This systematic review investigates compression algorithms for three-dimensional content, focusing on recent advancements. It categorizes the methodologies into traditional, learning-based, and semantic approaches. The review includes 52 studies selected based on criteria including publication date, peer review status, and relevance to the field. The analysis highlights the significant contributions of learning-based and semantic techniques in advancing 3D content compression. Notably, some reviewed learning-based methods demonstrated over 95% improvement in rate optimization compared to standard point cloud compression methods. Despite the comprehensive coverage, the review acknowledges certain limitations due to potential biases in study selection and the inherent heterogeneity of the included research. The findings underscore the importance of continued exploration in learning-based and semantic compression for enhancing the efficiency and applicability of 3D content technologies.
{"title":"A Systematic Survey Into Compression Algorithms for Three-Dimensional Content","authors":"Ivaylo Bozhilov;Radostina Petkova;Krasimir Tonchev;Agata Manolova","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469549","url":null,"abstract":"This systematic review investigates compression algorithms for three-dimensional content, focusing on recent advancements. It categorizes the methodologies into traditional, learning-based, and semantic approaches. The review includes 52 studies selected based on criteria including publication date, peer review status, and relevance to the field. The analysis highlights the significant contributions of learning-based and semantic techniques in advancing 3D content compression. Notably, some reviewed learning-based methods demonstrated over 95% improvement in rate optimization compared to standard point cloud compression methods. Despite the comprehensive coverage, the review acknowledges certain limitations due to potential biases in study selection and the inherent heterogeneity of the included research. The findings underscore the importance of continued exploration in learning-based and semantic compression for enhancing the efficiency and applicability of 3D content technologies.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10697131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motors for electric drive systems applied to electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) need to be compact and to have high power density to reduce vehicle weight, to expand the living space, and to lower costs. Several means of reducing the size of motors can be utilized. In this study, we focused on shortening the axial length of the stator coil. The axial length of the entire motor can be shortened by reducing the axial length of the stator coil end, and the length of the frame that houses the motor can be reduced. In our previous report, we proposed a permanent magnet synchronous motor that has a stator consisting of a stator coil with rectangular wires joined at the axial center of the stator core to shorten the axial length of the entire motor. However, one of the issues with the proposed coil, the possibility of the coil falling off due to thermal stresses generated in the coil, had not been considered. In addition, a large difference was found between the measured and analyzed coil temperatures, along with a problem in the evaluation of high-frequency iron loss. As a result, thermal stress could not be evaluated accurately. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary study to evaluate the thermal stress of the coil. The study, reported herein, included an investigation on the effect of harmonic iron loss on the temperature of various parts of the motor to improve the accuracy of loss analysis. We directly measured the iron loss of electromagnetic steel sheets at various frequencies to investigate up to what frequency the iron loss data used in the building factor calculation for the iron loss analysis would be required. Then, temperature analysis was performed at the operating point under the most severe temperature conditions, and shear stress was evaluated using the calculated temperatures of each part to determine whether or not the welding-less coils would pull out. As a result of our review, the maximum frequency of iron loss data for electromagnetic steel sheets used to calculate the building factor for iron loss calculations was found to be at least 20 kHz. In addition, the coil temperature was within ±10 K of the value obtained when the motor was designed under the condition of no mating area, and the motor with the welding-less coil exhibited the same characteristics as those of the designed value. In the next step, the coil’s adhesion strength exceeding the thermal stress, we found that the insulation configuration did not break under thermal stress and that coil dislocation did not occur. Therefore, we found that the welding-less coils are useful as coils constituting a motor.
