks. Consequently, the proposed approach extends its applicability beyond wafer map defect patterns, showing promising potential for use in various domains.
{"title":"Wafer Defect Classification Algorithm With Label Embedding Using Contrastive Learning","authors":"Jeongjoon Hwang;Somi Ha;Dohyun Kim","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527491","url":null,"abstract":"Classifying wafer defects in the wafer manufacturing process is increasingly critical for ensuring high-quality production, optimizing processes, and reducing costs. Most existing methods for wafer map defect classification primarily rely on images alone for model training and prediction. However, these approaches often lack interpretability, which can hinder process improvement and problem-solving efforts. In other words, existing methods only calculate the probability of a specific image belonging to each class, making it difficult to visually judge why the image belongs to a particular class. Additionally, these methods make it challenging to assess the distance of new images from each class. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain representative images of each class. To address these limitations, we propose a novel approach for wafer defect classification using contrastive learning with label embedding. The proposed method aims to map label information and wafer defect images into a shared latent space through contrastive learning using label embedding. This not only facilitates defect class prediction from images but also enhances interpretability by visualizing relationships between images and defects (labels) and providing representative defect images. Moreover, compared to previous methods, our approach demonstrates better classification performance and computational efficiency, even in situations with imbalanced labels. This method also shows significant potential in identifying unseen defects not defined in the original classification tasks. Consequently, the proposed approach extends its applicability beyond wafer map defect patterns, showing promising potential for use in various domains.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"9708-9717"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527507
Huirem Bharat Meitei;Manoj Kumar
A new technique for generating true random numbers by using the ADPLL (All Digital Phase Locked Loop)-based multiple ring oscillator TRNG (MURO-TRNG) is discussed in this paper. The proposed ADPLL-based MURO-TRNG contains 10 ring oscillators, 1 conventional ADPLL, 11 sampling DFFs, 1 XOR gate, and an XOR corrector-based post-processing circuit. Ring oscillators are the entropy sources for the proposed MURO-TRNG architecture, and they are constructed by ADPLL with different frequencies. A new DCO(Digital Controlled Oscillator) constructed by using 9 NOR gates and 1 DFF is designed for constructing ADPLL-based ring oscillator circuits. Conventional ADPLL operates at 3 different reference frequencies to sample the raw random bits and to provide a clock for the post-processing circuit. The proposed MURO-TRNG architecture is designed using VHDL, implemented on the Artix 7, Kintex-7, and Zynq7000 FPGAs, and simulated by the Xilinx Vivado 2015.2 tool. The designed and implemented MURO-TRNG architectures consume 2-4 LUTS and 2-4 FFs. Energy consumption per bit of the generated bitstream is in the range of 4.22 nJ/bit-5.85 nJ/bit, and throughput values are in the range of 206.82 Mbps-260.07 Mbps. The NIST SP 800-22 test is conducted to validate the randomness of the generated bit stream outputs from the post-processing circuit.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Multiple Ring Oscillator-Based TRNG Architecture by Using ADPLL","authors":"Huirem Bharat Meitei;Manoj Kumar","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527507","url":null,"abstract":"A new technique for generating true random numbers by using the ADPLL (All Digital Phase Locked Loop)-based multiple ring oscillator TRNG (MURO-TRNG) is discussed in this paper. The proposed ADPLL-based MURO-TRNG contains 10 ring oscillators, 1 conventional ADPLL, 11 sampling DFFs, 1 XOR gate, and an XOR corrector-based post-processing circuit. Ring oscillators are the entropy sources for the proposed MURO-TRNG architecture, and they are constructed by ADPLL with different frequencies. A new DCO(Digital Controlled Oscillator) constructed by using 9 NOR gates and 1 DFF is designed for constructing ADPLL-based ring oscillator circuits. Conventional ADPLL operates at 3 different reference frequencies to sample the raw random bits and to provide a clock for the post-processing circuit. The proposed MURO-TRNG architecture is designed using VHDL, implemented on the Artix 7, Kintex-7, and Zynq7000 FPGAs, and simulated by the Xilinx Vivado 2015.2 tool. The designed and implemented MURO-TRNG architectures consume 2-4 LUTS and 2-4 FFs. Energy consumption per bit of the generated bitstream is in the range of 4.22 nJ/bit-5.85 nJ/bit, and throughput values are in the range of 206.82 Mbps-260.07 Mbps. The NIST SP 800-22 test is conducted to validate the randomness of the generated bit stream outputs from the post-processing circuit.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"9252-9264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527881
