High salinity can severely inhibit the growth and development of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). WRKY proteins are believed to mediate the adaptation of plants to abiotic stresses. Here, we identified the ClWRKY61 gene, which positively regulates the tolerance of watermelon to salt stress. Knockout of the ClWRKY61 reduced salt tolerance, while overexpression of the ClWRKY61 enhanced salt tolerance in watermelon according to phenotypic and physiological analyses. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that ClWRKY61 interacts with the ClLEA55 protein, and this interaction was further confirmed by luciferase complementation imaging, transient bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and GST pull-down assays. Knockout of the ClLEA55 resulted in lower salt tolerance compared to the wild-type plants. RNA-seq analysis indicated 421 up-regulated and 133 down-regulated genes in the ClWRKY61 knockout line under salt stress, containing 293 differentially expressed genes with W-box in their promoters. After salt treatment of watermelon seedlings, qRT-PCR assays evidenced that the expression of genes encoding phytoene synthase, MYB transcription factor, sucrose synthase, alpha/beta-hydrolases superfamily protein, glutathione reductase, and sugar transporter were significantly increased; while the expression of genes encoding LEA protein, WRKY transcription factor, ERF transcription factor, alpha-glucan water dikinase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase were significantly decreased in ClWRKY61 knockout lines. These results provide an opportunity to mediate the regulation of salt stress in watermelon with WRKY proteins.
{"title":"The transcription factor ClWRKY61 interacts with ClLEA55 to enhance salt tolerance in watermelon","authors":"Guangpu Lan, Changqing Xuan, Yidong Guo, Xin Huang, Mengjiao Feng, Li Yuan, Hao Li, Jianxiang Ma, Yong Zhang, Zhongyuan Wang, Jianqiang Yang, Rong Yu, Feishi Luan, Xian Zhang, Chunhua Wei","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae320","url":null,"abstract":"High salinity can severely inhibit the growth and development of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). WRKY proteins are believed to mediate the adaptation of plants to abiotic stresses. Here, we identified the ClWRKY61 gene, which positively regulates the tolerance of watermelon to salt stress. Knockout of the ClWRKY61 reduced salt tolerance, while overexpression of the ClWRKY61 enhanced salt tolerance in watermelon according to phenotypic and physiological analyses. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that ClWRKY61 interacts with the ClLEA55 protein, and this interaction was further confirmed by luciferase complementation imaging, transient bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and GST pull-down assays. Knockout of the ClLEA55 resulted in lower salt tolerance compared to the wild-type plants. RNA-seq analysis indicated 421 up-regulated and 133 down-regulated genes in the ClWRKY61 knockout line under salt stress, containing 293 differentially expressed genes with W-box in their promoters. After salt treatment of watermelon seedlings, qRT-PCR assays evidenced that the expression of genes encoding phytoene synthase, MYB transcription factor, sucrose synthase, alpha/beta-hydrolases superfamily protein, glutathione reductase, and sugar transporter were significantly increased; while the expression of genes encoding LEA protein, WRKY transcription factor, ERF transcription factor, alpha-glucan water dikinase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase were significantly decreased in ClWRKY61 knockout lines. These results provide an opportunity to mediate the regulation of salt stress in watermelon with WRKY proteins.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuxuan Wang, Miao Sun, Wei Zhu, Le Chen, Shaocai Zhu, Jiageng Zhao, Jaime A Teixeira da Silva, Xiaonan Yu
Tree and herbaceous peony are considerably important ornamental plants within the genus Paeonia, and hold substantial horticultural value. This review summarizes the progress in research on the senescence mechanisms of tree and herbaceous peony flowers, focusing on the regulation of gene expression, hormonal interactions, and the influence of environmental factors on senescence. Using high-throughput sequencing technologies, key genes displaying differential expression during senescence have been identified, and these play central roles in hormone signaling and cellular senescence. The interactions among plant hormones, including ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins, also play key roles in the regulation of senescence. Adjustments in antioxidant levels, as well as water and energy metabolism, are critical factors in the delay of senescence. Environmental factors, including light, temperature, drought, and salt stress, also significantly affect senescence. Additionally, this review proposes future research directions, including the expansion of the molecular regulatory network of senescence in Paeonia, the use of gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, multi-omics studies, and exploratory comparative research on spatial biology senescence mechanisms. These studies aim to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie senescence in Paeonia, and provide a scientific basis for cultivar improvement and postharvest management of these ornamental commodities in the horticultural industry.