应用于电动汽车（EV）和插电式混合动力电动汽车（PHEV）的电力驱动系统的电机需要结构紧凑、功率密度高，以减轻车重、扩大生存空间并降低成本。缩小电机尺寸的方法有多种。在本研究中，我们重点关注缩短定子线圈的轴向长度。通过缩短定子线圈端部的轴向长度，可以缩短整个电机的轴向长度，同时还可以缩短容纳电机的机架长度。在我们之前的报告中，我们提出了一种永磁同步电机，其定子由定子线圈组成，矩形导线在定子铁芯的轴向中心连接，从而缩短了整个电机的轴向长度。然而，拟议线圈的一个问题，即线圈中产生的热应力导致线圈脱落的可能性，并未得到考虑。此外，还发现测量和分析的线圈温度之间存在很大差异，而且在评估高频铁损时也存在问题。因此，无法准确评估热应力。因此，我们进行了一项初步研究，以评估线圈的热应力。本文报告的研究包括谐波铁损对电机各部分温度影响的调查，以提高损耗分析的准确性。我们直接测量了电磁钢板在不同频率下的铁损，以研究铁损分析的建筑系数计算中使用的铁损数据需要达到什么频率。然后，在最恶劣温度条件下的工作点进行温度分析，并利用计算得出的各部分温度评估剪应力，以确定无焊接线圈是否会拉断。经过审查，我们发现用于计算铁损计算建筑系数的电磁钢板铁损数据的最大频率至少为 20 千赫。此外，线圈温度与在无接合区条件下设计电机时获得的值在±10 K 范围内，无焊接线圈的电机表现出与设计值相同的特性。在下一步，即线圈的粘附强度超过热应力时，我们发现绝缘结构在热应力下没有断裂，线圈也没有发生错位。因此，我们发现无焊接线圈可用作构成电机的线圈。
{"title":"Evaluation of Adhesion Strength of Coils of a High-Speed Motor Applying Welding-Less Coils","authors":"Masanori Sawahata;Masahiro Hori;Takafumi Hara;Ryoichi Takahata","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3469379","url":null,"abstract":"Motors for electric drive systems applied to electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) need to be compact and to have high power density to reduce vehicle weight, to expand the living space, and to lower costs. Several means of reducing the size of motors can be utilized. In this study, we focused on shortening the axial length of the stator coil. The axial length of the entire motor can be shortened by reducing the axial length of the stator coil end, and the length of the frame that houses the motor can be reduced. In our previous report, we proposed a permanent magnet synchronous motor that has a stator consisting of a stator coil with rectangular wires joined at the axial center of the stator core to shorten the axial length of the entire motor. However, one of the issues with the proposed coil, the possibility of the coil falling off due to thermal stresses generated in the coil, had not been considered. In addition, a large difference was found between the measured and analyzed coil temperatures, along with a problem in the evaluation of high-frequency iron loss. As a result, thermal stress could not be evaluated accurately. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary study to evaluate the thermal stress of the coil. The study, reported herein, included an investigation on the effect of harmonic iron loss on the temperature of various parts of the motor to improve the accuracy of loss analysis. We directly measured the iron loss of electromagnetic steel sheets at various frequencies to investigate up to what frequency the iron loss data used in the building factor calculation for the iron loss analysis would be required. Then, temperature analysis was performed at the operating point under the most severe temperature conditions, and shear stress was evaluated using the calculated temperatures of each part to determine whether or not the welding-less coils would pull out. As a result of our review, the maximum frequency of iron loss data for electromagnetic steel sheets used to calculate the building factor for iron loss calculations was found to be at least 20 kHz. In addition, the coil temperature was within ±10 K of the value obtained when the motor was designed under the condition of no mating area, and the motor with the welding-less coil exhibited the same characteristics as those of the designed value. In the next step, the coil’s adhesion strength exceeding the thermal stress, we found that the insulation configuration did not break under thermal stress and that coil dislocation did not occur. Therefore, we found that the welding-less coils are useful as coils constituting a motor.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10697180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468879
Vinod R. Chiliveri;R. Kalpana;Dharavath Kishan
This paper focuses on enhancing lateral motion stability in an independent drive electric vehicle (IDEV) under various uncertainties such as parameter variations, external disturbances, and input time delay. Initially, a new mathematical model for the IDEV is developed, accounting for these uncertainties. Further, a sliding mode predictive control (SMPC) utilizing an adaptive reaching law (ARL) is designed to alleviate the chattering effects, expedite reaching time and mitigate the impact of input time delay. Additionally, two virtual control signals are generated to improve tracking accuracy. An optimal control allocation technique is then introduced to map virtual control signals to actual control inputs. To further enhance control robustness and path-tracking accuracy, disturbance observer and delay estimator are designed to accurately estimate unknown disturbances and input time delay, with feedback incorporated into the SMPC. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are performed for two specific driving maneuvers and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ARL-SMPC design.
