Hydrometallurgy最新文献

Utilization of Ni-rich NCM cathode material as oxidant to control manganese in Li-ion battery waste recycling 利用富镍NCM正极材料作为氧化剂控制锂离子电池废电池回收中的锰

IF 4.7 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106647

Toni Kauppinen, Tuomas Vielma, Justin Salminen, Mikael Manninen, Tao Hu, Ulla Lassi

引用次数: 0

Sodium sulfate recovery from red mud by selective de-alkalization using ferric sulfate solution and its regeneration 硫酸铁溶液选择性脱碱回收赤泥中硫酸钠及其再生

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106644

Zhenquan Yang , Hannian Gu , Zehai Li , Dawei Fan , Hanjie Wen

Red mud (RM) is an alkaline solid waste generated during the production of alumina, and its high alkalinity is a major obstacle to its comprehensive utilization. This study used a leaching process with ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) solution to selectively remove ‌alkaline components‌ from RM. The results showed that the leaching efficiencies of Na and K reached 95.1 and 54.8%, respectively, under the conditions of leaching at room temperature, reaction time of 30 min, using 100 g/L of Fe₂(SO₄)₃, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 8 mL/g. The low leaching efficiencies of other elements indicated that Fe₂(SO₄)₃ solution exhibited good selectivity in the de-alkalization process. The Na₂O content in the de-alkalized RM was reduced to 0.29%, making it suitable for the use in construction materials. Meanwhile, the Fe consumed and precipitated in the leach residue during the de-alkalization process can be regenerated using 1.5 mol/L H₂SO₄. Moreover, the leachate, after supplementation with Fe₂(SO₄)₃, was reused for further de-alkalization of new RM samples. Cyclic de-alkalization accumulated the Na content in the leachate allowing the recovery of Na products. The process cannot only reduce the consumption of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ solution but also enables the Na recovery, and the resulting crude product of Na₂SO₄ can be further separated and purified. In conclusion, the use of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ solution to regulate the alkalinity of RM provides an economical and environmentally friendly approach for large-scale RM treatment.

赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中产生的碱性固体废物，其高碱度是其综合利用的主要障碍。本研究采用硫酸铁（Fe2(SO4)3）溶液的浸出工艺，选择性地去除RM中的碱性成分。结果表明，在室温浸出、反应时间30 min、Fe2(SO4)3用量为100 g/L、液固比为8 mL/g的条件下，Na和K的浸出效率分别达到95.1和54.8%。其他元素的浸出效率较低，表明Fe2(SO4)3溶液在脱碱过程中具有良好的选择性。脱碱后的RM中Na2O含量降至0.29%，适合用于建筑材料。同时，在脱碱过程中，浸出渣中消耗和沉淀的铁可以用1.5 mol/L H2SO4再生。此外，添加Fe2(SO4)3后的渗滤液再次用于新RM样品的进一步脱碱。循环脱碱积累了渗滤液中的钠含量，使钠产物得以回收。该工艺不仅可以减少Fe2(SO4)3溶液的消耗，还可以回收Na，得到的Na2SO4粗产物可以进一步分离纯化。综上所述，使用Fe2(SO4)3溶液调节RM的碱度为大规模RM处理提供了一种经济环保的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Biooxidation of FeS2 and FeAsS in refractory gold ores: A comparative study of aeration in stirred tank reactors using holes in ring-tube and porous ceramic-plate spargers 难处理金矿中FeS2和FeAsS的生物氧化：环管孔和多孔陶瓷板喷雾器搅拌槽反应器曝气的比较研究

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106645

Yanzhen Chen , Guangji Zhang , Jiale Guo , Chao Yang

Oxygen mass transfer is a key factor limiting the performance of biooxidation processes for refractory gold concentrates. In this study, the aeration performance of the ring tube sparger and the porous ceramic plate sparger was investigated. At a 10% pulp density, microbubbles generated by the porous ceramic plate significantly enhanced oxygen mass transfer, resulting in a higher k_La of 4.21 × 10⁻² s⁻¹, approximately twice that achieved with the ring sparger under identical conditions. In the reactor with the porous ceramic plate, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was maintained at approximately 6000 μg/L, and the redox potential (Eh) exceeded 700 mV at the end of the experiments. In contrast, the DO concentration decreased to below 1000 μg/L, and Eh was only about 600 mV in the ring tube sparger reactor. The elevated DO and Eh induced by microbubbles enhanced the dissolution of sulfide minerals, particularly pyrite (FeS₂). The leaching mechanism was derived from mineralogical analyses and microstructural characterization. When the pulp density was increased to 20% (w/w), the aeration performance of the porous ceramic plate was weakened, as evident from the reduced oxygen mass transfer rate and resultant lower Eh. However, it still outperformed the ring tube sparger. These results demonstrate that mild microbubble aeration is an effective strategy for enhancing oxygen mass transfer and biooxidation efficiency in the process of refractory gold concentrates, providing useful guidance for optimizing industrial biooxidation reactors.

