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Validating motor delays across the developmental coordination disorder-questionnaire and the Vineland adaptive behavior scales (VABS) in children with autism spectrum disorderASD: A SPARK dataset analysis 验证自闭症谱系障碍儿童发育协调障碍问卷和文兰适应行为量表(VABS)中的运动延迟:SPARK 数据集分析。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3189
A. N. Bhat

Motor delays in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are being increasingly recognized using a brief screening tool, called the Developmental Coordination Disorder-Questionnaire (DCD-Q). Further validation of these motor delays using a more robust normed, developmental measure is clearly warranted. In this analysis, a nationally representative sample from the SPARK study was used wherein parents completed the DCD-Q and a more widely used developmental/adaptive functioning measure, called the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS); which comprises of various developmental domains including the motor domain (N = 2,644 completed the DCD-Q and VABS). Eighty two percent children with ASD had a motor delay based on their DCD-Q scores whereas 77% children with ASD had a motor delay based on their VABS motor domain scores. Approximately 70% children with ASD had concurrent motor delay on the DCD-Q and the VABS (i.e., positive predictive value of DCD-Q). Furthermore, there was 81.2% accuracy in reporting a risk/no risk of motor delay across both measures. Overall, these statistics align with the recent reports on proportions of children with ASD having motor delays. Parents of ~70% children with ASD are reporting motor delays that are corroborated across two different motor measures. This not only validates the motor delays reported based on the DCD-Q but also indicates the need for concurrent motor screening using both DCD-Q and VABS for better detection of motor delays in children with ASD. Only 10%–32% of the current SPARK sample received any physical or recreational therapies. This mismatch between presence of motor delays and the lack of access to motor services highlights the need for more motor intervention referrals for children with ASD.