{"title":"Sliding Mode Predictive Control for Enhanced Lateral Motion Stability in Independent Drive Electric Vehicle With Input Delay and Disturbance Compensation","authors":"Vinod R. Chiliveri;R. Kalpana;Dharavath Kishan","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468879","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on enhancing lateral motion stability in an independent drive electric vehicle (IDEV) under various uncertainties such as parameter variations, external disturbances, and input time delay. Initially, a new mathematical model for the IDEV is developed, accounting for these uncertainties. Further, a sliding mode predictive control (SMPC) utilizing an adaptive reaching law (ARL) is designed to alleviate the chattering effects, expedite reaching time and mitigate the impact of input time delay. Additionally, two virtual control signals are generated to improve tracking accuracy. An optimal control allocation technique is then introduced to map virtual control signals to actual control inputs. To further enhance control robustness and path-tracking accuracy, disturbance observer and delay estimator are designed to accurately estimate unknown disturbances and input time delay, with feedback incorporated into the SMPC. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are performed for two specific driving maneuvers and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ARL-SMPC design.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468471
S. Priya;R. Radha;P. Anandha Prakash;R. Nandhini
We propose a comprehensive Electric Vehicle (EV) routing algorithm to find the optimal set of intermediate charging stations (CSs) present between a given source and destination. Each intermediate charging station is selected to maximize efficiency by considering three crucial parameters: distance to reach the destination from the selected CS, waiting time at the CS, and energy consumed to reach the selected CS along the route. Unlike existing algorithms, that focus solely on energy or distance, this algorithm integrates all three factors to generate an efficient path. Machine Learning (ML) is employed to predict vehicle range using data provided by the user, ensuring that the selected route avoids the risk of battery depletion midway. This predicted range is then used to determine CSs that can be reached from current location. Furthermore, the algorithm utilizes Breadth-First Search (BFS) to identify CS nodes with the least cost, enhancing routing accuracy. The cost of reaching each CS node is calculated using Neuro-Fuzzy Logic, which effectively handles uncertain inputs, which is common in EV routing scenarios. Comparative analysis against a recently proposed route planning algorithm (EV-RPA) reveals superior performance of the proposed approach, particularly as the number of CSs increases. It excels in all three aspects: distance covered, waiting time, and energy consumed, highlighting its effectiveness in optimizing EV routing.
{"title":"Optimizing the Selection of Intermediate Charging Stations in EV Routing Through Neuro-Fuzzy Logic","authors":"S. Priya;R. Radha;P. Anandha Prakash;R. Nandhini","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468471","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a comprehensive Electric Vehicle (EV) routing algorithm to find the optimal set of intermediate charging stations (CSs) present between a given source and destination. Each intermediate charging station is selected to maximize efficiency by considering three crucial parameters: distance to reach the destination from the selected CS, waiting time at the CS, and energy consumed to reach the selected CS along the route. Unlike existing algorithms, that focus solely on energy or distance, this algorithm integrates all three factors to generate an efficient path. Machine Learning (ML) is employed to predict vehicle range using data provided by the user, ensuring that the selected route avoids the risk of battery depletion midway. This predicted range is then used to determine CSs that can be reached from current location. Furthermore, the algorithm utilizes Breadth-First Search (BFS) to identify CS nodes with the least cost, enhancing routing accuracy. The cost of reaching each CS node is calculated using Neuro-Fuzzy Logic, which effectively handles uncertain inputs, which is common in EV routing scenarios. Comparative analysis against a recently proposed route planning algorithm (EV-RPA) reveals superior performance of the proposed approach, particularly as the number of CSs increases. It excels in all three aspects: distance covered, waiting time, and energy consumed, highlighting its effectiveness in optimizing EV routing.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468714
Giuseppe Valente;Fabio Pelorossi;Giampaolo Serra;Enrico Urru;Andrea Saba;Maria Noemi Iacolina;Riccardo Ghiani;Javier de Vicente;Pier Mario Besso;Franco Buffa;Salvatore Viviano;Giorgio Montisci