氧传质是制约难处理金精矿生物氧化工艺性能的关键因素。本文研究了环管喷淋器和多孔陶瓷板喷淋器的曝气性能。在浆料密度为10%时，多孔陶瓷板产生的微气泡显著增强了氧的传质，其kLa达到4.21 × 10−2 s−1，约为相同条件下环形分散器的两倍。在多孔陶瓷板反应器中，溶解氧（DO）浓度维持在6000 μg/L左右，实验结束时氧化还原电位（Eh）超过700 mV。环管喷淋反应器中DO浓度降至1000 μg/L以下，Eh仅为600 mV左右。微泡引起的DO和Eh升高促进了硫化物矿物的溶解，特别是黄铁矿（FeS2）。通过矿物学分析和微观结构表征得出了浸出机理。当浆密度增加到20% （w/w）时，多孔陶瓷板的曝气性能减弱，氧传质速率降低，Eh降低。然而，它仍然优于环管分散器。结果表明，温和微泡曝气是提高难处理金精矿氧传质和生物氧化效率的有效策略，为优化工业生物氧化反应器提供了有益的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Alkanol-enabled instantaneous precipitation of lithium carbonate and phosphate at low temperature 醇能在低温下瞬间沉淀碳酸锂和磷酸盐

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106632

Qingyun Li , Size Zheng , Benjamin Hsiao

This study shows that ethanol addition to supersaturated Li⁺–CO₃²⁻ solutions dramatically accelerates the lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) precipitation from brine. With an addition of ≥5 vol% ethanol, precipitation becomes instantaneous, completing within ∼30 min at room temperature versus >1 day without ethanol, and is even faster at higher temperatures, in some cases reaching equilibrium within seconds. Ethanol addition produces much finer Li₂CO₃ particles than those without ethanol. The observed behavior seems to be specific to lithium salts: lithium phosphate (Li₃PO₄) showed similar acceleration, whereas CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ did not. Pre-mixing ethanol with Li⁺ before carbonate addition did not show this effect, indicating the importance of timing. The mechanism of the demonstrated method involves ethanol collapsing nucleation barrier rather than changing the equilibrium solubility. This approach potentially enables energy-efficient Li recovery at lower temperatures for shorter durations.

该研究表明，在过饱和Li+ -CO₃2−溶液中加入乙醇会显著加速盐水中碳酸锂（Li₂CO₃）的沉淀。添加≥5 vol%乙醇时，沉淀成为瞬时的，在室温下约30分钟完成，而不添加乙醇时为1天，在更高的温度下甚至更快，在某些情况下在几秒钟内达到平衡。与不添加乙醇相比，添加乙醇可以产生更细的Li₂CO₃颗粒。观察到的行为似乎是锂盐特有的：磷酸锂（Li₃PO₄）表现出类似的加速，而CaCO₃和MgCO₃没有。在碳酸盐岩加成前将乙醇与Li+预混合则没有表现出这种效应，说明时机的重要性。所证明的方法的机制是乙醇破坏成核屏障，而不是改变平衡溶解度。这种方法有可能在较低温度下、较短时间内实现高效的锂回收。

引用次数: 0

Rapid separation of TeO32− from MoO42− in alkaline aqueous solution by metal-organic resins with high adsorption capacity and selectivity 高吸附量和选择性的金属有机树脂在碱性水溶液中快速分离TeO32−和MoO42−

