Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Separation of thorium using new solvent extractant derived from recycling discarded plastic bottles","authors":"Ahmed Orabi ,&nbsp;Hend Salem ,&nbsp;Nagwa Falila ,&nbsp;Doaa Ismaiel ,&nbsp;Magd Badr","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the non-biodegradable nature of plastic bottle waste, this work offers a method to recycle this waste by converting it into a valuable and efficient extractor for thorium separation from spent ore. A new promising extractant (Rec-UPEST) was successfully synthesized based on the glycolysis of plastic bottle waste by utilizing a mixture of glycerol and diethylene glycol, followed by esterification using the natural fatty acid of linolenic acid. Several characterizations, such as FTIR spectrometry, ¹H NMR analysis, and MS analysis, were performed to ensure its felicitous preparation. The produced material (Rec-UPEST) dissolved in CHCl₃ could extract Th(IV) efficiently with the maximum loading capacity of 1.08 g L⁻¹ at 15 min, organic to aqueous ratio = 1:1, <em>T</em> = 298 K, and pH = 2. Infrared data confirmed that the extraction was achieved by the bonding of the extractant to the thorium through glycol and ester oxygen atoms. The slope analysis technique inferred that Rec-UPEST has been able to extract Th as a complex with a 2:1 (Rec-UPEST: Th) molar ratio. In two stages, as shown by the resulting McCabe-Thiele diagrams, Th can be successfully extracted and stripped. Thermodynamic calculations showed that Rec-UPEST /Th extraction is an exothermic process. The stripping process of Th (99.8 %) was achieved using 2 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃. To compile all of the recovery steps of Th from the waste residue of the mineralized microgranite dike used in this research, a proposed flow diagram was created.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery process of rare earths, Al, U, and Th from ionic rare earth purification residue using sequential alkaline leaching, acid leaching solvent extraction and stripping","authors":"Qiaofa Lan ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Niu ,&nbsp;Donghui Liu ,&nbsp;Youming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic rare earth purification residue (PR) originates from refining of ionic rare earth ores and is predominantly composed of rare earth elements (REEs), aluminum (Al), and silicon (Si). This is a recyclable secondary resource. It provides substantial challenges due to its classification as low-level radioactive waste (LLW). Recognizing the distinctive properties of PR, this paper describes a highly efficient process for the recovery and enrichment of Al, REEs, uranium (U), and thorium (Th) through a multistep process encompassing alkali digestion, hydrochloric acid leaching, sole extractant enrichment and separation. At a controlled temperature of 70 °C, the Al digestion efficiency reached 88.9 %. The alkali digestion residue underwent hydrochloric acid leaching, yielding leaching efficiencies of 99.9 %, 99.4 %, and 99.0 % for REEs, U(VI), and Th(IV), respectively. Notably, the amount of insoluble residue was reduced by 90 %, and it was transformed from LLW into general solid waste residue. Additionally, the utilization of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (HEHEHP) as the sole extractant provided 100 % extraction efficiencies for U(VI) and Th(IV). After stepwise stripping processes, the purities of both U(VI) and Th(IV) exceeded 90 %. The REEs were precipitated as RE₂(C₂O₄)₃ and subsequently calcined to produce rare earth oxides with a recovery of 90.1 % and a purity of 97.4 %. This comprehensive scheme addressed the persistent challenges associated with long-term storage and radiological environmental risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review on selective separation of scandium and iron from aqueous solutions","authors":"Triveni Gangadari,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezaee,&nbsp;Sarma V. Pisupati","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for scandium (Sc), driven by its irreplaceable role in various applications and limited primary resources, has promoted research into its extraction from secondary sources. These sources, however, often contain substantial levels of impurities, particularly iron (Fe), complicating selective Sc separation due to their chemical similarities in aqueous systems. Common separation techniques include precipitation, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction. However, the overlapping precipitation windows of Sc(III) and Fe(III) with common ligands, such as hydroxides and carbonates, necessitate exploring alternative cation and anion combinations. This review compiles and evaluates rare but promising examples of selective Sc precipitation, including the use of ammonium hydroxide and combinations of ammonium ions and sulfate ligands. Additionally, various solvent extractants containing phosphorus and nitrogen-based functional groups are examined. While phosphorus-based extractants typically exhibit strong binding to Sc, they pose stripping challenges. Therefore, this review aims to: (i) provide a concise overview of Sc applications, market and sources, (ii) evaluate potential mitigation strategies for difficulty in Sc stripping, involving modifiers or synergistic solvent extractant systems, (iii) assess solid-phase extraction methods, such as ion-exchange or adsorption, which offers distinct advantages over solvent extraction, (iv) systematically analyze various reagents and physicochemical parameters influencing Sc(III) and Fe(III) separation, including functional groups, ligands, complexing agents, ionic radius and hydration enthalpy, (v) discuss the role of ligands such as chlorides, malonates, EDTA which have been reported to induce selective speciation between Sc and Fe, and (vi) critically examine the aqueous chemistry and physicochemical behavior of Sc and Fe species, with a focus on addressing the separation challenges posed by