Tiancheng Si;Shenyu Kong
Over recent years, the increasing expansion of remote sensing image (RSI) datasets has made annotation tasks more challenging and labor-intensive, drawing considerable attention toward few-shot object detection (FSOD). Nevertheless, current mainstream FSOD models are primarily designed for natural images and encounter two substantial challenges when applied to RSIs. 1) Inconsistent label assignment for novel instances between pre-training and fine-tuning confuses detectors, leading to diminished generalization performance. 2) Complex scenes within RSIs result in significant category variations, comprising high inter-class similarity and large intra-class variance, which impairs classification accuracy. Against the aforementioned challenges, we propose a novel FSOD approach in RSIs, termed EC-FSOD. Specifically, our approach introduces two key modules: Ensemble Class-free RPN (ECF-RPN) and Contrastive Prototype ETF Classifier (CPEC). The preceding module, ECF-RPN, generates proposals by integrating multiple dissimilar yet cooperative Class-free RPNs that perceive the shape and location of target objects, mitigating the confusion caused by label inconsistencies. Furthermore, the subsequent CPEC module combines two submodules, namely Contrastive Prototype Learning Network (CPLN) and Simplex ETF Classifier (SEC), to obtain a set of representative class prototypes and robust discriminative feature representations, which are employed to overcome the category variations and enhance the generalization performance of novel instances. Extensive experiments have revealed that our approach achieves top-2 results on the DIOR dataset and optimal performance on the NWPU VHR-10.v2 dataset.
{"title":"Few-Shot Object Detection in Remote Sensing: Mitigating Label Inconsistencies and Navigating Category Variations","authors":"Tiancheng Si;Shenyu Kong","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527881","url":null,"abstract":"Over recent years, the increasing expansion of remote sensing image (RSI) datasets has made annotation tasks more challenging and labor-intensive, drawing considerable attention toward few-shot object detection (FSOD). Nevertheless, current mainstream FSOD models are primarily designed for natural images and encounter two substantial challenges when applied to RSIs. 1) Inconsistent label assignment for novel instances between pre-training and fine-tuning confuses detectors, leading to diminished generalization performance. 2) Complex scenes within RSIs result in significant category variations, comprising high inter-class similarity and large intra-class variance, which impairs classification accuracy. Against the aforementioned challenges, we propose a novel FSOD approach in RSIs, termed EC-FSOD. Specifically, our approach introduces two key modules: Ensemble Class-free RPN (ECF-RPN) and Contrastive Prototype ETF Classifier (CPEC). The preceding module, ECF-RPN, generates proposals by integrating multiple dissimilar yet cooperative Class-free RPNs that perceive the shape and location of target objects, mitigating the confusion caused by label inconsistencies. Furthermore, the subsequent CPEC module combines two submodules, namely Contrastive Prototype Learning Network (CPLN) and Simplex ETF Classifier (SEC), to obtain a set of representative class prototypes and robust discriminative feature representations, which are employed to overcome the category variations and enhance the generalization performance of novel instances. Extensive experiments have revealed that our approach achieves top-2 results on the DIOR dataset and optimal performance on the NWPU VHR-10.v2 dataset.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"8169-8186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3521142
René Kalbitz
Presents corrections to the paper, (Corrections to “Effect of Material Changes on the Total Harmonic Distortions Caused by Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors”).