越来越多的自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿通过使用一种名为 "发育协调障碍问卷"(DCD-Q)的简易筛查工具来识别运动障碍。显然,有必要使用更可靠的规范化发育测量方法对这些运动迟缓进行进一步验证。在这项分析中,我们使用了 SPARK 研究中具有全国代表性的样本,其中家长填写了 DCD-Q 和一种更广泛使用的发育/适应功能测量方法,即文兰适应行为量表 (VABS);该量表由包括运动领域在内的多个发育领域组成(填写 DCD-Q 和 VABS 的人数为 2,644 人)。根据 DCD-Q 评分,82% 的 ASD 儿童有运动发育迟缓,而根据 VABS 运动领域评分,77% 的 ASD 儿童有运动发育迟缓。约 70% 的 ASD 儿童同时在 DCD-Q 和 VABS 中出现运动迟缓(即 DCD-Q 的阳性预测值)。此外,在这两项测量中,报告运动迟缓风险/无风险的准确率为 81.2%。总体而言,这些统计数据与最近有关 ASD 儿童运动迟缓比例的报告一致。约有 70% 的 ASD 儿童的家长都报告了运动迟缓,这在两种不同的运动测量中都得到了证实。这不仅验证了根据 DCD-Q 报告的运动迟缓,而且表明有必要同时使用 DCD-Q 和 VABS 进行运动筛查,以便更好地发现 ASD 儿童的运动迟缓。在目前的 SPARK 样本中,只有 10%-32% 的儿童接受过任何物理或娱乐疗法。运动迟缓的存在与缺乏运动服务之间的这种不匹配凸显了为 ASD 儿童提供更多运动干预转介服务的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Visual mental imagery abilities in autism 自闭症患者的视觉心理想象能力
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3192
Clara Bled, Quentin Guillon, Laurent Mottron, Isabelle Soulieres, Lucie Bouvet
<p>Sensory atypicalities such as over-reactivity to auditory input or unusual interest in perception-based information are a common feature of autism (Ben-Sasson et al., <span>2019</span>). However, these atypicalities as not limited to the “sensory” dimension as higher levels of perceptive functioning are also atypical in autism (Bertone et al., <span>2005</span>; Mottron, <span>2019</span>; Samson et al., <span>2011</span>). The Enhanced Perceptual Functioning (EPF) theory suggests a higher role, autonomy and performance of perceptive abilities in autism (Mottron et al., <span>2006</span>; Mottron & Gagnon, <span>2023</span>; Samson et al., <span>2011</span>). Perception in autism is argued to be more precise and less likely to be altered by prior knowledge. As visual mental imagery and perception activate the same neural networks and rely on the same content-dependent representations in visual areas (Kosslyn et al., <span>2006</span>), the enhanced visual abilities described in autism could induce enhanced visual mental imagery abilities. Thus, mental imagery might be a key interface between a particular cognitive functioning and the sensory particularities in autism. However, this cognitive mechanism has seldom been studied so far. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate in depth mental imagery abilities in autism with the hypothesis of superior aptitudes in autism.</p><p>Mental imagery is defined as the evocation of a representation and its associated sensory information in the absence of a direct external stimulus (Pearson et al., <span>2015</span>). Mental imagery plays a central role in cognition as it allows one to remember past events, plan the future, represent oneself in space or even make decisions. These various uses of mental imagery are made possible by its four different stages: generation, maintenance, inspection and manipulation of mental images (Kosslyn et al., <span>2006</span>; Pearson et al., <span>2013</span>). A mental image is indeed “generated” as it is constructed “step by step” (Koenig et al., <span>1991</span>). Once generated, a mental image is subject to rapid decay with an average duration of only 250 ms (Kosslyn, <span>1994</span>). An active maintenance of the image in our attention window is then required. Subsequently, this image can then be inspected or manipulated in space. The “scanning” of mental images is one possible form of inspection activity (i.e., moving from one point to another in a mental image) (Finke & Pinker, <span>1983</span>). Mental images then can also be modified/transformed in space (Pearson et al., <span>2013</span>).</p><p>Visual mental imagery has anecdotally been indicated as an autistic strength (Grandin, <span>2009</span>). According to the self-reports of some autistic adults, autism entails a particular “way of thinking” described as “thinking in pictures”. Autistic individuals report using mental visual representation, and hence mental imagery, more frequent
视觉模式测试的结果表明,自闭症患者保持心理图像的能力更强。积极保持心理图像需要视觉工作记忆的中央执行部分(Pearson 等人,2013 年)。自闭症患者的工作记忆可能会因为执行注意力资源受到挑战而受损,但也可能会因为特定领域的表征通过更有效的视觉感知编码得到强化而增强(Hamilton 等人,2018 年)。事实上,自闭症患者的视觉空间工作记忆会受到损害(Kercood 等人,2014 年;Wang 等人,2017 年)。然而,在大多数研究中,空间工作记忆是评估的主要重点(Hamilton 等人,2018 年)。自闭症患者的空间工作记忆可能会受到挑战,而视觉工作记忆在更详细的视觉表征下可能会更有效。与这一假设相符的是,一项研究证明儿童的自闭症特征与视觉工作记忆表现之间存在显著的正相关关系(Hamilton 等人,2018 年)。由于视觉模式测试的空间序列属性有限,它代表了对工作记忆视觉部分(无空间属性)的相对纯粹的测量(Della Sala 等人,1999 年),这可能解释了自闭症参与者在这项任务中表现更好的原因。关于第三个心理想象阶段,即图像扫描测试,许多使用该测试的研究都报告称,随着扫描距离的增加,反应时间呈线性增长(Borst 等人,2006 年;Borst &amp; Kosslyn, 2008 年;Pinker, 1984 年)。我们的结果与之前的研究结果一致,表明被试确实在头脑中形成了点的图案,然后扫描箭头和点之间的距离。此外,心理表征的处理方式反映了任务中所使用表征的空间结构。在检查心理图像方面,自闭症患者与典型参与者一样准确、快速。我们没有发现距离对他们的准确性和反应时间有任何影响。他们的反应时间并没有随着难度的增加而增加,这与在典型参与者身上观察到的情况不同。这可以解释为他们的心理想象更加细致,使他们能够同样轻松地完成难度不断增加的任务。此外,自闭症患者的感知功能增强(EPF)意味着感知的作用、表现和自主性的增强(Mottron 等人,2006 年;Mottron &amp; Gagnon, 2023 年;Samson 等人,2011 年)。因此,EPF 可能会产生更 "准确"、更详细的视觉心理表征,但同时也更不受自闭症患者自上而下的影响。最后,考虑到对心理图像的操作,在心理旋转测试中,自闭症患者的表现与典型参与者一样好。尽管有多项研究表明,自闭症患者在心智旋转任务中的表现优于典型发育者(Falter 等人,2008 年;Hamilton 等人,2009 年;Pearson 等人,2016 年;Soulières 等人,2011 年),但我们的研究未能复制这一结果。自闭症患者在定时任务中会遇到困难,这是因为他们在启动和心理运动速度方面存在困难,反应缓慢而准确(Hill &amp; Bird, 2006; Johnston et al.)与之前引用的研究不同,我们研究中使用的心理旋转测试版本有时间限制(例如,在 3 分钟内完成尽可能多的项目)。这或许可以解释为什么我们没有重复之前的研究结果。总之,我们的研究结果支持自闭症患者具有典型或超常心理想象能力的假设。在更广泛的背景下,这些结果与之前的研究一致,这些研究显示了心理想象与感知之间的共同机制(Pearson 等人,2015 年)。事实上,自闭症患者的感知更准确,受自上而下的影响更小(即依赖于上下文),例如,在使用视觉幻觉的实验范例中就得到了证明(Mitchell 等人,2010 年)。视觉幻觉长期以来一直被用于探索自闭症患者更高层次的感知功能。研究发现,自闭症患者对 "麦格克效应 "不太敏感,因为他们受视觉和听觉刺激不一致的影响较小(Stevenson 等人,2014 年)。他们在 "闪光-蜂鸣声 "幻觉中也表现出特殊性(Bao 等人,2017 年)。自闭症患者对信息诱导情境的整合程度可能较低(Happé,1996)。因此,自闭症患者的心理表征(即心理图像)与感知一样,可能更加精确,且与语境无关。
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引用次数: 0
Diurnal cortisol profiles in autistic adolescents and young adults: Associations with social difficulties and internalizing mental health symptoms 自闭症青少年的昼皮质醇特征:与社交困难和内化心理健康症状的关系。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3184
Laura Ilen, Farnaz Delavari, Clémence Feller, Olivia Zanoletti, Carmen Sandi, Maude Schneider

