Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00061
Indira Rathore, V. Shiva, Esther Thomas, J. C. Tarafdar
Agriculture is a critical sector of Indian economy. Increased use of chemicals, under intensive cultivation has disturbed the harmony existing among soil, plant and human health.1 Farmers are perusing chemical supplements to push crop yield, which is only harming the earth. Farmers and communities faced many socio-economic problems, particularly small farmers who found themselves increasingly marginalized due to lack of access to external inputs. Their soil is depleted from the constant application of harsh and harmful chemicals. The role of organic agriculture is to either enhance or sustain the overall quality and health of the soil ecosystem.2 Agricultural sustainability depends on productive soil. During the last several decades, much research has focussed on increasing productivity and protecting environmental quality under different farming systems. These studies show that conventional farming’s use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased crop yields and enhanced food security around the globe.3
{"title":"A Comparison on soil biological health on continuous organic and inorganic farming","authors":"Indira Rathore, V. Shiva, Esther Thomas, J. C. Tarafdar","doi":"10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00061","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is a critical sector of Indian economy. Increased use of chemicals, under intensive cultivation has disturbed the harmony existing among soil, plant and human health.1 Farmers are perusing chemical supplements to push crop yield, which is only harming the earth. Farmers and communities faced many socio-economic problems, particularly small farmers who found themselves increasingly marginalized due to lack of access to external inputs. Their soil is depleted from the constant application of harsh and harmful chemicals. The role of organic agriculture is to either enhance or sustain the overall quality and health of the soil ecosystem.2 Agricultural sustainability depends on productive soil. During the last several decades, much research has focussed on increasing productivity and protecting environmental quality under different farming systems. These studies show that conventional farming’s use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased crop yields and enhanced food security around the globe.3","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117311290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00060
ra Luz Cabrera Hilerio, E. Hernández, M. Mir, A. Arámbula
Allelopathic plants are known to produce compounds that may influence stimulating or inhibiting different biological processes of other organisms.1 It has been suggested that allelopathy is an important factor in regulating the structure of plant communities and the speed of growth of plants in the field.2 This allelopathic function has been attributed to several flavonoids, phenolic and terpenoid structures.3 The allelopathic potential of plants can be used as a bactericide, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, among others; and one of the applications that have taken relevance in recent years is the use of compounds from these plants for the control of foodborne diseases.4 A large variety of microorganisms can lead to food spoilage including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.5,6 Some plant species with allelopathic properties have shown, through different extracts, activity against enteropathogenic organisms. Some plant extracts prove to be an alternative for the control of pathogenic bacteria with resistance to conventional drugs.7
{"title":"Allelopathyc potential of baccharis salicifolia against staphylococcus aureus","authors":"ra Luz Cabrera Hilerio, E. Hernández, M. Mir, A. Arámbula","doi":"10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00060","url":null,"abstract":"Allelopathic plants are known to produce compounds that may influence stimulating or inhibiting different biological processes of other organisms.1 It has been suggested that allelopathy is an important factor in regulating the structure of plant communities and the speed of growth of plants in the field.2 This allelopathic function has been attributed to several flavonoids, phenolic and terpenoid structures.3 The allelopathic potential of plants can be used as a bactericide, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, among others; and one of the applications that have taken relevance in recent years is the use of compounds from these plants for the control of foodborne diseases.4 A large variety of microorganisms can lead to food spoilage including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.5,6 Some plant species with allelopathic properties have shown, through different extracts, activity against enteropathogenic organisms. Some plant extracts prove to be an alternative for the control of pathogenic bacteria with resistance to conventional drugs.7","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124160033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-20DOI: 10.15406/hij.2018.02.00059