提出了对论文的更正，（对“材料变化对铝电解电容器引起的总谐波畸变的影响”的更正）。
{"title":"Corrections to “Effect of Material Changes on the Total Harmonic Distortions Caused by Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors”","authors":"René Kalbitz","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3521142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3521142","url":null,"abstract":"Presents corrections to the paper, (Corrections to “Effect of Material Changes on the Total Harmonic Distortions Caused by Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors”).","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"4581-4581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10836227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527628
Hannes Dahlberg;Oscar Kaatranen;Karl-Magnus Persson;Arto Rantala;Jacek Flak;Lars-Erik Wernersson
This work presents dynamic state writing by combining ferroelectric (FE) polarization together with charge injection (CI) on Si-based ferroelectric MOSFETs as a novel approach for non-volatile memory design. FE capacitors are non-destructively integrated in the Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) with Si MOSFETs to create FE-Metal-FETs (FeMFETs). We explore the FE/MOS area ratio (AR) as a critical design parameter, particularly in the context of dynamic writing processes, where various voltage pulse trains are applied for analog potentiation and depression of the memory state. AR significantly influences both the electric field distribution over the FE and the extent of CI from the top electrode. Constant-pulse writing schemes enable analog threshold voltage modulation by considering the AR, with reduced voltages and faster operation for smaller ARs. Retention of intermittent states written by FE polarization combined with CI is demonstrated, illustrating the stability and effectiveness of FeMFET devices and AR optimization for memory applications.
这项工作提出了将铁电（FE）极化和电荷注入（CI）结合在硅基铁电mosfet上的动态写入作为一种非易失性存储器设计的新方法。FE电容器在后端线（BEOL）中与Si mosfet非破坏性集成，以创建FE- metal - fet （femfet）。我们探讨了FE/MOS面积比（AR）作为一个关键的设计参数，特别是在动态写入过程的背景下，其中各种电压脉冲序列被应用于模拟增强和存储状态的抑制。AR对FE上的电场分布和顶部电极的CI范围都有显著影响。恒脉冲写入方案通过考虑AR实现模拟阈值电压调制，对于较小的AR具有更低的电压和更快的操作速度。证明了FE极化与CI相结合的间歇性状态的保留，说明了FeMFET器件的稳定性和有效性以及AR优化在存储应用中的应用。
{"title":"Memory State Dynamics in BEOL FeFETs: Impact of Area Ratio on Analog Write Mechanisms and Charging","authors":"Hannes Dahlberg;Oscar Kaatranen;Karl-Magnus Persson;Arto Rantala;Jacek Flak;Lars-Erik Wernersson","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527628","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents dynamic state writing by combining ferroelectric (FE) polarization together with charge injection (CI) on Si-based ferroelectric MOSFETs as a novel approach for non-volatile memory design. FE capacitors are non-destructively integrated in the Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) with Si MOSFETs to create FE-Metal-FETs (FeMFETs). We explore the FE/MOS area ratio (AR) as a critical design parameter, particularly in the context of dynamic writing processes, where various voltage pulse trains are applied for analog potentiation and depression of the memory state. AR significantly influences both the electric field distribution over the FE and the extent of CI from the top electrode. Constant-pulse writing schemes enable analog threshold voltage modulation by considering the AR, with reduced voltages and faster operation for smaller ARs. Retention of intermittent states written by FE polarization combined with CI is demonstrated, illustrating the stability and effectiveness of FeMFET devices and AR optimization for memory applications.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"9923-9930"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527870
Zhengyu Xu;Guofeng Zhao;Jiangying Peng;Xiao Ma;Wei Liu
Loop-source transient electromagnetic method (TEM) and grounded-wire-source TEM are two of the most popular methods in geological electromagnetic detection. Advances in power electronics have made it possible to achieve high magnetic moments by transmitting large current pulses through small excitation coils, enabling the use of independent loop sources as magnetic dipoles in active detection techniques. The independent loop source, by overcoming the attenuation of the magnetic field caused by distance, becomes an efficient and low-cost tool for shallow detection. Both the independent loop source and the grounded-wire source share similarities in detection principles and scanning modes. This paper discusses the merits and shortcomings of the loop source and grounded-wire source for shallow, multiscale refined detection. The three-dimensional model is established and the electromagnetic response characteristics are compared by COMSOL finite element simulation software. Additionally, the influence of anomalous burial depth, offset distance, and measurement height on the detection results of these two near-source methods are thoroughly discussed. Finally, it is explained by the field measurement results. The comparison of simulation and experimental results shows that the loop-source TEM is more suitable for shallow refined detection in terms of response quality and construction efficiency.