Fe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of sulfur-containing functional group-modified resin and its tungsten‑molybdenum adsorption and separation performance with application to waste-alloy leachate","authors":"Tiantian Shi ,&nbsp;Liwen Ma ,&nbsp;Na Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Xi ,&nbsp;Zuoren Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since W and Mo are strategic metals in China, the efficient, clean, and value-added utilization of secondary W and Mo resources is important. Ion-exchange methods using resins for the adsorption of Mo after sulfidation can effectively separate W and Mo, but these methods cause sulfide pollution. In this study, the macroporous anion exchange resin D301, which consists of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer matrix with tertiary amine groups, was modified by ethyl (methylthio) acetate (EA) of molecular formula C₅H₁₀O₂S to form resin EA-D301. This resin has the following properties: (i) enhanced the efficiency of W and Mo adsorption and separation, (ii) exhibited a dense structure and well-developed pores, (iii) maximum adsorption capacity (Q_W) of 1062 mg/g for W, and (iv) maximum separation factor (<span><math><msubsup><mi>β</mi><mi>Mo</mi><mi>W</mi></msubsup></math></span>) of 6.95 at pH 7.5 and 25 °C in a W<img>Mo solution with equal metal concentrations of 0.05 mol/L. The adsorption of both W and Mo by EA-D301 was hardly affected by other anions, and Q_W remained as high as 908 mg/g after ten adsorption-desorption cycles, indicating good stability. The adsorption mechanism was an ion-exchange reaction followed by coordination reactions. When EA-D301 was used to treat actual W<img>Mo waste alloy leachate, a Q_W of 647 mg/g and a <span><math><msubsup><mi>β</mi><mi>Mo</mi><mi>W</mi></msubsup></math></span> of 4.03 were achieved, demonstrating good performance in industrial applications. The EA-D301 resin is a promising W adsorbent with advantages such as simple synthesis, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness. This resin provides an effective way to extract W and separate W and Mo from various resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking scandium from red mud: A critical review of challenges, opportunities, and recovery methods","authors":"Hari S. Jammulamadaka,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezaee,&nbsp;Sarma V. Pisupati","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red mud, the fine iron-rich residue generated during the processing of bauxite using the Bayer process, is a highly alkaline hazardous waste with significant environmental implications. While it is predominantly stored in landfills, only a small fraction is repurposed, such as in construction materials. Notably, red mud contains elevated concentrations of Scandium, a critical mineral with growing industrial demand. Over the past few decades, numerous methods have been investigated for scandium recovery from red mud. However, no commercial processes have yet been implemented at scale. This review critically examines these methods, emphasizing the influence of iron on scandium recovery. It concludes by outlining three promising scandium recovery approaches: (i) reduction roasting followed by acid baking and water leaching of the slag, (ii) acid-baking combined with ball-mill assisted water leaching, and (iii) two-stage acid-baking and water leaching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the adsorption of precious metals from wastewater by XAD-2 resin loaded with functionalized deep eutectic solvent","authors":"Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Yonghui Song ,&nbsp;Xinwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Dong ,&nbsp;Ning Yin ,&nbsp;Zeyu Wang ,&nbsp;Shilei Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study prepared a novel adsorption material XAD-2-HDES with fast adsorption rate by impregnating XAD-2 resin with quaternary ammonium hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES). It was applied to the enrichment and recovery of various precious metal ions in aqua regia solution. The results showed that the adsorption efficiencies of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III) and Rh(III) were 95.3 %, 99.8 %, 94.1 % and 43.9 %, respectively, under the following conditions: trioctylmethylammonium chloride (N263) to menthol (Men) molar ratio of 1:2, adsorbent dosage of 20 g L⁻¹, initial aqueous phase pH of 0.1, adsorption time of 2 h, and adsorption temperature of 298.15 K. Under optimal process conditions, the maximum loading of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III), and Rh(III) were 19.4 mg g⁻¹, 20.6 mg g⁻¹, 4.6 mg g⁻¹ and 4.3 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption process of precious metal ions obeys the Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetic model, which is mainly controlled by the chemical reaction of the monomolecular layer. The surface loaded HDES of XAD-2-HDES provides abundant adsorption reaction sites, and the adsorption process is mainly driven by electrostatic attraction. The complex ions of precious metals undergo an anion-exchange reaction with Cl⁻ in N263 to form a stable hydrophobic type neutral complex species with N atoms as a bridge with HDES through ligand bonding, and form a new hydrogen-bonding network with the –OH group of Men to facilitate the dissolution of the complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Factors affecting purity of ammonium para-tungstate (APT) prepared from wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4) concentrate by NaHSO4·H2O roasting, water/ammonia leaching and evaporation crystallization” [Hydrometallurgy, volume 234, June 2025, 106476]","authors":"Ting Pu ,&nbsp;Zanhong Chen ,&nbsp;Yinliang Liu ,&nbsp;Haodong Hu ,&nbsp;Yong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106497","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usage of inorganic polyoxometalates of tungsten for extraction of rare earths