Commissioned in 2017 by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the Sardinia Deep Space Antenna (SDSA) is currently able to operate in the X-band, supporting deep space and near Earth telemetry missions and scientific experiments. While sharing its infrastructure with the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT), the SDSA boasts its own dedicated control center and specific equipment. This paper outlines a new optical design and the radio frequency upgrades to enhance the SDSA’s capabilities for current and future tracking of deep space and near Earth missions. The proposed design aims to establish the SDSA as a state-of-the-art antenna in the field of space activities by capitalizing on its exceptional versatility. This includes its ability to accommodate new equipment and leverage the inherent characteristics of the SRT antenna, such as its active surface and frequency agility. A collaborative effort with ESA has resulted in a newly designed optical configuration enabling reception and transmission in the X, K, and Ka frequency bands. Specifically, the X and K frequency bands are allocated to near Earth radio communication (within a 2 million kilometer range). Additionally, the X- and Ka- bands configurations are designed for deep space operations, including the well-known triple-link technique for radio science missions beyond 2 million kilometers. To characterize the performance of the upgraded antenna, we present the electromagnetic simulations of the new optical design. We analyze the antenna radiation pattern across various downlink and uplink frequency bands and evaluate key parameters like gain-to-noise system temperature ( $G/T_{sys}$ ) and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). The simulations were conducted using the dedicated commercial software GRASP and CHAMP 3D by TICRA. The results of this study provide valuable information on the capability of the upgraded SDSA to enable a wide range of space communication and space science applications, making the SRT in its SDSA configuration one of the most equipped and technologically advanced ground segment facility.
撒丁岛深空天线（SDSA）于 2017 年由意大利航天局（ASI）委托建造，目前能够在 X 波段运行，为深空和近地遥测任务及科学实验提供支持。在与撒丁岛射电望远镜（SRT）共享基础设施的同时，SDSA 还拥有自己的专用控制中心和特定设备。本文概述了一种新的光学设计和无线电频率升级，以增强 SDSA 当前和未来跟踪深空和近地任务的能力。拟议的设计旨在利用 SDSA 的卓越多功能性，将其打造成空间活动领域最先进的天线。这包括其适应新设备的能力和利用 SRT 天线固有特性的能力，如其有源表面和频率灵活性。通过与欧空局的合作，新设计的光学配置实现了 X、K 和 Ka 频段的接收和传输。具体来说，X 和 K 频段被分配用于近地无线电通信（200 万公里范围内）。此外，X 和 Ka 波段配置是为深空业务设计的，包括著名的三链路技术，用于 200 万公里以外的无线电科学任务。为了描述升级版天线的性能，我们介绍了新光学设计的电磁模拟。我们分析了天线在不同下行和上行频段的辐射模式，并评估了增益-噪声系统温度（$G/T_{sys}$）和有效各向同性辐射功率（EIRP）等关键参数。模拟使用 TICRA 的专用商业软件 GRASP 和 CHAMP 3D 进行。这项研究的结果提供了有价值的信息，说明升级后的 SDSA 能够实现广泛的空间通信和空间科学应用，使 SRT 的 SDSA 配置成为设备最先进、技术最先进的地面段设施之一。
{"title":"The Optical Design of the Sardinia Deep Space Antenna for Telemetry, Tracking, and Command","authors":"Giuseppe Valente;Fabio Pelorossi;Giampaolo Serra;Enrico Urru;Andrea Saba;Maria Noemi Iacolina;Riccardo Ghiani;Javier de Vicente;Pier Mario Besso;Franco Buffa;Salvatore Viviano;Giorgio Montisci","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468714","url":null,"abstract":"Commissioned in 2017 by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the Sardinia Deep Space Antenna (SDSA) is currently able to operate in the X-band, supporting deep space and near Earth telemetry missions and scientific experiments. While sharing its infrastructure with the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT), the SDSA boasts its own dedicated control center and specific equipment. This paper outlines a new optical design and the radio frequency upgrades to enhance the SDSA’s capabilities for current and future tracking of deep space and near Earth missions. The proposed design aims to establish the SDSA as a state-of-the-art antenna in the field of space activities by capitalizing on its exceptional versatility. This includes its ability to accommodate new equipment and leverage the inherent characteristics of the SRT antenna, such as its active surface and frequency agility. A collaborative effort with ESA has resulted in a newly designed optical configuration enabling reception and transmission in the X, K, and Ka frequency bands. Specifically, the X and K frequency bands are allocated to near Earth radio communication (within a 2 million kilometer range). Additionally, the X- and Ka- bands configurations are designed for deep space operations, including the well-known triple-link technique for radio science missions beyond 2 million kilometers. To characterize the performance of the upgraded antenna, we present the electromagnetic simulations of the new optical design. We analyze the antenna radiation pattern across various downlink and uplink frequency bands and evaluate key parameters like gain-to-noise system temperature (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$G/T_{sys}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). The simulations were conducted using the dedicated commercial software GRASP and CHAMP 3D by TICRA. The results of this study provide valuable information on the capability of the upgraded SDSA to enable a wide range of space communication and space science applications, making the SRT in its SDSA configuration one of the most equipped and technologically advanced ground segment facility.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468442