{"title":"Performance Comparison of Loop Source and Grounded-Wire Source for Shallow Refined TEM Detection","authors":"Zhengyu Xu;Guofeng Zhao;Jiangying Peng;Xiao Ma;Wei Liu","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527870","url":null,"abstract":"Loop-source transient electromagnetic method (TEM) and grounded-wire-source TEM are two of the most popular methods in geological electromagnetic detection. Advances in power electronics have made it possible to achieve high magnetic moments by transmitting large current pulses through small excitation coils, enabling the use of independent loop sources as magnetic dipoles in active detection techniques. The independent loop source, by overcoming the attenuation of the magnetic field caused by distance, becomes an efficient and low-cost tool for shallow detection. Both the independent loop source and the grounded-wire source share similarities in detection principles and scanning modes. This paper discusses the merits and shortcomings of the loop source and grounded-wire source for shallow, multiscale refined detection. The three-dimensional model is established and the electromagnetic response characteristics are compared by COMSOL finite element simulation software. Additionally, the influence of anomalous burial depth, offset distance, and measurement height on the detection results of these two near-source methods are thoroughly discussed. Finally, it is explained by the field measurement results. The comparison of simulation and experimental results shows that the loop-source TEM is more suitable for shallow refined detection in terms of response quality and construction efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"9450-9461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527756
Tianyu Zhang;Kuntao Ye;Yue Zhang;Rui Lu
Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated striking success in computer vision tasks. Methods based on CNNs for image compressive sensing (CS) have also gained prominence. However, existing methods tend to increase the depth of the network in feature space for better reconstruction quality, neglecting the hierarchical representation of intermediate features in pixel space. In order to coordinate the feature space and pixel space to complete the deep reconstruction of images, and further improve the reconstruction performance of current CS methods, we propose a multi-scale channel distillation network (MSCDN). This network first obtains images of multiple scales using a scale-space image decomposition method at the sampling stage, followed by sampling these decomposed images through a convolutional operation. In this way, multi-scale information in the compressed domain is aggregated. During the reconstruction phase, a low-frequency information recovery network generates a preliminary image, whereas a high-frequency feature aggregation network refines the image further. Specifically, we design a dual-branch deep reconstruction architecture with channel distillation residual block (CDRB) as the core component. One branch extracts features gradually by cascading multiple CDRB modules, thereby supplementing the initial reconstructed image with a large amount of high-frequency content in feature space. The other branch takes the initial reconstructed image as input and sequentially fuses the intermediate feature outputs by CDRBs to increase the local details of the image in pixel space. Combining outputs from both branches, we achieve an optimal reconstructed image. Extensive experimental results on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that MSCDN surpasses state-of-the-art CS methods not only in reconstruction accuracy but also in perceptual visual quality.