in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS): Preliminary results","authors":"Lucy Muruchi ,&nbsp;Jonas Van Olmen ,&nbsp;Humberto Estay ,&nbsp;Daniela Millán ,&nbsp;Tom Van Gerven","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) such as Y^III, La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III, Tb^III, Dy^III, Er^III and Yb^III in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by PEG/MgSO₄ and polyoxometalates (POMs) as extractants was investigated under various conditions. Increased vacant sites in the POM and higher POM concentrations enhanced the competitive effect among REEs extraction. Lower acidity also enhanced the effect, and the extraction depended on the initial REEs composition. Optimal separation was achieved at 8.8E-4 M REE mix solution, 67.5 molar ratio HCl: REE, 3:1 molar ratio of Na₁₀[SiW₉O₃₄]: REE and 25 °C, achieving 52 % extraction for Tb and an average selectivity of 2.1. The extraction trend followed the REE atomic number, except for Y. The stripping of REE from the light phase was done by precipitation using tetraethylammonium chloride. The ICP and FT-IR techniques indicate stripping of REE: POMs complexes and REE: hydroxosulfate complexes according to OH⁻ in the system. The stripping of REE in the first complexes follows the same trend as in extraction, and the second type offers selective stripping of La^III, Pr^III, Nd^III, Eu^III as a group. Furthermore, continuous flow experiments using microreactors were conducted, varying reactor lengths and flow-rates based on batch test conditions. Fluctuations were observed in all cases, likely due to mass transfer between phase-forming compounds, resulting in wavy core-annular flow. The small discrepancies with batch experiments demonstrate the feasibility of continuous extraction using ATPS and POM as extractants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study of electro-reduction pretreatment preceding chalcopyrite leaching in ammonium chloride media in the presence of copper ions","authors":"Fernando Ortega ,&nbsp;Jochen Petersen ,&nbsp;Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chalcopyrite has notoriously slow dissolution kinetics in oxidative leaching media. Pre-conditioning using electro-reduction is a potential alternative, aimed at the surface reduction of the chalcopyrite mineral. This process has been well explored in acid systems, where the concomitant dissolution of iron significantly interferes with the electro-reduction process. Chalcopyrite leaching is feasible also in alkaline ammonia solutions, and hence the present study explores chalcopyrite electro-reduction in a 2 M ammonium chloride solution in the presence of cupric ions.</div><div>A series of electrochemical tests with a chalcopyrite rotating electrode was run to investigate this system. Cathodic chronopotentiometry tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of the electro-reduction in ammonia solution. Cyclic voltammetry tests were then conducted to evaluate the feasibility and kinetics of this process at different copper concentrations and rotation rates. Chronoamperometry experiments were then conducted to simulate (electro-) leaching, and the process was finally tested in a small-scale test apparatus using a real chalcopyrite concentrate.</div><div>It was found that cupric ions were reduced to cuprous ions on the chalcopyrite surface to form secondary copper sulfides, depending on the prevailing potentials. Analysis of charge transfer at anodic dissolution of the pre-reduced electrode at -350 mV (SHE) confirmed that the reduced phase formed was chalcocite. The cathodic reduction is enhanced by increasing copper concentration and electrode rotation speed, which support that cupric in solution is reduced at the chalcopyrite surface to form chalcocite. Current densities and lengths of time enhance the extent of the pre-reduction reaction, but to a diminishing extent as the reduced product builds up. The pre-reduced (2.5 h at 180 A/m²) chalcopyrite electrode dissolved nearly 18 times faster anodically compared to when there is no pre-conditioning. Alternating pre-reduction and anodic leaching showed that all reduction products were fully removed, and the chalcopyrite surface could be reused repeatedly.</div><div>The small-scale tests demonstrated that electro-reduction pre-treatment substantially increases the subsequent copper extraction rate in a 10 g/L chalcopyrite concentrate slurry from 30 % with no pre-treatment up to 54 % with pre-treatment at 210 A/m² over 5 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the leaching behaviour and particle-size distribution dynamics of poly-disperse particulate solids in a batch reactor","authors":"Pavel Raschman,&nbsp;Ľuboš Popovič,&nbsp;Maryna Kyslytsyna,&nbsp;Gabriel Sučik","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A material-balance model for the leaching of poly-disperse particulate solids, combining the particle size distribution (PSD) and the shrinking particle model (SPM), has been proposed. This model was applied to the leaching of crude natural magnesite (CNM) with dilute HCl solutions. A CNM sample with wide PSD was used to determine the values of apparent reaction order (0.31) and activation energy (51.5 kJ mol⁻¹) from measured data, and to develop a simulation model. Another CNM sample, with identical chemical and phase composition but different PSD, was subsequently used to experimentally investigate how the degree of conversion and PSD change with the leaching time, and to validate the simulation model. Comparison of the experimental and simulation results showed that (a) the kinetic parameter values obtained by the proposed method characterise the intrinsic chemical reaction on the liquid-solid phase interface, regardless of the PSD; and (b) the proposed model can predict how the degree of conversion and PSD of a poly-disperse particulate solid change during the leaching in a batch reactor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106532"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}