Bernard Mainga, Hemedi Mkuzi Saha, J. Mwololo
Watermelon is a vegetable crop grown by small-holder farmers for both subsistence and commercial purposes in Kenya.2 Watermelon consumption is higher than that of the other cucurbit family members.3 Watermelon accounts for 7% of the world area devoted to vegetable production.4,5 Several of these cultivars have been recommended for the Kenyan climate and they include Sugarbaby, Crimson Sweet, Charleston Gray, Chilean Black, Congo, Fairfax and Tom Watson.6 However, among these cultivars, only the first three are available in Kenyan market, with Sugarbaby being the most popular because of its sugary taste, small size, earlier maturity and higher yields.7 The average world production of watermelon is 98.6 million metric tonnes, while Africa produces 4.4 million metric tonnes.3 It can also be used for making jams and jelly, and flavoring drinks and smoothies. The demand for watermelon in Kenya is higher than its production, resulting in the fruit being very expensive6,7 and only affordable to the rich class. With local demand for watermelon unsatisfied, its potential for export cannot be realized even though the export market is available.8 To meet the local demand and have some surplus for export, production of watermelon in Kenya needs to be increased.9 One of the major challenges currently facing watermelon farmers in Kenya is poor growth and low yields due to either nutrient deficiency or excessive application of nutrients especially with nitrogen and phosphorus.7 The current recommended fertilizers are calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) at the rate of 80kgNha-1 and triple super phosphate (TSP) at the rate of 100kg P2O5ha -18 Many farmers have however complained of excessive vegetative growth, low yield and poor quality of fruit upon use of the recommended fertilizer rates.10 The average yield and quality of watermelon upon use of the national recommended
{"title":"Use of cattle manure, calcium ammonium nitrate and diammonium phosphate in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) production increases fruit quality and maximize small holder farmers net returns and profits","authors":"Bernard Mainga, Hemedi Mkuzi Saha, J. Mwololo","doi":"10.15406/hij.2018.02.00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2018.02.00059","url":null,"abstract":"Watermelon is a vegetable crop grown by small-holder farmers for both subsistence and commercial purposes in Kenya.2 Watermelon consumption is higher than that of the other cucurbit family members.3 Watermelon accounts for 7% of the world area devoted to vegetable production.4,5 Several of these cultivars have been recommended for the Kenyan climate and they include Sugarbaby, Crimson Sweet, Charleston Gray, Chilean Black, Congo, Fairfax and Tom Watson.6 However, among these cultivars, only the first three are available in Kenyan market, with Sugarbaby being the most popular because of its sugary taste, small size, earlier maturity and higher yields.7 The average world production of watermelon is 98.6 million metric tonnes, while Africa produces 4.4 million metric tonnes.3 It can also be used for making jams and jelly, and flavoring drinks and smoothies. The demand for watermelon in Kenya is higher than its production, resulting in the fruit being very expensive6,7 and only affordable to the rich class. With local demand for watermelon unsatisfied, its potential for export cannot be realized even though the export market is available.8 To meet the local demand and have some surplus for export, production of watermelon in Kenya needs to be increased.9 One of the major challenges currently facing watermelon farmers in Kenya is poor growth and low yields due to either nutrient deficiency or excessive application of nutrients especially with nitrogen and phosphorus.7 The current recommended fertilizers are calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) at the rate of 80kgNha-1 and triple super phosphate (TSP) at the rate of 100kg P2O5ha -18 Many farmers have however complained of excessive vegetative growth, low yield and poor quality of fruit upon use of the recommended fertilizer rates.10 The average yield and quality of watermelon upon use of the national recommended","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115142131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-07DOI: 10.15406/hij.2018.02.00057
M. Garbi, A. S. Kabbashi, E. Osman, W. Koko, M. Dahab, A. Elshikh