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106634

Jiaxuan Liu, Taiwei Chu

As one of the most essential medical isotopes, the efficient separation and purification of ⁹⁹Mo is of critical importance. However, methods or materials enabling highly efficient and selective separation of TeO₃²⁻ and MoO₄²⁻ remain scarce. In this study, two types of metal-organic resin (MOR) were synthesized using the UIO-66-NH₂ metal-organic framework (MOF) in combination with alginic acid (denoted as MOR-1-HA) or carboxymethyl cellulose (denoted as MOR-1-X). These MORs exhibit ion adsorption performance, attributable to their direct, eco-friendly and cost-effective synthesis, as well as their large particle size. The separation of TeO₃²⁻ and MoO₄²⁻ presents a considerable challenge owing to their similar chemical properties and divalent anionic nature. Nevertheless, successful separation was achieved using MOR-1-HA and MOR-1-X. Within a pH range of 9.50 to 10.0, the maximum adsorption capacities of MOR-1-HA and MOR-1-X for TeO₃²⁻ reached 603.0 ± 1.2 mg g⁻¹ and 569.1 ± 1.0 mg g⁻¹, respectively, with separation factors (SF_Te/Mo) of 6.03 × 10⁴ and 7.77 × 10⁴, meeting the standards set by the European Pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, in simulated alkaline leachates of tellurite type gold ores, the adsorption capacity of MOR-1-HA for TeO₃²⁻ was 15.1 ± 0.3 mg g⁻¹ with an adsorption percentage of 92.1 ± 1.8%, while MOR-1-X exhibited values of 17.9 ± 0.5 mg g⁻¹ and 95.4 ± 2.7%, respectively. Both MORs demonstrated thermal stability up to 300 °C and maintained structural integrity under an absorbed irradiation dose of 400 kGy. The adsorption mechanism was also systematically investigated. Owing to their exceptional performance, MOR-1-HA and MOR-1-X show great potential for application in the separation of TeO₃²⁻ from MoO₄²⁻ in alkaline aqueous media. These two MORs are also able to remove TeO₃²⁻ from alkaline leaching solution of tellurite type gold ores.

99Mo作为最重要的医用同位素之一，其高效分离纯化具有至关重要的意义。然而，能够高效和选择性分离TeO32−和MoO42−的方法或材料仍然很少。本研究采用UIO-66-NH2金属有机骨架（MOF）与海藻酸（标记为moor -1- ha）或羧甲基纤维素（标记为moor -1- x）结合，合成了两种类型的金属有机树脂（MOR）。这些MORs具有离子吸附性能，可归因于其直接，环保和成本效益的合成，以及它们的大粒径。由于其相似的化学性质和二价阴离子性质，TeO32−和MoO42−的分离提出了相当大的挑战。然而，使用莫尔-1- ha和莫尔-1- x实现了成功的分离。在9.50 ~ 10.0的pH范围内，莫尔-1- ha和莫尔-1- x对TeO32−的最大吸附量分别为603.0±1.2 mg g−1和569.1±1.0 mg g−1，分离因子（SFTe/Mo）分别为6.03 × 104和7.77 × 104，符合欧洲药典标准。在碲型金矿模拟碱性浸出液中，莫尔-1- ha对TeO32−的吸附量为15.1±0.3 mg g−1，吸附率为92.1±1.8%；莫尔-1- x对TeO32−的吸附量为17.9±0.5 mg g−1，吸附率为95.4±2.7%。两种MORs均表现出高达300°C的热稳定性，并在400 kGy的吸收照射剂量下保持结构完整性。并对吸附机理进行了系统的研究。由于其优异的性能，moor -1- ha和moor -1- x在碱性水介质中分离TeO32−和MoO42−方面具有很大的应用潜力。这两种MORs还能去除碲型金矿碱浸液中的TeO32−。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation of high-purity beryllium hydroxide via synergistic extraction with unsaponified extractants 未皂化萃取剂协同萃取制备高纯氢氧化铍

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106629

Zhiyuan Sun , Zhongwei Zhao , Yongli Li , Ruizhuo Liu , Dongmei Wang , Bingbo Niu

Beryllium plays an important role in the development of the aerospace, nuclear, and national defense industries in China. This work proposes a synergistic extraction system composed of unsaponified extractants to effectively and selectively separate Be(II) over Al(III) and Fe(III) from an acid leachate. Application of the proposed method leads to the recovery of Be(OH)₂ with purity higher than 99.9 %. The unsaponified extractants can further reduce the pH of the aqueous phase during the extraction process, thereby lowering the extraction efficiency of impurities such as Fe and Al. Additionally, the use of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) as a synergist under the optimum conditions effectively inhibits the co-extraction of Fe (< 5.0 %) and Al (< 3.0 %) and improves the selectivity of Be extraction (≥ 75.0 %). With 50 g/L oxalic acid as a scrubber, the Fe and Al removal efficiency for single-stage washing reaches ≥95.0 %. The use of 3 mol/L sodium hydroxide as a stripping agent improves the single-stage Be stripping efficiency to over 93.0 % and the purity of Be(OH)₂ to over 99.9 %. The green extraction technology using unsaponified D2EHPA + TBP developed in this study has several advantages: (i) it overcomes the non-recyclability of Be raffinate, (ii) it increases the Be yield, and (iii) it achieves the efficient, clean production of high-purity Be(OH)₂.