{"title":"Advances in the Study of Senescence Mechanisms in the Genus Paeonia","authors":"Yuxuan Wang, Miao Sun, Wei Zhu, Le Chen, Shaocai Zhu, Jiageng Zhao, Jaime A Teixeira da Silva, Xiaonan Yu","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae344","url":null,"abstract":"Tree and herbaceous peony are considerably important ornamental plants within the genus Paeonia, and hold substantial horticultural value. This review summarizes the progress in research on the senescence mechanisms of tree and herbaceous peony flowers, focusing on the regulation of gene expression, hormonal interactions, and the influence of environmental factors on senescence. Using high-throughput sequencing technologies, key genes displaying differential expression during senescence have been identified, and these play central roles in hormone signaling and cellular senescence. The interactions among plant hormones, including ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins, also play key roles in the regulation of senescence. Adjustments in antioxidant levels, as well as water and energy metabolism, are critical factors in the delay of senescence. Environmental factors, including light, temperature, drought, and salt stress, also significantly affect senescence. Additionally, this review proposes future research directions, including the expansion of the molecular regulatory network of senescence in Paeonia, the use of gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, multi-omics studies, and exploratory comparative research on spatial biology senescence mechanisms. These studies aim to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie senescence in Paeonia, and provide a scientific basis for cultivar improvement and postharvest management of these ornamental commodities in the horticultural industry.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercial value of cucumber is primarily driven by fruit quality. However, breeding goals frequently focus on production constraints caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. As sources of resistances are often present in unadapted germplasm, we sought to provide morphological and genetic information characterizing the diversity of fruit quality traits present in the CucCAP cucumber core collection. These 388 accessions representing >96% of the genetic diversity for cucumber present in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System harbor important sources of resistances and extensive morphological diversity. Data were collected for skin color, length/diameter ratio (L/D), tapering, curvature, and spine density for young fruits [5-7 days post-pollination (dpp)], and length, diameter, L/D, skin color, netting, seed cavity size, flesh thickness, hollowness, and flesh color for mature fruits (30-40 dpp. Significant associations of SNPs with each trait were identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In several cases, QTL for highly correlated traits were closely clustered. Principal component analysis, driven primarily by the highly correlated traits of fruit length, young and mature L/D ratios, and curvature showed a clear divergence of East Asian accessions. Significant SNPs contributing to the longest fruits, including development-stage specific QTL, were distributed across multiple chromosomes, indicating broad genomic effects of selection. Many of the SNPs identified for the various morphological traits were in close vicinity to previously identified fruit trait QTL and candidate genes, while several novel genes potentially important for these traits were also identified.
{"title":"Mining the cucumber core collection: Phenotypic and genetic characterization of morphological diversity for fruit quality characteristics","authors":"Ying-Chen Lin, Yiqun Weng, Zhangjun Fei, Rebecca Grumet","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae340","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial value of cucumber is primarily driven by fruit quality. However, breeding goals frequently focus on production constraints caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. As sources of resistances are often present in unadapted germplasm, we sought to provide morphological and genetic information characterizing the diversity of fruit quality traits present in the CucCAP cucumber core collection. These 388 accessions representing >96% of the genetic diversity for cucumber present in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System harbor important sources of resistances and extensive morphological diversity. Data were collected for skin color, length/diameter ratio (L/D), tapering, curvature, and spine density for young fruits [5-7 days post-pollination (dpp)], and length, diameter, L/D, skin color, netting, seed cavity size, flesh thickness, hollowness, and flesh color for mature fruits (30-40 dpp. Significant associations of SNPs with each trait were identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In several cases, QTL for highly correlated traits were closely clustered. Principal component analysis, driven primarily by the highly correlated traits of fruit length, young and mature L/D ratios, and curvature showed a clear divergence of East Asian accessions. Significant SNPs contributing to the longest fruits, including development-stage specific QTL, were distributed across multiple chromosomes, indicating broad genomic effects of selection. Many of the SNPs identified for the various morphological traits were in close vicinity to previously identified fruit trait QTL and candidate genes, while several novel genes potentially important for these traits were also identified.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brassica rapa includes a variety of important vegetable and oilseed crops, yet it is significantly challenged by clubroot disease. Notably, the majority of genotypes of B. rapa with published genomes exhibit high susceptibility to clubroot disease. The present study presents a high-quality chromosome-level sequence of the genome of the DH40 clubroot-resistant (CR) line, a doubled haploid line derived from the hybrid progeny of a European turnip (ECD01) and two lines of Chinese cabbage. The assembled genome spans 420.92 Mb, with a contig N50 size of 11.97 Mb. Comparative genomics studies revealed that the DH40 line is more closely related to the Chinese cabbage Chiifu than to the turnip ECD04. The DH40 genome provided direct reference and greatly facilitate the map-based cloning of the clubroot resistance gene Crr5, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. Further functional analysis demonstrated that Crr5 confers clubroot resistance in both Chinese cabbage and transgenic Arabidopsis. It responds to inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae and is expressed in both roots and leaves. Subcellular localization shows that Crr5 is present in the nucleus. Notably, the TIR domain of Crr5 can autoactivate and trigger cell death. In addition, we developed two Crr5-specific KASP markers and showcased their successful application in breeding CR Chinese cabbage through marker-assisted selection. Overall, our research offers valuable resources for genetic and genomic studies in B. rapa and deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying clubroot resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae.
