Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Solvent extraction using crown ethers: Selective recovery of potassium from synthetic K-feldspar leachate","authors":"Sina Shakibania,&nbsp;Lena Sundqvist-Öqvist,&nbsp;Sepideh Javanshir,&nbsp;Jan Rosenkranz","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study focuses on the selective extraction of potassium from a hydrochloric acid-based feldspar leachate using solvent extraction with crown ethers, CE (dibenzo-18-crown-6 and 12-crown-4). The effects of hydrochloric acid concentration, extractant type, diluent, extractant concentration, and organic-to-aqueous phase ratio on potassium extraction efficiency have been examined. Dibenzo-18-crown-6 diluted in m-cresol was shown to preferentially extract potassium (≈85 %) from highly acidic hydrochloric acid solutions (2 to 6 M), with minimal co-extraction of impurities, such as aluminum and sodium, in a single extraction step. Aluminum, however, was shown to be extracted efficiently (≈99 %) at lower acidities (&lt;0.1 M). The extraction mechanisms were explored using various analyses, such as slope analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy showing that dibenzo-18-crown-6 forms a highly stable complex with potassium at 1:1 M ratio, (KCl)(CE), driven by the size compatibility between potassium ions and the crown ether cavity. For aluminum, the extraction mechanism likely involves the formation of a cooperative complex where aluminum ions are associated with the potassium-crown ether complex (AlKCl₄)(CE). Increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid increased potassium ion activity, chloride ion activity, and ionic strength in the solution. These changes would enhance selective potassium extraction over the formation and extraction of the aluminum‑potassium cooperative complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralization of rare earth tailings by using microbiome-induced synthesis of calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate","authors":"Weida Wang ,&nbsp;Ling Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanxin Bo ,&nbsp;Changxiong Zou ,&nbsp;Mingtao Zhu ,&nbsp;Wanqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Junyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth tailings are solid residues generated during the hydrometallurgical processing of rare earth ores. They typically contain radionuclides, especially thorium (Th) and uranium (U). Long-term open-air storage poses environmental risks due to rainfall-induced leaching and wind-driven dispersion. In this study, a solidification/stabilization (S/S) method that combines microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) with magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) was developed. The dual-phase CaCO₃/MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O system significantly improves mechanical strength, reduces permeability, and enhances radionuclide immobilization. The S/S effectiveness was quantitatively assessed by permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and leaching tests, and further supported by microstructural analyses including mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The samples treated with MICP and MAP achieved a minimum permeability of 0.38 × 10⁻⁵ cm/s, a maximum UCS of 3.86 MPa, and immobilization efficiencies of 87.7 % for Th and 96.0 % for U. Microstructural observations confirmed that calcite-phase CaCO₃ and prismatic MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O crystals densified the pore structure and weakened pore connectivity. This study provides a practical and sustainable approach for the safe disposal and long-term management of rare earth tailings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106598"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemically assisted leaching of rare earth carbonates in non-aqueous green solvents: Solvent design, characterization, and process optimization","authors":"Salih Cihangir","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a systematic approach to the design, characterization, and application of non-aqueous green solvents (NAGSs) for the leaching of rare earth carbonate hydrates (RECHs). Four NAGSs based on choline chloride, ethylene glycol, and various carboxylic acids were synthesized and evaluated for their physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Among the evaluated formulations, the choline chloride–ethylene glycol–Na₂EDTA·2H₂O mixture (N1) and the chloride–levulinic acid mixture (N2) were found were found suitable for both traditional and electrochemically assisted leaching due to their optimal viscosity, conductivity, and electrochemical stability. Electrochemical assistance significantly enhanced leaching efficiency, with improvements ranging from 22 % to over 300 % for certain elements compared to conventional methods. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the application of an oxidative potential facilitates the protonation and dissolution of RECHs, likely through the generation of localized acidic environments and the formation of intermediate species. The FTIR analysis confirmed the dissolution of carbonate phases and the formation of rare earth–ligand complexes, particularly in the N1 system, where new bands associated with carboxylate and amine coordination were observed. Importantly, the proposed electrochemically assisted method can be applied to different primary or secondary sources in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. The results demonstrate the advantages of combining non-aqueous green solvents with electrochemical assistance as an environmentally benign alternative to conventional acid-based leaching, especially for challenging carbonate forms of rare earth elements. This work provides important guidelines for the development of sustainable hydrometallurgical processes, with future directions including solvent recyclability, selective recovery, and environmental assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106599"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specific chelating extraction of gallium(III) with H-N and H-CCl2 hydrogen atoms of dichlorinated secondary amide","authors":"Gehui Pang ,&nbsp;Shintaro Morisada ,&nbsp;Hidetaka Kawakita ,&nbsp;Keisuke Ohto","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three secondary amides with different numbers of chlorine atom(s)—<em>N</em>-(2-ethylhexyl)monochloroacetamide (<strong>MCAA</strong>), <em>N</em>-(2-ethylhexyl)dichloroacetamide (<strong>DCAA</strong>), and <em>N</em>-(2-ethylhexyl)-2,2,2-trichloroacetamide (<strong>TCAA</strong>)—were synthesised for Ga(III) extraction. These three amides exhibited a preference for extracting Ga(III) compared to other metals at higher HCl concentrations, with the stoichiometries of Ga(III) extraction using the three reagents investigated <em>via</em> slope analysis. Spectroscopic studies were performed to elucidate the extraction mechanism of GaCl₄⁻. The hydronium ion extraction with (<strong>O</strong>)=C oxygen atoms of amides did not occur in lower HCl concentration media ([HCl] &lt; 8.46 mol dm⁻³), indicating that (<strong>H</strong>)-N hydrogen atom displayed a distinctive interaction with GaCl₄⁻. The <strong>DCAA</strong> exhibited the highest Ga(III) extraction efficiency among the three secondary amides. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculations indicated that the <em>δ</em>⁺ value of the hydrogen atom in (<strong>H</strong>)-C-Cl₂ of <strong>DCAA</strong> was enhanced to assist GaCl₄⁻ extraction with the (<strong>H</strong>)-N hydrogen atom. Stable intermolecular hydrogen bonding between (<strong>H</strong>)-N hydrogen and the partially negatively charged (<strong>O</strong>)=C oxygen atoms of <strong>MCAA</strong> inhibited GaCl₄⁻ extraction. The complete stripping of Ga(III) from the Ga-loaded <strong>MCAA</strong> and <strong>TCAA</strong> was achieved using water, while chelation extraction with <strong>DCAA</strong> suppressed the efficiency of Ga(III) stripping with water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106596"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyses of foam in Bayer precipitation tanks due to crystal growth modifiers","authors":"Lei Xu,&nbsp;Wen-mi Chen,&nbsp;Shang Fan,&nbsp;Yan-jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foam generation in Bayer precipitation tanks is a major issue that affects the energy efficiency of precipitation in these tanks. However, the factors contributing to foam generation remain poorly understood. This work investigated the relationship between different crystal growth modifiers (CGMs) and foam generation during the precipitation process. Results indicate that in pure sodium aluminate solution, the addition of CGMs directly affects the foam volume. Furthermore, the foam generation potential (FGP) of CGMs varies significantly. CGM-A and CGM-B exhibited minimal FGPs at concentrations up to 300 mg/L in sodium aluminate solution containing aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) solids, resulting in practically no foam. In contrast, CGM-C presented stronger FGP at 100 mg/L, generating 8 mL of foam. The FGP of CGMs increased following high-temperature treatment at 260 °C. The FT-IR, GC–MS, and ¹H NMR analyses indicated that the large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in CGM-C were a major cause of foaming. After high-temperature treatment, numerous alkane molecules were generated in the CGM-C, which served as foam stabilizers. This study provides valuable reference for further improvement of the alumina production capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106595"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation of the ultrafine equiaxial near-spherical gibbsite with low oil absorption value by adding mixed seeds","authors":"Jinquan Wen,&nbsp;Guihua Liu,&nbsp;Tiangui Qi,&nbsp;Qiusheng Zhou,&nbsp;Zhihong Peng,&nbsp;Xiaobin Li,&nbsp;Yilin