The infection of intestinal parasite is one of the most familiar in the outgrowth countries its negatively effects on the feed and healthy case of human.1 Some of the intestinal parasites cause sudden and acute diarrhea continues for many days as in cases of giardiasis and amoebiasis.2 The intestinal parasites may be caused anemia and a different grade of malnutrition.3 Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are microaerophilic protists, which cause dysentery and diarrhea, respectively.4,5 Each is a single cell protist with a motile trophozoite stage and an immotile cyst stage. In many other ways amoebae and giardia are quite dissimilar. Amoebae have a single diploid nucleus, while giardia has two similar nuclei. While amoebae move along surfaces by an actinimyosin-mediated crawl, giardia swim by the synchronous beating of flagella and adhere to surfaces by means of a unique ventral disc.6 Giardiasis is one of the intestinal protozoa that cause public health problems in most developing countries as well as some developed countries. Gisardia lamblia is considered to be one of the leading causative agents of diarrhea in both children and adults.7–11 Giardiasis is the most common cause of parasitic gastro-intestinal disease and it is estimated that up to two hundred million people are chronically infected with Giardia lamblia globally, and 500,000 new cases reported annually.12 The prevalence of the disease varies from 2% 5% in developed to 20% 30% in developing countries. The variation in prevalence depends on factors such as the geographical area, the urban or rural setting of the society, the age group composition and the socio-economic conditions of the study subject,13 mortality world-wide.14
{"title":"In Vitro gardicidal and amoebicidal activity of Anogeissus leicarpus leaves extracts","authors":"M. Garbi, A. S. Kabbashi, E. Osman, W. Koko, M. Dahab, A. Elshikh","doi":"10.15406/hij.2018.02.00057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2018.02.00057","url":null,"abstract":"The infection of intestinal parasite is one of the most familiar in the outgrowth countries its negatively effects on the feed and healthy case of human.1 Some of the intestinal parasites cause sudden and acute diarrhea continues for many days as in cases of giardiasis and amoebiasis.2 The intestinal parasites may be caused anemia and a different grade of malnutrition.3 Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are microaerophilic protists, which cause dysentery and diarrhea, respectively.4,5 Each is a single cell protist with a motile trophozoite stage and an immotile cyst stage. In many other ways amoebae and giardia are quite dissimilar. Amoebae have a single diploid nucleus, while giardia has two similar nuclei. While amoebae move along surfaces by an actinimyosin-mediated crawl, giardia swim by the synchronous beating of flagella and adhere to surfaces by means of a unique ventral disc.6 Giardiasis is one of the intestinal protozoa that cause public health problems in most developing countries as well as some developed countries. Gisardia lamblia is considered to be one of the leading causative agents of diarrhea in both children and adults.7–11 Giardiasis is the most common cause of parasitic gastro-intestinal disease and it is estimated that up to two hundred million people are chronically infected with Giardia lamblia globally, and 500,000 new cases reported annually.12 The prevalence of the disease varies from 2% 5% in developed to 20% 30% in developing countries. The variation in prevalence depends on factors such as the geographical area, the urban or rural setting of the society, the age group composition and the socio-economic conditions of the study subject,13 mortality world-wide.14","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114880846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-04DOI: 10.15406/hij.2018.02.00056
Sekhar C, Venkatesan N, Vidhyavathi A, Murugananthi M
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) belongs to the family ‘Moringaceae’ is a fast growing multipurpose medicinal tree extensively grown in tropics and subtropics of India and Africa. It is also widely distributed in Egypt, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Burma, Pakistan, Singapore, West Indies, Cuba, Jamaica and Nigeria. In eastern and southern regions of India, Moringa is widely used as vegetable and grown commercially for its edible pods and leaves. Moringa oleifera is an important food commodity which has had enormous attention as the ‘Natural Nutrition of the Tropics’. Almost all the parts of this plant: root, bark, gum, leaf, fruit (pods), flowers, seed and seed oil have been used for various ailments in the indigenous medicine of South Asia. Its popularity is increasing steadily because of its nutritional, medicinal value and for its sweetness in curry and slurry preparation along with red gram dhal. From that one could understand the importance of Moringa.2–4
{"title":"Factors influencing moringa cultivation in Tamil Nadu – an economic analysis","authors":"Sekhar C, Venkatesan N, Vidhyavathi A, Murugananthi M","doi":"10.15406/hij.2018.02.00056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2018.02.00056","url":null,"abstract":"Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) belongs to the family ‘Moringaceae’ is a fast growing multipurpose medicinal tree extensively grown in tropics and subtropics of India and Africa. It is also widely distributed in Egypt, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Burma, Pakistan, Singapore, West Indies, Cuba, Jamaica and Nigeria. In eastern and southern regions of India, Moringa is widely used as vegetable and grown commercially for its edible pods and leaves. Moringa oleifera is an important food commodity which has had enormous attention as the ‘Natural Nutrition of the Tropics’. Almost all the parts of this plant: root, bark, gum, leaf, fruit (pods), flowers, seed and seed oil have been used for various ailments in the indigenous medicine of South Asia. Its popularity is increasing steadily because of its nutritional, medicinal value and for its sweetness in curry and slurry preparation along with red gram dhal. From that one could understand the importance of Moringa.2–4","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125660824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-31DOI: 10.15406/hij.2018.02.00055