{"title":"A chromosome-level reference genome facilitates the discovery of clubroot resistant gene Crr5 in Chinese cabbage","authors":"Shuangjuan Yang, Xiangfeng Wang, Zhaojun Wang, Wenjing Zhang, Henan Su, Xiaochun Wei, Yanyan Zhao, Zhiyong Wang, Xiaowei Zhang, Li Guo, Yuxiang Yuan","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae338","url":null,"abstract":"Brassica rapa includes a variety of important vegetable and oilseed crops, yet it is significantly challenged by clubroot disease. Notably, the majority of genotypes of B. rapa with published genomes exhibit high susceptibility to clubroot disease. The present study presents a high-quality chromosome-level sequence of the genome of the DH40 clubroot-resistant (CR) line, a doubled haploid line derived from the hybrid progeny of a European turnip (ECD01) and two lines of Chinese cabbage. The assembled genome spans 420.92 Mb, with a contig N50 size of 11.97 Mb. Comparative genomics studies revealed that the DH40 line is more closely related to the Chinese cabbage Chiifu than to the turnip ECD04. The DH40 genome provided direct reference and greatly facilitate the map-based cloning of the clubroot resistance gene Crr5, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. Further functional analysis demonstrated that Crr5 confers clubroot resistance in both Chinese cabbage and transgenic Arabidopsis. It responds to inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae and is expressed in both roots and leaves. Subcellular localization shows that Crr5 is present in the nucleus. Notably, the TIR domain of Crr5 can autoactivate and trigger cell death. In addition, we developed two Crr5-specific KASP markers and showcased their successful application in breeding CR Chinese cabbage through marker-assisted selection. Overall, our research offers valuable resources for genetic and genomic studies in B. rapa and deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying clubroot resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junpeng Yu, Ze Wu, Xinyue Liu, Qianqian Fang, Xue Pan, Sujuan Xu, Man He, Jinxing Lin, Nianjun Teng
The homeostasis of gibberellin (GA) is crucial for the normal development of anthers, but its underlying regulatory mechanisms are not clear. The GA induced v-Myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) transcription factor LoMYB65 is involved in anther development. In this study, we screened and identified an interacting protein of LoMYB65, Lilium Oriental Hybrids BEL1-Like Homeodomain6 (LoBLH6). LoBLH6 was localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and it interacted with LoMYB65 through its BELL domain, exhibiting transcriptional repression activity. LoBLH6 was continuously expressed during anther development, with particularly high expression in the mid and late stages. In situ hybridization revealed high expression of LoBLH6 in the tapetum and microspores, with the same tissue specificity as LoMYB65. Silencing of LoBLH6 in lilies resulted in abnormal anther development, reduced pollen, and increased GA content. The application of GA induced phenotypes in the anthers and pollen of lily that were similar to the silencing of LoBLH6. Further research showed that LoBLH6 directly binds to the promoter of Lilium Oriental Hybrids GA 20-oxidase1 (LoGA20ox1) to suppress its expression, and co-expression with LoMYB65 enhances this repression. Additionally, GA treatment enhanced the interaction between LoBLH6 and LoMYB65 and their complex's inhibitory effect on downstream target genes. During the transition from microspores to mature pollen grains in lily anthers, GA levels maintain a steady state, which is disrupted by silencing LoBLH6, leading to abnormal pollen development. Overall, our results reveal that the interaction between LoBLH6 and LoMYB65 regulates anther development through feedback regulation of GA synthesis.