Wang,&nbsp;Leiting Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrafine, near-spherical gibbsite with a low oil-absorption value hold significant potential for use in advanced flame-retardant fillers, polishing materials and dense alumina-bearing ceramics owing to its regular morphology, high dispersibility and good flowability. In this study, ultrafine equiaxial near-spherical gibbsite with a medium particle size (d₅₀) of 359 nm and an oil-absorption values of 25.0 mL/100 g was precipitated by seeded precipitation from sodium aluminate solution. The mixed seeds, comprising bayerite and gibbsite, were prepared by the addition of NaHCO₃, Al₂(SO₄)₃, and H₂O₂, respectively. A high bayerite content in the NaHCO₃-induced seeds, combined with significant supersaturation fluctuations, enabled a precipitation efficiency exceeding 51 % at an initial temperature of 80 °C for 35 h. Preferential growth of the (110), (100), and (001) planes occurred during the early stage, followed by the emergence of the (101) and (112) planes in the mid-to-late stage. High supersaturation from bayerite dissolution and adsorption of Al(OH)₄⁻ ions promoted the development of (001), (110), (100), (101), and (112) planes, resulting in the formation of equiaxial near-spherical gibbsite. Furthermore, the low surface energy and high zeta potential of the well-crystallized gibbsite precipitated from NaHCO₃-induced seeds contributed to its low oil absorption. These findings indicate that the presence of bayerite in seeds, elevated interfacial supersaturation, and high temperature collectively facilitate the formation of ultrafine, equiaxial, near-spherical gibbsite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cyanidation of gold. III. Mechanistic details of the role of lead and sulfide ions","authors":"M. Nicol","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role of lead ions in the cyanidation of gold has been extensively studied in this investigation. In addition to a speciation analysis using accepted thermodynamic data, the equilibrium potential for the deposition of lead under cyanidation conditions has been estimated. This has been used in conjunction with other electrochemical measurements to confirm that bulk lead metal is not deposited on a gold surface during cyanidation. The underpotential deposition of lead has been confirmed and it has been shown that an incomplete layer of lead is responsible for the increased rates in the presence of lead. The detrimental effect of high lead concentrations appears to be the result of the formation of a complete lead layer on the gold surface.</div><div>A less extensive study of the effect of sulfide ions on the rate of cyanidation has confirmed that low (micro-molar) concentrations of sulfide ions enhance the dissolution of gold in cyanide solutions but inhibit the rate of dissolution at high concentrations. The detrimental effect is associated with the anodic oxidation of gold and the formation of a passivating layer of Au₂S is possibly responsible. There does not appear to be a significant effect of sulfide on the kinetics of the cathodic reduction of oxygen. A gold alloy containing 10 % silver is less susceptible to the inhibitory effect of sulfide ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-effect separation of rare earth elements in gelatin-supported media","authors":"Benjamin Schroeder ,&nbsp;Michael Free ,&nbsp;Prashant K. Sarswat","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of the Rare Earth Elements (La-Lu + Sc, Y) have led to a significant increase in their demand by a wide variety of industries. This, coupled with the significant difficulty associated with their extraction, separation, and purification, has resulted in a strong interest in replacing the traditional solvent extraction with a new approach. In response, a new technology called “Field-Effect Separation” (FES) has been developed, which utilizes differences in the magnetic susceptibilities of ions in a strong field to separate them from one another. While it has been demonstrated that this approach can work, it is necessary to more fully understand and optimize the separation of elements. The approach taken to study this was to suspend a solution of REE ions in a firm gelatin, separating them using a strong magnet, freezing the sample to preserve separation, and taking fine slices to analyze the concentration of ions at different spatial positions relative to the magnet as well as different times relative to the beginning of the magnetic field exposure. The results show a significant concentration effect for the magnetically susceptible REEs near the magnet's surface, while the non-susceptible ions seem relatively unconcentrated by the magnetic field. Additionally, among the susceptible REEs, at certain, short separation timescales, a significant stratification of REEs was observed. This suggests that the REEs can be separated from one another using FES assuming a correct time and length scale can be selected for the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106585"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding limitations to monazite concentrate dissolution in oxalic acid","authors":"Mark Stephen Henderson,&nbsp;Laurence Gerald Dyer,&nbsp;Bogale Tadesse","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prior works with organic acids have shown dissolution of rare earth element (REE) bearing phosphate minerals with oxalic acid, solubilising phosphate and depositing rare earth oxalates that can be solubilised in a second stage. Previously published information shows local maxima in recovery and hypothesised reaction control mechanisms. The current article investigates reaction limitations (mineralogical and thermodynamic) in greater depth to inform process development.