铍在中国航空航天、核能和国防工业的发展中起着重要作用。本研究提出了一种由非皂化萃取剂组成的协同萃取系统，可以有效地、选择性地从酸性渗滤液中分离出Be（II）、Al（III）和Fe（III）。应用该方法可回收纯度高于99.9%的Be(OH)2。在萃取过程中，未皂化的萃取剂可以进一步降低水相pH值，从而降低Fe、Al等杂质的萃取效率。此外，在最佳条件下，使用磷酸三丁酯（TBP）作为增效剂，可以有效抑制Fe （< 5.0%）和Al （< 3.0%）的共萃取，提高Be的萃取选择性（≥75.0%）。以50 g/L草酸为洗涤剂，单段洗涤铁、铝去除率≥95.0%。采用3mol /L的氢氧化钠作为汽提剂，单级Be汽提效率可达93.0%以上，Be(OH)2纯度可达99.9%以上。本研究开发的未皂化D2EHPA + TBP绿色萃取工艺具有以下优点：(1)克服了Be精矿不可回收性，(2)提高了Be收率，(3)实现了高效、清洁生产高纯度Be(OH)2。

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引用次数: 0

Reductive Bayer digestion of high‑titanium bauxite followed by sulfuric acid leach-roast-leach-hydrolyze process to recover H2TiO3 and TiO2 高钛铝土矿拜耳还原溶出-硫酸浸出-焙烧浸出-水解工艺回收H2TiO3和TiO2

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106631

Yuguan Zhang , Yilin Wang , Tiangui Qi , Qiusheng Zhou , Zhihong Peng , Guihua Liu , Xiaobin Li

Bauxite residue is the solid waste produced during alumina refining process. The economic utilization of the titanium minerals present in the waste can both significantly lower alumina production costs and considerably reduce the overall volume of bauxite residue. This paper presents an innovative method that combines: (i) reductive Bayer digestion with sulfuric acid roasting, (ii) stepwise enrichment and effective extraction of titanium dioxide from bauxite residue. Compared to the Bayer digestion with the addition of lime, reductive Bayer process significantly enriched the titanium dioxide content in bauxite residue from 13.9% to 20.1%. Subsequent acid leaching can enhance the concentration of titanium dioxide to 38.3%, while the control group, affected by the formation of calcium sulfate, reaches only 13.7%. Significant enrichment of rare earth elements was observed in the acid-leached product, with Sc₂O₃ concentration attaining 248 g/t as a representative. Titanium-rich material can be directly transformed into high-purity meta-titanic acid products using a sulfuric acid roasting-hydrolysis method, which achieves a purity level of 93.4% after the roasting process. This technology lays a significant foundation for the value-added utilization of high‑titanium bauxite and the substantial reduction of bauxite residue discharges.

铝土矿渣是氧化铝精炼过程中产生的固体废物。废渣中钛矿物的经济利用既可以显著降低氧化铝生产成本，又可以显著减少铝土矿渣的总体积。本文提出了一种将还原拜耳消解与硫酸焙烧相结合的创新方法，以及从铝土矿渣中逐步富集和有效提取二氧化钛的方法。与添加石灰的拜耳消化法相比，还原性拜耳消化法显著提高了铝土矿渣中二氧化钛的含量，由13.9%提高到20.1%。后续酸浸可将钛白粉浓度提高至38.3%，而对照组受硫酸钙形成的影响，钛白粉浓度仅为13.7%。酸浸产物中稀土元素显著富集，以Sc2O3浓度达到248 g/t为代表。采用硫酸焙烧-水解法可将富钛材料直接转化为高纯度的元钛酸产品，焙烧工艺后纯度可达93.4%。该技术为高钛铝土矿的增值利用和大量减少铝土矿渣排放奠定了重要基础。