{"title":"LoBLH6 interacts with LoMYB65 to regulate anther development through feedback regulation of gibberellin synthesis in lily","authors":"Junpeng Yu, Ze Wu, Xinyue Liu, Qianqian Fang, Xue Pan, Sujuan Xu, Man He, Jinxing Lin, Nianjun Teng","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae339","url":null,"abstract":"The homeostasis of gibberellin (GA) is crucial for the normal development of anthers, but its underlying regulatory mechanisms are not clear. The GA induced v-Myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) transcription factor LoMYB65 is involved in anther development. In this study, we screened and identified an interacting protein of LoMYB65, Lilium Oriental Hybrids BEL1-Like Homeodomain6 (LoBLH6). LoBLH6 was localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and it interacted with LoMYB65 through its BELL domain, exhibiting transcriptional repression activity. LoBLH6 was continuously expressed during anther development, with particularly high expression in the mid and late stages. In situ hybridization revealed high expression of LoBLH6 in the tapetum and microspores, with the same tissue specificity as LoMYB65. Silencing of LoBLH6 in lilies resulted in abnormal anther development, reduced pollen, and increased GA content. The application of GA induced phenotypes in the anthers and pollen of lily that were similar to the silencing of LoBLH6. Further research showed that LoBLH6 directly binds to the promoter of Lilium Oriental Hybrids GA 20-oxidase1 (LoGA20ox1) to suppress its expression, and co-expression with LoMYB65 enhances this repression. Additionally, GA treatment enhanced the interaction between LoBLH6 and LoMYB65 and their complex's inhibitory effect on downstream target genes. During the transition from microspores to mature pollen grains in lily anthers, GA levels maintain a steady state, which is disrupted by silencing LoBLH6, leading to abnormal pollen development. Overall, our results reveal that the interaction between LoBLH6 and LoMYB65 regulates anther development through feedback regulation of GA synthesis.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangxiang Chen, Xue Zhang, Yue Zhao, Liping Gao, Zhihui Wang, Yanlei Su, Lingyun Zhang, Tao Xia, Yajun Liu
Galloylated flavan-3-ols are key quality and health-related compounds in tea plants of Camellia section Thea. Camellia ptilophylla and Camellia sinensis are two representative species known for their high levels of galloylated flavan-3-ols. Building on our knowledge of galloyl catechin biosynthesis in C. sinensis, we now focus on the biosynthesis of galloylated phenolics in C. ptilophylla, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the high accumulation of these compounds in Camellia species. The phenolic compounds in C. ptilophylla were identified and quantified using chromatographic and colorimetric methods. Genes involved in polyphenol galloylation were identified by correlating gene expression with the accumulation of galloylated phenolics across 18 additional Camellia species and 1 related species using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Key findings include the co-expression of SCPL4/2 and SCPL5 subgroup enzymes as crucial for galloylation of catechins, while SCPL3 and SCPL8 showed enzymatic activity related to hydrolyzable tannin synthesis. Variations in the amino acid sequences of SCPL5, particularly in the catalytic triad (T-D-Y vs. S-D-H) observed in C. ptilophylla and C. sinensis, were found to significantly affect enzymatic activity and EGCG production. In conclusion, this research provides important insights into the metabolic pathways of C. ptilophylla, emphasizing the critical role of SCPL enzymes in shaping the phenolic profile within the section Thea. The findings have significant implications for the cultivation and breeding of tea plants with optimized phenolic characteristics.