C. Sekhar, N. Venkatesan, M. Murugananthi, A. Vidhyavathi
{"title":"Marketing and price spread analysis of moringa in Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"C. Sekhar, N. Venkatesan, M. Murugananthi, A. Vidhyavathi","doi":"10.15406/hij.2018.02.00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2018.02.00055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"249 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121880566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-28DOI: 10.15406/hij.2018.02.00054
Poudel P, S. A., Shrestha Rk
Radish is one of the well-known root crops that belong to family Brassicaceae. Its popularity could be due to its wider climatic adaptation, easy cultivation methods and wider ranges of its uses. The cultivar “Minow Early” was selected for experiment. Field trial was conducted on horticultural farm of Lamjung campus between October to January 2017/18 in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications and five treatments to assess the role of five different levels of nitrogen (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg per ha) application on growth and yield attributes of radish. The different growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, root girth, root weight were measured. Significant differences were found on root length and plant height. Maximum root length and plant height was observed at 250 and 300 kg per ha reflecting better yield performance in these levels of nitrogen. This indicates that 250 kg per ha of nitrogen was best for better yield (mean root weight =121.3 g per plant). Keywords : Doses, favorable, growth, plant response, root yield Cite this Article Poudel P, Shrestha RK. Effect of Nitrogen Level on Growth and Yield Attributing Characters of Radish. Research & Reviews: Journal of Crop Science and Technology . 2018; 7(2): 34–38p
{"title":"Effect of nitrogen level on growth and yield attributing characters of radish","authors":"Poudel P, S. A., Shrestha Rk","doi":"10.15406/hij.2018.02.00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2018.02.00054","url":null,"abstract":"Radish is one of the well-known root crops that belong to family Brassicaceae. Its popularity could be due to its wider climatic adaptation, easy cultivation methods and wider ranges of its uses. The cultivar “Minow Early” was selected for experiment. Field trial was conducted on horticultural farm of Lamjung campus between October to January 2017/18 in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications and five treatments to assess the role of five different levels of nitrogen (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg per ha) application on growth and yield attributes of radish. The different growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, root girth, root weight were measured. Significant differences were found on root length and plant height. Maximum root length and plant height was observed at 250 and 300 kg per ha reflecting better yield performance in these levels of nitrogen. This indicates that 250 kg per ha of nitrogen was best for better yield (mean root weight =121.3 g per plant). Keywords : Doses, favorable, growth, plant response, root yield Cite this Article Poudel P, Shrestha RK. Effect of Nitrogen Level on Growth and Yield Attributing Characters of Radish. Research & Reviews: Journal of Crop Science and Technology . 2018; 7(2): 34–38p","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116882568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-23DOI: 10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00053
Jiayu Liu, H. Feng, Ya-jun Ma, Li Zhang, Haitao Han, Xuan Huang
Miniature roses (Rosa hybrida L.) are perennial evergreen or deciduous shrubs and a new variety of the rose family. A number of species, hybrids and cultivars of genus Rosa are widely used as garden plants, cut flowers, potted plants and for the perfume industry.1,2 In Europe, potted miniature roses are of great interest and their popularity is increasing in North America as well.3,4 In Denmark, approximately 35 million potted rose plants have been produced annually during the last 5 years.5 Moreover, due to the low maintenance requirement and extended flowering time, it has been proved to be attractive to consumers globally. Although extensive efforts have been made to enhance the quality and production of these plants since 1990s, but still a lot of improvement can be done.6,7 To date, studies on the factors controlling in vitro rooting have been limited to a few species.8 The frequency of establishment of rooted plants in field triasl was low and highly inconsistent.9–11 Callus induction is a powerful tool to regenerate plants. Callus is a disorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue comprised of actively dividing cells. The cells of callus dedifferentiate and thus regain their meristematic properties, including rapid proliferation.12