Mikio Fujiwara;Go Kato;Masahide Sasaki
For information that requires long-term confidentiality (e.g. national security, military security, genomic data etc.), the threat of eavesdropping must be seriously considered. The leakage of such information would not only cause temporary confusion but would also have serious repercussions for future generations. Part of such important data are already being exchanged over the Internet using cryptography that is not resistant to quantum computers. Considering the possibility of harvest attacks on information that must be kept secret for centuries, developing a technology that can immediately eliminate the risk of eavesdropping in principle is desirable. In response to these demands, we previously developed a system called the quantum secure cloud, which realizes an information-theoretically secure data transmission, storage, reconstruction, and authentication with a single password, using an established technology of quantum key distribution network. We now apply this technology to develop an information-theoretically secure long-distance data-relay function and succeed in developing a distributed data-relay simulator that is compatible with current quantum key distribution networks. The throughput of this protocol is more than 10 Mbps for 10 MB data, so it can be applied to practical use.
{"title":"Information Theoretically Secure Data Relay Using QKD Network","authors":"Mikio Fujiwara;Go Kato;Masahide Sasaki","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468442","url":null,"abstract":"For information that requires long-term confidentiality (e.g. national security, military security, genomic data etc.), the threat of eavesdropping must be seriously considered. The leakage of such information would not only cause temporary confusion but would also have serious repercussions for future generations. Part of such important data are already being exchanged over the Internet using cryptography that is not resistant to quantum computers. Considering the possibility of harvest attacks on information that must be kept secret for centuries, developing a technology that can immediately eliminate the risk of eavesdropping in principle is desirable. In response to these demands, we previously developed a system called the quantum secure cloud, which realizes an information-theoretically secure data transmission, storage, reconstruction, and authentication with a single password, using an established technology of quantum key distribution network. We now apply this technology to develop an information-theoretically secure long-distance data-relay function and succeed in developing a distributed data-relay simulator that is compatible with current quantum key distribution networks. The throughput of this protocol is more than 10 Mbps for 10 MB data, so it can be applied to practical use.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3462821
Ahmed Chantoufi;Aziz Derouich;Najib El Ouanjli;Said Mahfoud;Abderrahman El Idrissi;Ahmad F. Tazay;Mohamed I. Mosaad
Electric vehicles (EVs) are unquestionably the future of transportation due to their numerous advantages, such as their ability to address environmental issues, decrease dependence on fossil fuel, and enhance energy security. Attaining optimum performance, efficiency, and safety in EVs requires accurate control over both the speed and torque of the electric motor used. The Doubly Fed Induction Motor (DFIM) is classified as a motor that offers precise control over both its speed and torque. Additionally, it has some features that render it suitable for EV applications. This study contributes to advancing the field of new control systems for a DFIM used in EV applications. A key novelty of this work is the introduction of the Backstepping-Direct Torque Control (BSC-DTC) system for DFIM in EV applications. The suggested controller accurately tracks the specified speed set by the EV driver (reference speed) without any deviation, which is a key characteristic in modern EVs. Furthermore, the torque of the DFIM is regulated using the developed DTC method, BSC-DTC. To assess the capability of the BSC-DTC to effectively monitor the reference speed and achieve torque control, a comparison with conventional DTC is provided. Furthermore, an experimental implementation was conducted using the DS1104 board developed by dSPACE to validate the simulation results, highlighting the practical feasibility of the proposed system. Comprehensive modeling of the EV drivetrain was conducted and simulated utilizing the MATLAB-Simulink environment. The simulation findings demonstrate that the suggested control system offers superior performance for the EV system in terms of accurate reference speed tracking with zero tracking error and a slight overshoot of 0.1 km/h, as well as dynamic torque response. However, ripples in the electromagnetic torque provided by the motor have been observed. To address this issue, another innovative aspect of the work involves focusing future efforts on implementing control approaches based on artificial intelligence methodologies, opening new research and innovation avenues.