{"title":"Deactivating mutations in the catalytic site of a companion serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase enhance catechin galloylation in Camellia plants","authors":"Xiangxiang Chen, Xue Zhang, Yue Zhao, Liping Gao, Zhihui Wang, Yanlei Su, Lingyun Zhang, Tao Xia, Yajun Liu","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae343","url":null,"abstract":"Galloylated flavan-3-ols are key quality and health-related compounds in tea plants of Camellia section Thea. Camellia ptilophylla and Camellia sinensis are two representative species known for their high levels of galloylated flavan-3-ols. Building on our knowledge of galloyl catechin biosynthesis in C. sinensis, we now focus on the biosynthesis of galloylated phenolics in C. ptilophylla, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the high accumulation of these compounds in Camellia species. The phenolic compounds in C. ptilophylla were identified and quantified using chromatographic and colorimetric methods. Genes involved in polyphenol galloylation were identified by correlating gene expression with the accumulation of galloylated phenolics across 18 additional Camellia species and 1 related species using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Key findings include the co-expression of SCPL4/2 and SCPL5 subgroup enzymes as crucial for galloylation of catechins, while SCPL3 and SCPL8 showed enzymatic activity related to hydrolyzable tannin synthesis. Variations in the amino acid sequences of SCPL5, particularly in the catalytic triad (T-D-Y vs. S-D-H) observed in C. ptilophylla and C. sinensis, were found to significantly affect enzymatic activity and EGCG production. In conclusion, this research provides important insights into the metabolic pathways of C. ptilophylla, emphasizing the critical role of SCPL enzymes in shaping the phenolic profile within the section Thea. The findings have significant implications for the cultivation and breeding of tea plants with optimized phenolic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl) is a widely distributed Cucurbitaceae species, but gaps and low-quality assemblies have limited its genomic study. To address this, we assembled a nearly complete, high-quality genome of the bottle gourd (Pugua) using PacBio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C correction. The genome, being 298.67 Mb long with a ContigN50 of 28.55 Mb, was identified to possess 11 chromosomes, 11 centromeres, 18 telomeres, and 24,439 predicted protein-coding genes; notably, gap-free telomere-to-telomere assembly was accomplished for seven chromosomes. Based on the Pugua genome, the transcriptomic and metabolomic combined analyses revealed that amino acids and lipids accumulate during the expansion stage, while sugars and terpenoids increase during ripening. GA4 and genes of the Aux/IAA family mediate fruit expansion and maturation, while cell wall remodeling is regulated by factors such as XTHs, EXPs, polyphenols, and alkaloids, contributing to environmental adaptation. GGAT2 was positively correlated with glutamate, a source of umami, and SUS5 and SPS4 expression aligned with sucrose accumulation. This study provides a valuable genetic resource for bottle gourd research, enhancing the understanding of Cucurbitaceae evolution and supporting further studies on bottle gourd development, quality, and genetic improvement.
{"title":"Combined genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses provide insights into the fruit development of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)","authors":"Xuelian He, Yanyan Zheng, Songguang Yang, Ying Wang, Yu’e Lin, Biao Jiang, Dasen Xie, Wenrui Liu, Qingwu Peng, Jinhua Zuo, Min Wang","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae335","url":null,"abstract":"Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl) is a widely distributed Cucurbitaceae species, but gaps and low-quality assemblies have limited its genomic study. To address this, we assembled a nearly complete, high-quality genome of the bottle gourd (Pugua) using PacBio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C correction. The genome, being 298.67 Mb long with a ContigN50 of 28.55 Mb, was identified to possess 11 chromosomes, 11 centromeres, 18 telomeres, and 24,439 predicted protein-coding genes; notably, gap-free telomere-to-telomere assembly was accomplished for seven chromosomes. Based on the Pugua genome, the transcriptomic and metabolomic combined analyses revealed that amino acids and lipids accumulate during the expansion stage, while sugars and terpenoids increase during ripening. GA4 and genes of the Aux/IAA family mediate fruit expansion and maturation, while cell wall remodeling is regulated by factors such as XTHs, EXPs, polyphenols, and alkaloids, contributing to environmental adaptation. GGAT2 was positively correlated with glutamate, a source of umami, and SUS5 and SPS4 expression aligned with sucrose accumulation. This study provides a valuable genetic resource for bottle gourd research, enhancing the understanding of Cucurbitaceae evolution and supporting further studies on bottle gourd development, quality, and genetic improvement.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grafting is a propagation method extensively utilized in cucurbits. However, the mechanisms underlying graft healing remain poorly understood. This study employed self-grafted watermelon plants to investigate how rootstock cotyledon affects healing. The complete removal of rootstock cotyledons significantly hindered scion growth, as evidenced by reductions in scion fresh weight and the area of true leaves. Physiological assessments revealed reduced callus formation, weaker adhesion forces, a more pronounced necrotic layer, and decreased rates of xylem and phloem reconnection at the graft junction when rootstock cotyledons were completely removed. Additionally, auxin levels at the rootstock graft junction notably decreased following cotyledon removal. In contrast, the exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) notably enhanced graft healing. Moreover, gene expression analysis of the PIN auxin efflux carriers in the rootstock cotyledons indicated significant activation of ClPIN1a post-grafting. Furthermore, we developed an improved Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) system for cucurbits using seeds soaking method. This method achieved an infection success rate of 83% with 60%-75% gene silencing efficiency, compared to the 37% success rate with 40%-60% efficiency seen with traditional cotyledon infection. Combining our novel VIGS approach with cotyledon grafting techniques, we demonstrated that rootstock cotyledons regulate callus formation through ClPIN1a-mediated endogenous auxin release, thus facilitating graft union development. These findings suggest potential strategies for enhancing watermelon graft healing by manipulating rootstock cotyledons.