{"title":"Effects of different plant hormones on callus induction and plant regeneration of miniature roses (Rosa hybrida L.)","authors":"Jiayu Liu, H. Feng, Ya-jun Ma, Li Zhang, Haitao Han, Xuan Huang","doi":"10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00053","url":null,"abstract":"Miniature roses (Rosa hybrida L.) are perennial evergreen or deciduous shrubs and a new variety of the rose family. A number of species, hybrids and cultivars of genus Rosa are widely used as garden plants, cut flowers, potted plants and for the perfume industry.1,2 In Europe, potted miniature roses are of great interest and their popularity is increasing in North America as well.3,4 In Denmark, approximately 35 million potted rose plants have been produced annually during the last 5 years.5 Moreover, due to the low maintenance requirement and extended flowering time, it has been proved to be attractive to consumers globally. Although extensive efforts have been made to enhance the quality and production of these plants since 1990s, but still a lot of improvement can be done.6,7 To date, studies on the factors controlling in vitro rooting have been limited to a few species.8 The frequency of establishment of rooted plants in field triasl was low and highly inconsistent.9–11 Callus induction is a powerful tool to regenerate plants. Callus is a disorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue comprised of actively dividing cells. The cells of callus dedifferentiate and thus regain their meristematic properties, including rapid proliferation.12","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123642861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-09DOI: 10.15406/hij.2018.02.00052
T. Horibe
The opening of a flower is a phenomenon where sugars and water accumulate in the petals (a sink organ), causing the petal cells to swell dramatically in response. Cell division in the rose petals ends early, during the bud stage, and any later growth is caused by hypertrophy of individual petal cells.4–6 Rose petals are also hypothesized to show differences in cellular structure and mechanical strength which lead to different growth rates in adaxial and abaxial epithelial cells, causing the petals to bend outward.7,8 In addition, cellular hypertrophy is thought to occur through the accumulation of sugars in vacuoles within the cell, which raises the osmotic pressure inside the cell relative to outside, and through increased distensibility of the cell wall.9–11 Together, these changes cause water to flow into the cell. Even in cut flowers, there is a correlation between ease of opening after harvest and the soluble sugar content of the bud: varieties with high sugar content at the bud stage open well after cutting even without sugar supplementation, while those with low sugar content are arrested in a partially open state unless they are given sugar.12,13 This example clearly shows that sugars have a large impact on flower opening. Previous research in flower petals has shown that the sugar-metabolizing invertase enzymes are involved in sugar accumulation in vacuoles,14 while cell wall proteins such as expansins and endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) are involved in cell wall distensibility.15–18 In addition, it was shown that flower opening in tulips is caused by reversible phosphorylation of aquaporins, a family of water-permeable channels.19–21 Aquaporins are presumably involved in the flow of water into rose petal cells as well. Thus, hypertrophy of petal cells is thought to require 1) increased osmotic pressure within the cell, 2) relaxation of the cell wall, and 3) the flow of water into the cell (Figure 1).22 Figure 1 Flower opening and cell enlargement of rose petal cell. A: Roseflower opening is a process of irreversible petal growth and reflection in which existing cells expand and fresh and dry weights increase; B: Sugar accumulation in vacuole, cell wall loosening, and subsequent water flow into cell are thought