{"title":"Direct Torque Control-Based Backstepping Speed Controller of Doubly Fed Induction Motors in Electric Vehicles: Experimental Validation","authors":"Ahmed Chantoufi;Aziz Derouich;Najib El Ouanjli;Said Mahfoud;Abderrahman El Idrissi;Ahmad F. Tazay;Mohamed I. Mosaad","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3462821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3462821","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) are unquestionably the future of transportation due to their numerous advantages, such as their ability to address environmental issues, decrease dependence on fossil fuel, and enhance energy security. Attaining optimum performance, efficiency, and safety in EVs requires accurate control over both the speed and torque of the electric motor used. The Doubly Fed Induction Motor (DFIM) is classified as a motor that offers precise control over both its speed and torque. Additionally, it has some features that render it suitable for EV applications. This study contributes to advancing the field of new control systems for a DFIM used in EV applications. A key novelty of this work is the introduction of the Backstepping-Direct Torque Control (BSC-DTC) system for DFIM in EV applications. The suggested controller accurately tracks the specified speed set by the EV driver (reference speed) without any deviation, which is a key characteristic in modern EVs. Furthermore, the torque of the DFIM is regulated using the developed DTC method, BSC-DTC. To assess the capability of the BSC-DTC to effectively monitor the reference speed and achieve torque control, a comparison with conventional DTC is provided. Furthermore, an experimental implementation was conducted using the DS1104 board developed by dSPACE to validate the simulation results, highlighting the practical feasibility of the proposed system. Comprehensive modeling of the EV drivetrain was conducted and simulated utilizing the MATLAB-Simulink environment. The simulation findings demonstrate that the suggested control system offers superior performance for the EV system in terms of accurate reference speed tracking with zero tracking error and a slight overshoot of 0.1 km/h, as well as dynamic torque response. However, ripples in the electromagnetic torque provided by the motor have been observed. To address this issue, another innovative aspect of the work involves focusing future efforts on implementing control approaches based on artificial intelligence methodologies, opening new research and innovation avenues.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468438
H. Tejaswini;M. M. Manohara Pai;Radhika M. Pai
Fish classification (FC) is crucial in various domains, including fishery management and ecological research. Traditional FC methods rely mainly on morphological criteria such as body shape and patterns. Although these methods are useful, they require expert knowledge and are prone to subjective interpretation. Recent advances in technology and the availability of datasets have allowed deep learning (DL) techniques to be used in fish species classification. These methods automatically extract relevant features from fish images and categorize them into species groupings. Traditional DL models, however, have difficulties capturing long-range dependencies and require fixed input sizes, making them less adaptive when working with images with varying proportions. The Vision Transformer (ViT) addresses these constraints by utilizing the transformer model’s self-attention mechanisms. So, in this study, a ViT is used to solve the FC problem. The performance of ViT is assessed against pre-trained models, VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet121, ResNet50v2, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, and Xception. The experiments make use of a curated Estuarine Fish species dataset (EFD). In this study, ViT outperformed state-of-the-art literature by achieving 99.04% and 100% accuracy without and with augmentation, respectively. The presented research is tailored to the task of recognizing estuarine fish species that are useful in the aquaculture domain. Additionally, our research aligns with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 14. This emphasises the broader societal and environmental implications of our work, emphasizing its potential to positively impact food security and aquaculture ecosystem sustainability.