{"title":"PIN1a- mediated auxin release from rootstock cotyledon contributes to healing in watermelon as revealed by seeds soaking-VIGS and cotyledon grafting","authors":"Xiao Wang, Mu Xiong, Jianuo Xu, Ting Zhang, Akebaierjiang Kadeer, Zhilong Bie, Michitaka Notaguchi, Yuan Huang","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae329","url":null,"abstract":"Grafting is a propagation method extensively utilized in cucurbits. However, the mechanisms underlying graft healing remain poorly understood. This study employed self-grafted watermelon plants to investigate how rootstock cotyledon affects healing. The complete removal of rootstock cotyledons significantly hindered scion growth, as evidenced by reductions in scion fresh weight and the area of true leaves. Physiological assessments revealed reduced callus formation, weaker adhesion forces, a more pronounced necrotic layer, and decreased rates of xylem and phloem reconnection at the graft junction when rootstock cotyledons were completely removed. Additionally, auxin levels at the rootstock graft junction notably decreased following cotyledon removal. In contrast, the exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) notably enhanced graft healing. Moreover, gene expression analysis of the PIN auxin efflux carriers in the rootstock cotyledons indicated significant activation of ClPIN1a post-grafting. Furthermore, we developed an improved Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) system for cucurbits using seeds soaking method. This method achieved an infection success rate of 83% with 60%-75% gene silencing efficiency, compared to the 37% success rate with 40%-60% efficiency seen with traditional cotyledon infection. Combining our novel VIGS approach with cotyledon grafting techniques, we demonstrated that rootstock cotyledons regulate callus formation through ClPIN1a-mediated endogenous auxin release, thus facilitating graft union development. These findings suggest potential strategies for enhancing watermelon graft healing by manipulating rootstock cotyledons.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mineral nutrients are essential for plant growth and development, playing a critical role in the mutualistic symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. Legumes have evolved intricate signaling pathways that respond to various mineral nutrients, selectively activating genes involved in nodulation and nutrient uptake during symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Key minerals, including nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P), are vital throughout the SNF process, influencing signal recognition, nodule formation, the regulation of nodule numbers, and the prevention of nodule early senescence. Here we review recent advancements in nutrient-dependent regulation of root nodule symbiosis, focusing on the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in nitrate-dependent symbiosis, the roles of NIN-like proteins (NLPs), and the function of essential nutrients and their associated transporters in legume symbiosis. Additionally, we discuss several key research areas that require further exploration to deepen our understanding of nutrient-dependent mechanisms in SNF.