{"title":"Multi-Scale Channel Distillation Network for Image Compressive Sensing","authors":"Tianyu Zhang;Kuntao Ye;Yue Zhang;Rui Lu","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527756","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated striking success in computer vision tasks. Methods based on CNNs for image compressive sensing (CS) have also gained prominence. However, existing methods tend to increase the depth of the network in feature space for better reconstruction quality, neglecting the hierarchical representation of intermediate features in pixel space. In order to coordinate the feature space and pixel space to complete the deep reconstruction of images, and further improve the reconstruction performance of current CS methods, we propose a multi-scale channel distillation network (MSCDN). This network first obtains images of multiple scales using a scale-space image decomposition method at the sampling stage, followed by sampling these decomposed images through a convolutional operation. In this way, multi-scale information in the compressed domain is aggregated. During the reconstruction phase, a low-frequency information recovery network generates a preliminary image, whereas a high-frequency feature aggregation network refines the image further. Specifically, we design a dual-branch deep reconstruction architecture with channel distillation residual block (CDRB) as the core component. One branch extracts features gradually by cascading multiple CDRB modules, thereby supplementing the initial reconstructed image with a large amount of high-frequency content in feature space. The other branch takes the initial reconstructed image as input and sequentially fuses the intermediate feature outputs by CDRBs to increase the local details of the image in pixel space. Combining outputs from both branches, we achieve an optimal reconstructed image. Extensive experimental results on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that MSCDN surpasses state-of-the-art CS methods not only in reconstruction accuracy but also in perceptual visual quality.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"9524-9537"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527580
Liu Peng
In clinical therapy, enhancing emotional engagement and experience is held to be pivotal for achieving better treatment outcomes. The traditional application techniques of integrating emotional feedback with interventions are often imprecise in capturing real-time variations in emotions and translating these into effective decision-making processes. This paper bridges this gap by proposing an innovative Disc Interval-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy structure to be presented in order to improve the accuracy of the process of decision-making while dealing with some imprecise emotional data. We propose some basic aggregation operation techniques based on Ordered Weighted Averaging and Ordered Weighted Geometric, which are able to capture real-time emotions. The operations used are applied to a case study of interactive digital art that is meant to enrich clients’ emotional experiences and overall effectiveness of clinical therapy. Then, the new format is compared with the technique of CoCoSo that presents an improved flexibility and accuracy hence producing better therapy results.
{"title":"Fusing Emotion and Art Communication: A Disc Interval-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach","authors":"Liu Peng","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527580","url":null,"abstract":"In clinical therapy, enhancing emotional engagement and experience is held to be pivotal for achieving better treatment outcomes. The traditional application techniques of integrating emotional feedback with interventions are often imprecise in capturing real-time variations in emotions and translating these into effective decision-making processes. This paper bridges this gap by proposing an innovative Disc Interval-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy structure to be presented in order to improve the accuracy of the process of decision-making while dealing with some imprecise emotional data. We propose some basic aggregation operation techniques based on Ordered Weighted Averaging and Ordered Weighted Geometric, which are able to capture real-time emotions. The operations used are applied to a case study of interactive digital art that is meant to enrich clients’ emotional experiences and overall effectiveness of clinical therapy. Then, the new format is compared with the technique of CoCoSo that presents an improved flexibility and accuracy hence producing better therapy results.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"8723-8739"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527576
Tomoki Kanno;Yasuyuki Ichihashi;Takashi Kakue;Koki Wakunami;Ryutaro Oi;Tomoyoshi Shimobaba;Tomoyoshi Ito
Projection-type holographic displays are three-dimensional (3D) displays that utilize computer holography. These displays consist of a projection lens and a transparent holographic optical element (HOE) with off-axis concave mirror phase distribution and allow the user to observe a large 3D image by designing the magnification of the projection lens and the light-collecting function of the HOE screen independently. However, the observation area of the 3D image is limited. In this paper, we propose a method of expanding the observation area using time-division projection of multiple reproduced lights. With the proposed system developed to synchronize illumination lights and holograms, the proposed method can expand the observation area by a factor of 1.7 while maintaining the image size twofold that obtained by the conventional system. In addition, we succeeded in generating reproducing 3D video at 20 frames per second.