{"title":"Automatic Estuarine Fish Species Classification System Based on Deep Learning Techniques","authors":"H. Tejaswini;M. M. Manohara Pai;Radhika M. Pai","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468438","url":null,"abstract":"Fish classification (FC) is crucial in various domains, including fishery management and ecological research. Traditional FC methods rely mainly on morphological criteria such as body shape and patterns. Although these methods are useful, they require expert knowledge and are prone to subjective interpretation. Recent advances in technology and the availability of datasets have allowed deep learning (DL) techniques to be used in fish species classification. These methods automatically extract relevant features from fish images and categorize them into species groupings. Traditional DL models, however, have difficulties capturing long-range dependencies and require fixed input sizes, making them less adaptive when working with images with varying proportions. The Vision Transformer (ViT) addresses these constraints by utilizing the transformer model’s self-attention mechanisms. So, in this study, a ViT is used to solve the FC problem. The performance of ViT is assessed against pre-trained models, VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet121, ResNet50v2, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, and Xception. The experiments make use of a curated Estuarine Fish species dataset (EFD). In this study, ViT outperformed state-of-the-art literature by achieving 99.04% and 100% accuracy without and with augmentation, respectively. The presented research is tailored to the task of recognizing estuarine fish species that are useful in the aquaculture domain. Additionally, our research aligns with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 14. This emphasises the broader societal and environmental implications of our work, emphasizing its potential to positively impact food security and aquaculture ecosystem sustainability.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advancements in telecommunications are significantly benefiting the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in various ways. Minimal latency, faster data transfer, and reduced costs are transforming the landscape of IoV. While these advantages accompany the latest improvements, they also expand cyberspace, leading to security and privacy concerns. Vehicles rely on trusted authorities for registration and authentication processes, resulting in bottleneck issues and communication delays. Moreover, the central trusted authority and intermediate nodes raise doubts regarding transparency, traceability, and anonymity. This paper proposes a novel vehicle authentication handover framework leveraging blockchain, IPFS, and hybrid computing. The framework uses a Proof of Reputation (PoR) consensus mechanism to improve transparency and traceability and the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) cryptosystem to reduce computational delays. The suggested system assures data availability, secrecy, and integrity while maintaining minimal latency throughout the vehicle re-authentication. Performance evaluations show the system’s scalability, with creating keys, encoding, decoding, and registration operations done rapidly. Simulation is performed using SUMO to handle vehicle mobility in an IoV environment. The findings demonstrate the practicality of the proposed framework in vehicular networks, providing a reliable and trustworthy approach for IoV communication.