矿质养分对植物的生长和发育至关重要，在豆科植物与根瘤菌之间的互利共生关系中起着关键作用。豆科植物已进化出复杂的信号通路，可对各种矿质养分做出反应，在共生固氮（SNF）过程中选择性地激活参与结瘤和养分吸收的基因。包括氮（N）、钙（Ca）和磷（P）在内的关键矿物质在整个共生固氮过程中至关重要，它们影响着信号识别、结核形成、结核数量调节和防止结核早期衰老。在此，我们回顾了根瘤共生中养分依赖性调控的最新进展，重点关注硝酸盐依赖性共生中的系统自动调节（AON）、类 NIN 蛋白（NLPs）的作用以及豆科植物共生中必需养分及其相关转运体的功能。此外，我们还讨论了需要进一步探索的几个关键研究领域，以加深我们对依赖养分的营养盐共生机制的理解。
{"title":"Nutrient-dependent regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes","authors":"Yanlin Ma, Chengbin Xiao, Jianquan Liu, Guangpeng Ren","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae321","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral nutrients are essential for plant growth and development, playing a critical role in the mutualistic symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. Legumes have evolved intricate signaling pathways that respond to various mineral nutrients, selectively activating genes involved in nodulation and nutrient uptake during symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Key minerals, including nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P), are vital throughout the SNF process, influencing signal recognition, nodule formation, the regulation of nodule numbers, and the prevention of nodule early senescence. Here we review recent advancements in nutrient-dependent regulation of root nodule symbiosis, focusing on the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in nitrate-dependent symbiosis, the roles of NIN-like proteins (NLPs), and the function of essential nutrients and their associated transporters in legume symbiosis. Additionally, we discuss several key research areas that require further exploration to deepen our understanding of nutrient-dependent mechanisms in SNF.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Despite the paramount importance in metal(loid) detoxification by phytochelatin synthase (PCS) genes, no comprehensive analysis of their evolutionary patterns has been carried out in land plants in general and in crops in particular. A phylogenetic large-scale analysis of gene duplication in angiosperms was carried out followed by in vitro recombinant protein assays as well as complementation analysis (growth, thiol-peptides, elements) of Arabidopsis cad1-3 mutant with four representative PCS genes from two model crop species, Malus domestica and Medicago truncatula. We uncovered a so far undetected ancient tandem duplication (D duplication) spanning the whole core eudicotyledon radiation. Complementation with PCS genes from both D-subclades from M. domestica and M. truncatula displayed clear in vivo conservation of the differences between D1 and D2 paralogous proteins in plant growth, phytochelatin and glutathione pools, as well as element contents under heavy metal(loid) stress. In vitro recombinant PCS analysis identified analogous patterns of differentiation, showing a higher activity of D2 PCS genes, so far largely overlooked, compared to their paralogs from the D1 clade. This suggests that in many other crop species where the duplication is present, the D2 copy might play a significant role in metal(loid) detoxification. The retention of both PCS paralogs and of their functional features for such long divergence time suggests that PCS copy number could be constrained by functional specialization and/or gene dosage sensitivity. These results uncover the patterns of PCS evolution in plant genomes and of functional specialization of their paralogs in the genomes of two important model crops.
{"title":"Ancient duplication and functional differentiation of phytochelatin synthases is conserved in plant genomes","authors":"Mingai Li, Jiamei Yu, Silvia Sartore, Erika Bellini, Daniela Bertoldi, Stefania Pilati, Alessandro Saba, Roberto Larcher, Luigi Sanità di Toppi, Claudio Varotto","doi":"10.1093/hr/uhae334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae334","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Despite the paramount importance in metal(loid) detoxification by phytochelatin synthase (PCS) genes, no comprehensive analysis of their evolutionary patterns has been carried out in land plants in general and in crops in particular. A phylogenetic large-scale analysis of gene duplication in angiosperms was carried out followed by in vitro recombinant protein assays as well as complementation analysis (growth, thiol-peptides, elements) of Arabidopsis cad1-3 mutant with four representative PCS genes from two model crop species, Malus domestica and Medicago truncatula. We uncovered a so far undetected ancient tandem duplication (D duplication) spanning the whole core eudicotyledon radiation. Complementation with PCS genes from both D-subclades from M. domestica and M. truncatula displayed clear in vivo conservation of the differences between D1 and D2 paralogous proteins in plant growth, phytochelatin and glutathione pools, as well as element contents under heavy metal(loid) stress. In vitro recombinant PCS analysis identified analogous patterns of differentiation, showing a higher activity of D2 PCS genes, so far largely overlooked, compared to their paralogs from the D1 clade. This suggests that in many other crop species where the duplication is present, the D2 copy might play a significant role in metal(loid) detoxification. The retention of both PCS paralogs and of their functional features for such long divergence time suggests that PCS copy number could be constrained by functional specialization and/or gene dosage sensitivity. These results uncover the patterns of PCS evolution in plant genomes and of functional specialization of their paralogs in the genomes of two important model crops.","PeriodicalId":13179,"journal":{"name":"Horticulture Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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