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引用次数: 0

Selective recovery of gold from electronic circuit board waste with pyrogallol-formaldehyde polymer based resin 邻苯二酚-甲醛聚合物基树脂选择性回收电子电路板废料中的金

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106633

Engin Deniz Parlar , Mücahit Abdullah Sarı , Mustafa Can

Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) has become one of the major concerns due to its high content of valuable recyclable materials such as gold, platinum, and silver. In this study, a pyrogallol-formaldehyde-based polymer (PGNR) was synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the recovery of gold. The synthesized PGNR was characterized using BET, FTIR, TGA, and NMR analyses. The adsorption performance of PGNR was evaluated under varying conditions, including pH values, adsorbent amounts, initial Au(III) concentration, contact time, and temperature. Experimental data were analyzed through adsorption isotherms, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model, while the Langmuir isotherm best described the isotherm data. The Langmuir model revealed a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 2457 mg g⁻¹ at 328 K for Au(III) ions. The FTIR analysis after adsorption indicated that polyphenolic functional groups played a crucial role in the binding of Au(III). Additionally, XRD and XPS analyses confirmed that the majority of Au(III) ions were reduced to metallic gold on the polymer surface. The resin demonstrated high efficiency in adsorbing Au(III) from real e-waste leach solutions containing high levels of base metals, making it a promising material for the selective recovery of gold from electronic waste.

电气和电子废物（电子废物）由于其高含量的有价值的可回收材料，如金、铂和银，已成为主要关注的问题之一。本研究合成了一种邻苯三酚甲醛基聚合物（PGNR），并将其作为吸附剂用于金的回收。采用BET、FTIR、TGA和NMR对合成的PGNR进行了表征。在不同的条件下，包括pH值、吸附剂量、初始Au（III）浓度、接触时间和温度，对PGNR的吸附性能进行了评价。通过吸附等温线、动力学和热力学模型对实验数据进行了分析。吸附动力学服从拟二级模型，Langmuir等温线最能描述等温线数据。Langmuir模型显示，在328 K下，Au（III）离子的最大单层吸附容量为2457 mg g−1。吸附后的FTIR分析表明，多酚官能团在Au（III）的结合中起着至关重要的作用。此外，XRD和XPS分析证实，大部分Au（III）离子在聚合物表面被还原为金属金。该树脂在从含有高水平贱金属的实际电子废物浸出液中吸附金（III）方面表现出高效率，使其成为从电子废物中选择性回收金的有前途的材料。

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引用次数: 0

Effective and sustainable lithium ion battery recycling strategy for circular economy: Ultrasound assisted direct leaching of black mass containing NMC/LCO/LMO/graphite mixed powders 循环经济中有效且可持续的锂离子电池回收策略：超声辅助直接浸出含有NMC/LCO/LMO/石墨混合粉末的黑色物质

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2026.106630

Halide Nur Dursun , Emircan Uysal , Fırat Burat , Sebahattin Gürmen

The lithium-ion battery (LiB) is an indispensable component of contemporary technology, with applications in mobile phones, personal computers, and electric vehicles. The cathode materials LiCoO₂ (LCO), LiNi_xMn_yCo_(1-x-y)O₂ (NMC), and LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) are widely utilized in these applications due to their specific energy values. The recovery of valuable metals (Li, Co, Ni, and Mn) from cathode materials in LiB whose effective lifespan has ended has become a necessity due to economic and environmental factors. In this study, a detailed characterization of the black mass obtained by sieving from the discharged and shredded LiB cells was performed. Subsequently, this study explicitly targeted a low-acid, short-time route, to directly leach mixed black mass, without prior graphite separation, assisted by ultrasonic probe sonication. Furthermore, this study examined the impact of various acids (HCl, H₂SO₄ and HNO₃), leaching times, concentration of acids and ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆) as the reducing agent, ultrasonic sound waves, solid/liquid ratios, and temperatures on leaching efficiency. The dissolution efficiencies of 96.8 % Li, 99.2 % Co, 96.4 % Mn, and 93.1 % Ni were achieved with 0.5 M H₂SO₄ concentration, 0.15 M ascorbic acid concentration, 20 g/L solid/liquid ratio, and 1 h of ultrasound-assisted leaching time. Thus, ∼95 % of all cathode metals were recovered at low acid concentration and short residence time without physically separating graphite and the active cathode material prior to leaching, highlighting the process simplicity and scalability.