Several autism-related characteristics, such as social difficulties, may contribute to high perceived stress and increased exposure to stressful life events in some autistic individuals. Repeated exposure to stress might lead to the dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenocortical-axis and be a vulnerability factor for developing mental health difficulties. Previous studies show contradictory findings on salivary cortisol in autism. In the current study, we investigated diurnal cortisol profiles in autistic adolescents and young adults, as well as their associations with social difficulties, stress exposure, and mental health symptoms. Autistic (n = 48, Mage = 17.6) and nonautistic (n = 51, Mage = 18.4) participants collected salivary cortisol at home six times a day for 2 days. Social difficulties, exposure to stressful life events/bullying, and mental health symptoms were assessed with questionnaires and clinical interviews. Similar diurnal cortisol slopes (DCS) and cortisol awakening responses were observed between the groups, but autistic participants showed higher total cortisol output (AUCG, area under the curve with respect to ground) during the day (b = 19.09, p = 0.009). In the autistic group, more severe social difficulties were associated with flatter DCS (b = 0.01, p = 0.007). Finally, cortisol alterations were associated with self-reported mental health symptoms, especially in autistic females in analyses uncorrected for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, our results do not indicate autism-related group-level alterations in most diurnal cortisol measures, but autistic youth showed higher total cortisol (AUCG) compared with nonautistic peers. More detailed investigation of interindividual variability in cortisol profiles within autistic people might give us important insights into vulnerability to developing stress-related mental health difficulties.