{"title":"Projection-Type Holographic Display With Observation Area Expanded Using Time-Division Reproduced Light Generation System","authors":"Tomoki Kanno;Yasuyuki Ichihashi;Takashi Kakue;Koki Wakunami;Ryutaro Oi;Tomoyoshi Shimobaba;Tomoyoshi Ito","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527576","url":null,"abstract":"Projection-type holographic displays are three-dimensional (3D) displays that utilize computer holography. These displays consist of a projection lens and a transparent holographic optical element (HOE) with off-axis concave mirror phase distribution and allow the user to observe a large 3D image by designing the magnification of the projection lens and the light-collecting function of the HOE screen independently. However, the observation area of the 3D image is limited. In this paper, we propose a method of expanding the observation area using time-division projection of multiple reproduced lights. With the proposed system developed to synchronize illumination lights and holograms, the proposed method can expand the observation area by a factor of 1.7 while maintaining the image size twofold that obtained by the conventional system. In addition, we succeeded in generating reproducing 3D video at 20 frames per second.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"9343-9353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents lumped reactive capacitors and inductors to create a compact filtering hybrid ring coupler (HRC) with a broad suppression band. The traditional 180-degree ring coupler has six long $lambda $ /4 branches. In the proposed coupler, six compact proposed branches are applied instead of these six long $lambda $ /4 branches, resulting in size reduction and harmonic suppression. The designed HRC works at 800 MHz and provide 220 MHz operating bandwidth from 690 MHz from 910MHz, which is equal to 27.5% FBW. The designed HRC has acceptable performance in operating frequency and higher frequencies. The designed 180-degree ring hybrid coupler (HRC) achieves a broad stop-band ranging from 1.7 GHz to 5 GHz, effectively rejecting $2^{mathrm {nd}}$ to $6^{mathrm {th}}$ harmonic. The proposed HRC is designed, simulated and fabricated, which the measured results validate the simulations. In the pass band, the proposed hybrid coupler exhibits less than 0.2 dB insertion loss, over 26 dB return loss, and 49 dB isolation measured at 800 MHz. Moreover, the conventional 800 MHz HRC occupied $0.5~lambda times 0.25~lambda $ (140.7 mm $times 70.8$ mm), while size of the proposed HRC is 10.7 mm $times 6.7$ mm ($0.038~lambda times 0.024~lambda $ ), which provides 99% size reduction.
{"title":"Design of an Ultra Compact 180-Degree Ring Coupler With Harmonic Suppression Using Composite Lines for Modern RF Systems","authors":"Saeed Roshani;Farid Zubir;Mohsen Karimi;Muhammad Akmal Chaudhary;Maher Assaad;Fawwaz Hazzazi;Noorlindawaty Md Jizat;Sobhan Roshani","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3527743","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents lumped reactive capacitors and inductors to create a compact filtering hybrid ring coupler (HRC) with a broad suppression band. The traditional 180-degree ring coupler has six long <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/4 branches. In the proposed coupler, six compact proposed branches are applied instead of these six long <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/4 branches, resulting in size reduction and harmonic suppression. The designed HRC works at 800 MHz and provide 220 MHz operating bandwidth from 690 MHz from 910MHz, which is equal to 27.5% FBW. The designed HRC has acceptable performance in operating frequency and higher frequencies. The designed 180-degree ring hybrid coupler (HRC) achieves a broad stop-band ranging from 1.7 GHz to 5 GHz, effectively rejecting <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2^{mathrm {nd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6^{mathrm {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> harmonic. The proposed HRC is designed, simulated and fabricated, which the measured results validate the simulations. In the pass band, the proposed hybrid coupler exhibits less than 0.2 dB insertion loss, over 26 dB return loss, and 49 dB isolation measured at 800 MHz. Moreover, the conventional 800 MHz HRC occupied <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5~lambda times 0.25~lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> (140.7 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 70.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm), while size of the proposed HRC is 10.7 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 6.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.038~lambda times 0.024~lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>), which provides 99% size reduction.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"8214-8224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10835077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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