{"title":"Approach towards the control of rose flower opening by light environment","authors":"T. Horibe","doi":"10.15406/hij.2018.02.00052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2018.02.00052","url":null,"abstract":"The opening of a flower is a phenomenon where sugars and water accumulate in the petals (a sink organ), causing the petal cells to swell dramatically in response. Cell division in the rose petals ends early, during the bud stage, and any later growth is caused by hypertrophy of individual petal cells.4–6 Rose petals are also hypothesized to show differences in cellular structure and mechanical strength which lead to different growth rates in adaxial and abaxial epithelial cells, causing the petals to bend outward.7,8 In addition, cellular hypertrophy is thought to occur through the accumulation of sugars in vacuoles within the cell, which raises the osmotic pressure inside the cell relative to outside, and through increased distensibility of the cell wall.9–11 Together, these changes cause water to flow into the cell. Even in cut flowers, there is a correlation between ease of opening after harvest and the soluble sugar content of the bud: varieties with high sugar content at the bud stage open well after cutting even without sugar supplementation, while those with low sugar content are arrested in a partially open state unless they are given sugar.12,13 This example clearly shows that sugars have a large impact on flower opening. Previous research in flower petals has shown that the sugar-metabolizing invertase enzymes are involved in sugar accumulation in vacuoles,14 while cell wall proteins such as expansins and endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) are involved in cell wall distensibility.15–18 In addition, it was shown that flower opening in tulips is caused by reversible phosphorylation of aquaporins, a family of water-permeable channels.19–21 Aquaporins are presumably involved in the flow of water into rose petal cells as well. Thus, hypertrophy of petal cells is thought to require 1) increased osmotic pressure within the cell, 2) relaxation of the cell wall, and 3) the flow of water into the cell (Figure 1).22 Figure 1 Flower opening and cell enlargement of rose petal cell. A: Roseflower opening is a process of irreversible petal growth and reflection in which existing cells expand and fresh and dry weights increase; B: Sugar accumulation in vacuole, cell wall loosening, and subsequent water flow into cell are thought","PeriodicalId":131171,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture International Journal ","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122220300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-07DOI: 10.15406/HIJ.2018.02.00050
Talieh Ostovar, M. Esfahani, A. Nasehi
Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., is an annual, broad leaf crop which belongs to the family of Compositeae. Safflower is cultivated worldwide as an oilseed or ornamental crop. In Iran, this crop is grown for its seeds to extract oil or feed home birds, and also for its flowers to use in medicine or ornamental purposes, and is being cultivated on approximately 1000 ha annually.1 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop of increasing importance in the world. This crop has been grown for its flowers for many years in Iran, which is one of the centers of safflower culture in the old world.2 In recent years due to an parts, reduced seed sizes usually occur. Disease incidence and severity are often greatest when maturing increasing demand for vegetable oil for the human uses, its production as an oilseed crop has received a great deal of attention. Growth of the crop is severely affected by many seed, soil and air borne fungal diseases such as Fusarium and Verticillium wilt, Phythophthora and stem rot, rust, and Alternaria leaf spot. They are namely as; Alternaria alternat, A. carthani, Bremia lactuca, Cochlioblus sativus, Fusarium culmarum, F.oxysporum, Gibberella acuminate (Fusarium acuminate), G. intercans (Fusarium equiseti), Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Erysiple cichoracearum), Leveilla taurica, Macrophomina phaseolina, Nectria haematococca (Fusarium solani), Phytophthora drechsleri, Puccinia carthami, Pythium oliganderum, P. ultimum, Ramularia cynarae (R. carthami and or Cercospora carthami)Sclerotinia,sclerotiarum, Thanatephorus cucumeries (Rhizoctonia solani) and in case of wild safflower, Leveilla taurica, Puccinia carthami and Ramularia cynarae.3,4 Safflower plants (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with phyllody symptoms were observed by Salehi et al.,5 in Fars and Yazd provinces of Iran. They reported that, affected plants show floral virescence, phyllody and proliferation, proliferation of auxiliary buds along the stem and little leaf symptoms.5 Recently, charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina has been considered as a relatively important disease in safflower. The first report of charcoal rot disease on safflower growth in Iran was in northeastern Golestan Province in the summer of 2002.6 M. phaseolina, the causal agent of seedling blight, root rot and charcoal rot of more than 500 crop and non crop species; primarily is a soil-borne fungus.7 Although initial infections occur at the seedling stage, they remain latent until the safflower plant approaches flowering or maturity. The first symptom is general wilting of the plant during the middle of hot days followed by a recovery in the evening as temperature declines. The stems of infected plants eventually take on a gray discoloration at the base and finally, the vascular bundles may become covered with microsclerotia of the fungus. Since charcoal rot restricts the flow of water and nutrients to the upper plants are stressed by drought and high temperature which leads to prem
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