锂离子电池（LiB）是当代科技中不可或缺的组成部分，在移动电话、个人电脑和电动汽车中都有应用。正极材料LiCoO₂（LCO）、LiNixMnyCo(1-x-y)O₂（NMC）和LiMn₂O₄（LMO）因其比能值而广泛应用于这些应用中。由于经济和环境因素，从有效寿命已结束的锂离子电池正极材料中回收有价金属（Li, Co, Ni, Mn）已成为一种必要。在这项研究中，对从放电和切碎的锂电池中筛分得到的黑色物质进行了详细的表征。随后，本研究明确针对低酸、短时间路线，在超声探头的辅助下，直接浸出混合黑色物质，无需事先分离石墨。此外，研究了各种酸（HCl、H₂SO₄和HNO₃）、浸出次数、酸和抗坏血酸（C₆H₈O₆）的浓度作为还原剂、超声波、料液比和温度对浸出效率的影响。当H₂SO₄浓度为0.5 M、抗坏血酸浓度为0.15 M、料液比为20 g/L、超声辅助浸出时间为1 H时，可获得96.8% Li、99.2% Co、96.4% Mn和93.1% Ni的溶出效率。因此，在低酸浓度和短停留时间下回收了95%的阴极金属，而无需在浸出前物理分离石墨和活性阴极材料，突出了工艺的简单性和可扩展性。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating chloride sources for lithium extraction from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries using TBP: Focusing on inherent iron utilization 用TBP法研究从废磷酸铁锂电池中提取锂的氯化物来源：以固有铁的利用为重点

IF 4.8 2区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Hydrometallurgy

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106628

Xitong Bi , Xiaojiao Li , Tiantian Zhao , Pengfei Ma , Mingzhang Lin , Yinxi Zhou

Solvent extraction is a critical process for lithium (Li) recovery from salt lake brine. The use of tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the extractant and ferric chloride (FeCl₃) as the co-extractant significantly enhances Li extraction efficiency and selectivity. However, this method is seldom applied for lithium recovery from spent lithium batteries (LIB). This study, proposes a novel process for recovering Li from the leachate of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO₄), using the iron source of LiFePO₄ to exert the effect of FeCl₃ co-extractant in the system. The system used TBP as the extractant and sulfonated kerosene as the diluent. Chlorine sources (NaCl, MgCl₂, AlCl₃) were added to investigate their effects on the extraction of Li from simulated leachate of LiFePO₄. Additionally, Li was extracted from the real leachate. Through experiments using simulated solution, it was found that the extraction efficiency of Li could reach up to 73.1 % using AlCl₃ as the external chlorine source, with a chloride ion concentration (c(Cl⁻)) of 6 mol/L, a TBP volume ratio of 70 %, an acidity of 0.025 mol/L, and an extraction time of 15 min. Under these optimal extraction conditions, the extraction efficiency of Li from the actual leachate was demonstrated to be 36.0 %, showing the feasibility of Li extraction solely by relying on iron(III) ions in the leachate. Due to the limited iron content in the leachate, the secondary extraction efficiency of Li was increased to 61.0 % by adding FeCl₃, which resulted in a final total extraction efficiency of 74.0 %.

溶剂萃取是从盐湖卤水中回收锂的关键工艺。以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为萃取剂，氯化铁（FeCl3）为共萃取剂，显著提高了Li的萃取效率和选择性。然而，这种方法很少应用于废旧锂电池的锂回收。本研究提出了一种从废磷酸铁锂电池（LiFePO4）渗滤液中回收锂的新工艺，利用LiFePO4的铁源，在体系中发挥FeCl3共萃取剂的作用。该系统以TBP为萃取剂，磺化煤油为稀释剂。采用氯化钠（NaCl）、氯化镁（MgCl2）、氯化铝（AlCl3）等氯源对LiFePO4模拟渗滤液中锂离子的提取效果进行了研究。此外，Li是从真实的渗滤液中提取的。通过模拟溶液实验发现，以AlCl3为外氯源，氯离子浓度（c(Cl−)）为6 mol/L， TBP体积比为70%，酸度为0.025 mol/L，萃取时间为15 min时，Li的萃取效率可达73.1%。在此最佳提取条件下，实际渗滤液中锂离子的提取效率为36.0%，表明单纯依靠渗滤液中的铁离子提取锂离子是可行的。由于渗滤液中铁含量有限，加入FeCl3后，锂的二次萃取效率提高到61.0%，最终总萃取效率达到74.0%。

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