一些与自闭症相关的特征(如社交障碍)可能会导致一些自闭症患者感受到较大的压力,并增加其面临生活压力事件的机会。反复暴露于压力下可能会导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴功能失调,成为发展成心理健康问题的易感因素。以往的研究显示,自闭症患者唾液皮质醇的调查结果相互矛盾。在本研究中,我们调查了自闭症青少年和年轻人的昼皮质醇谱,以及它们与社交困难、压力暴露和心理健康症状的关联。自闭症患者(n = 48,Mage = 17.6)和非自闭症患者(n = 51,Mage = 18.4)连续两天在家中收集唾液皮质醇,每天六次。通过问卷调查和临床访谈评估了社交困难、生活压力事件/欺凌的暴露程度以及心理健康症状。两组之间的皮质醇昼夜斜率(DCS)和皮质醇唤醒反应相似,但自闭症患者白天的皮质醇总输出量(AUCG,相对于地面的曲线下面积)较高(b = 19.09,p = 0.009)。在自闭症群体中,更严重的社交障碍与更平坦的 DCS 相关(b = 0.01,p = 0.007)。最后,皮质醇的变化与自我报告的心理健康症状有关,尤其是在未经多重比较校正的分析中,自闭症女性的症状更为明显。总之,我们的研究结果表明,在大多数皮质醇昼夜测量指标中,自闭症并不表现出与自闭症相关的群体水平变化,但与非自闭症同龄人相比,自闭症青少年的皮质醇总量(AUCG)较高。对自闭症患者皮质醇特征的个体间变异性进行更详细的调查,可能会让我们对易患与压力相关的心理健康问题有更重要的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Mid-childhood autism sibling recurrence in infants with a family history of autism 有自闭症家族史的婴儿在孩童中期自闭症兄弟姐妹复发。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3182
Tessel Bazelmans, Rowan Arthur, Greg Pasco, Elizabeth Shephard, Bosiljka Milosavljevic, Jannath Begum Ali, Andrew Pickles, Mark H. Johnson, Emily J. H. Jones, Tony Charman, The BASIS/STAARS Team

Autism sibling recurrence in prospective infant family history studies is ~20% at 3 years but systematic follow-up to mid-childhood is rare. In population and clinical cohorts autism is not recognized in some children until school-age or later. One hundred and fifty-nine infants with an older sibling with autism underwent research diagnostic assessments at 3 years and mid-childhood (6 to 12 years (mean 9)). We report the autism sibling recurrence rate in mid-childhood and compare developmental and behavioral profiles at mid-childhood and 3 years in those with earlier versus later recognized autism, and those who had, or had not, received a community autism diagnosis. The autism recurrence rate in this sample in mid-childhood was 37.1%, 95% CI [29.9%, 44.9%] and higher in boys than girls. Around half of those diagnosed with autism in mid-childhood had not received a diagnosis at 3 years. Later, diagnosis was more common in girls than boys. While some had sub-threshold symptoms at 3, in others late diagnosis followed a largely typical early presentation. Sibling recurrence based on community clinical diagnosis was 24.5%, 95% CI [18.4%, 31.9%]. Those who also had a community diagnosis tended to be older, have lower adaptive function and higher autism and inattention symptoms. Notwithstanding limitations of a single site study, modest sample size and limits to generalisability, autism sibling recurrence in family history infants may be higher in mid-childhood than in studies reporting diagnostic outcome at 3 years. Findings have implications for families and clinical services, and for prospective family history studies.