{"title":"Handover-Authentication Scheme for Internet of Vehicles (IoV) Using Blockchain and Hybrid Computing","authors":"Praneetha Surapaneni;Sriramulu Bojjagani;Anup Kumar Maurya","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468473","url":null,"abstract":"The advancements in telecommunications are significantly benefiting the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in various ways. Minimal latency, faster data transfer, and reduced costs are transforming the landscape of IoV. While these advantages accompany the latest improvements, they also expand cyberspace, leading to security and privacy concerns. Vehicles rely on trusted authorities for registration and authentication processes, resulting in bottleneck issues and communication delays. Moreover, the central trusted authority and intermediate nodes raise doubts regarding transparency, traceability, and anonymity. This paper proposes a novel vehicle authentication handover framework leveraging blockchain, IPFS, and hybrid computing. The framework uses a Proof of Reputation (PoR) consensus mechanism to improve transparency and traceability and the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) cryptosystem to reduce computational delays. The suggested system assures data availability, secrecy, and integrity while maintaining minimal latency throughout the vehicle re-authentication. Performance evaluations show the system’s scalability, with creating keys, encoding, decoding, and registration operations done rapidly. Simulation is performed using SUMO to handle vehicle mobility in an IoV environment. The findings demonstrate the practicality of the proposed framework in vehicular networks, providing a reliable and trustworthy approach for IoV communication.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468912
Rongchen Zhao;Wenye Huang;Haifeng Xie
This paper proposes a neural network-interacted robust coordinated control (NNIRCC) scheme to address the problem of full-vehicle active air suspension (AAS) systems subject to uncertainties and different time-varying actuator delays. The NNIRCC scheme consists of neural network-interacted (NNI) approximator, projector-based estimator and robust coordinated control term. The NNI approximator based on the radial basis function is employed to capture the nonlinearities caused by the unmodeled dynamics of adjustable air spring. Meanwhile, an interactive updating algorithm is designed to manipulate the weights of the NNI approximator so as to improve the approximation accuracy. Moreover, projector-based nonlinear estimators are designed to handle the prevalent sensitive parameter variations (such as vehicle body mass and its moments of inertia). Furthermore, delay compensators are developed and integrated into the synthesized coordinated control law to mitigate the impact of different time-varying input delays caused by force actuators. The asymptotic stability of closed-loop system is rigorously proven by employing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, guaranteeing the boundedness of both tracking and estimation errors within a finite time. Additionally, co-simulation results are provided and analyzed, illustrating the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed NNIRCC scheme.
本文提出了一种神经网络交互鲁棒协调控制（NNIRCC）方案，以解决受不确定性和不同时变致动器延迟影响的全车主动空气悬架（AAS）系统问题。NNIRCC 方案由神经网络交互（NNI）近似器、基于投影仪的估计器和鲁棒协调控制项组成。采用基于径向基函数的神经网络近似器来捕捉可调空气弹簧未建模动态引起的非线性。同时，设计了一种交互式更新算法来操纵 NNI 近似器的权重，从而提高近似精度。此外，还设计了基于投影器的非线性估计器，以处理普遍存在的敏感参数变化（如车身质量及其惯性矩）。此外，还开发了延迟补偿器，并将其集成到合成协调控制法中，以减轻由力致动器引起的不同时变输入延迟的影响。通过使用 Lyapunov-Krasovskii 函数，闭环系统的渐进稳定性得到了严格证明，保证了有限时间内跟踪误差和估计误差的有界性。此外，还提供并分析了协同仿真结果，说明了所提出的 NNIRCC 方案的可行性和效率。
{"title":"Neural Network-Interacted Robust Coordinated Control of Full-Vehicle Active Air Suspension With Uncertainties and Time Delays","authors":"Rongchen Zhao;Wenye Huang;Haifeng Xie","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3468912","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a neural network-interacted robust coordinated control (NNIRCC) scheme to address the problem of full-vehicle active air suspension (AAS) systems subject to uncertainties and different time-varying actuator delays. The NNIRCC scheme consists of neural network-interacted (NNI) approximator, projector-based estimator and robust coordinated control term. The NNI approximator based on the radial basis function is employed to capture the nonlinearities caused by the unmodeled dynamics of adjustable air spring. Meanwhile, an interactive updating algorithm is designed to manipulate the weights of the NNI approximator so as to improve the approximation accuracy. Moreover, projector-based nonlinear estimators are designed to handle the prevalent sensitive parameter variations (such as vehicle body mass and its moments of inertia). Furthermore, delay compensators are developed and integrated into the synthesized coordinated control law to mitigate the impact of different time-varying input delays caused by force actuators. The asymptotic stability of closed-loop system is rigorously proven by employing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, guaranteeing the boundedness of both tracking and estimation errors within a finite time. Additionally, co-simulation results are provided and analyzed, illustrating the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed NNIRCC scheme.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10695084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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