</div><div>Monazite concentrate was treated with oxalic acid at temperatures in a range from 30 °C to 95 °C. Various factors were found to influence the extent of phosphorus dissolution. Previous studies achieved &lt;32 % phosphate dissolution at 65 °C, this work has demonstrated the ability to achieve in excess of 65 % conversion using a multi-stage, cross flow leach at 45 °C with a large reduction in simultaneous iron dissolution.</div><div>Approximately 65 % of the phosphorus was solubilised using a multi-stage, cross-flow leach system. Two different monazite compositional signatures, indicative of variations in REE and phosphorus contents, were identified displaying significantly different reactivity. One form readily dissolved in oxalic acid, the other experienced little or no reaction.</div><div>Calculated oxalate losses to the reprecipitated salts and complexation with solution components was used to estimate availability of free oxalate, this was supported by the concentration of elements with low oxalate solubility (Ca and Ce). It was demonstrated that free oxalate is a limiting factor in dissolution. It is therefore evident that under different conditions, there are both mineralogical and solution thermodynamic drivers for reaction rate and extent achievable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106582"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) assisted leaching of rare earth ore containing clay minerals by inhibiting swelling and promoting permeation of ammonium sulfate solution","authors":"Meiling Jiang ,&nbsp;Huifang Yang ,&nbsp;Wenqian Cui ,&nbsp;Yunbo Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengyan He ,&nbsp;Zhigao Xu ,&nbsp;Ming Wu ,&nbsp;Jun Zhao ,&nbsp;Ruan Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-situ leaching of clay-based weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore (WCE-DREO) is prone to landslides resulting from the swelling of clay minerals, which compromises both ecological safety, economics and efficiency of mining. This study used the cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), mixed with 2.0 wt% (NH₄)₂SO₄ to form a composite leaching agent to address this issue, which serves two purposes: (i) it acts as an inhibitor of clay swelling, (ii) it promotes the permeation of the leaching agent. Linear swelling tests and column leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of CPAM on swelling inhibition and permeation promotion in rare earth ore leaching. The underlying mechanisms were tested and analyzed through a series of advanced characterization methods. The findings demonstrate that the addition of CPAM significantly enhances the permeation of the leaching agent. Furthermore, the composite leaching agent of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and CPAM inhibits the swelling at higher CPAM concentrations. At a CPAM concentration of 3 × 10⁻⁴ wt%, the seepage time of the leaching agent is minimized—effectively reduced by 46 %, compared to using 2.0 wt% (NH₄)₂SO₄ alone. The CPAM structure contains amine groups and positively charged quaternary ammonium groups which enable the adsorption of CPAM onto the clay mineral interlayer and surface through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. This adsorption affects in four ways: (i) hinders the entry of water molecules into the mineral interlayers, (ii) reduces electrostatic repulsion, (iii) compresses the diffuse double layer, and (iv) promotes the aggregation of fine particles into larger clusters. These effects further inhibit the swelling of clay minerals and promote the permeation of the leaching agent. At the same time, the long-chain structure of CPAM helps to entangle fine clay mineral particles into larger clusters. This prevents clogging of the permeation channel due to the movement of fine particles along with the (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, thereby increasing the seepage rate. Additionally, CPAM can enter the clay mineral layers to discharge internal water and further inhibit swelling. This study provides theoretical insights and technical support for the safe and highly efficient mining of WCE-DREO.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106583"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}