在前瞻性婴儿家族史研究中,自闭症兄弟姐妹在 3 岁时的复发率约为 20%,但系统性随访至儿童中期的情况却很少见。在人群和临床队列中,有些儿童直到学龄期或更晚才被发现患有自闭症。159 名有一个患有自闭症的哥哥姐姐的婴儿接受了 3 岁和童年中期(6 至 12 岁,平均 9 岁)的研究诊断评估。我们报告了自闭症兄弟姐妹在童年中期的复发率,并比较了较早和较晚被确认患有自闭症的婴儿,以及已经或尚未接受社区自闭症诊断的婴儿在童年中期和 3 岁时的发育和行为特征。该样本在儿童中期的自闭症复发率为 37.1%,95% CI [29.9%, 44.9%],男孩的复发率高于女孩。在儿童中期被诊断患有自闭症的儿童中,约有一半在 3 岁时没有得到诊断。后来,女孩被诊断患有自闭症的比例高于男孩。有些儿童在 3 岁时症状未达到阈值,而另一些儿童则是在早期症状基本典型的情况下被诊断出患有自闭症。基于社区临床诊断的兄弟姐妹复发率为 24.5%,95% CI [18.4%,31.9%]。那些也在社区确诊的患者往往年龄较大,适应功能较差,自闭症和注意力不集中症状较重。尽管存在单点研究的局限性、样本量不大以及可推广性的限制,但与报告3岁诊断结果的研究相比,有家族史的婴儿在儿童中期的自闭症兄弟姐妹复发率可能更高。研究结果对家庭和临床服务以及前瞻性家族史研究具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Somatosensory temporal sensitivity in adults on the autism spectrum: A high-density electrophysiological mapping study using the mismatch negativity (MMN) sensory memory paradigm 自闭症谱系成人的体感时间敏感性:利用错配否定(MMN)感觉记忆范式进行的高密度电生理图谱研究。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3186
Emily L. Isenstein, Edward G. Freedman, Sophie Molholm, John J. Foxe

Atypical reactivity to somatosensory inputs is common in autism spectrum disorder and carries considerable impact on downstream social communication and quality of life. While behavioral and survey work have established differences in the perception of somatosensory information, little has been done to elucidate the underlying neurophysiological processes that drive these characteristics. Here, we implemented a duration-based somatosensory mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm to examine the role of temporal sensitivity and sensory memory in the processing of vibrotactile information in autistic (n = 30) and neurotypical (n = 30) adults. To capture the variability in responses between groups across a range of duration discrepancies, we compared the electrophysiological responses to frequent standard vibrations (100 ms) and four infrequent deviant vibrations (115, 130, 145, and 160 ms). The same stimuli were used in a follow-up behavioral task to determine active detection of the infrequent vibrations. We found no differences between the two groups with regard to discrimination between standard and deviant vibrations, demonstrating comparable neurologic and behavioral temporal somatosensory perception. However, exploratory analyses yielded subtle differences in amplitude at the N1 and P220 time points. Together, these results indicate that the temporal mechanisms of somatosensory discrimination are conserved in adults on the autism spectrum, though more general somatosensory processing may be affected. We discuss these findings in the broader context of the MMN literature in autism, as well as the potential role of cortical maturity in somatosensory mechanisms.

自闭症谱系障碍患者对躯体感觉输入的非典型反应很常见,对下游的社会交流和生活质量有相当大的影响。虽然行为学和调查研究已经证实了自闭症谱系障碍患者在体感信息感知方面的差异,但在阐明驱动这些特征的潜在神经生理过程方面却鲜有建树。在这里,我们采用了一种基于持续时间的体感错配负性(MMN)范式,来研究自闭症成人(30 人)和神经畸形成人(30 人)在处理振动触觉信息时时间敏感性和感觉记忆的作用。为了捕捉不同群体对不同持续时间的反应差异,我们比较了对频繁的标准振动(100 毫秒)和四种不频繁的偏差振动(115、130、145 和 160 毫秒)的电生理反应。同样的刺激也被用于后续的行为任务中,以确定对不频繁振动的主动检测。我们发现,两组患者对标准振动和异常振动的辨别能力没有差异,这表明两组患者的神经和行为时间体感知觉能力相当。然而,探索性分析发现,在 N1 和 P220 时间点的振幅存在细微差别。总之,这些结果表明,自闭症谱系成人的体感辨别时间机制是保留的,尽管更普遍的体感处理可能会受到影响。我们将在自闭症 MMN 文献的大背景下讨论这些发现,以及皮质成熟度在体感机制中的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
Longitudinal changes in executive function in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses 自闭症谱系障碍患者执行功能的纵向变化:系统综述和荟萃分析。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3196
Michael K. Yeung, Jieru Bai, Kwai-Lai Mak

Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis show impairment in executive function (EF). However, findings are mixed regarding differences in the age effect on EF between autistic individuals and persons with typical development (TD). Questions remain regarding whether the age-related trajectories of EF in ASD are the same as or different from those in TD. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies that compared age-related changes in EF between ASD and TD groups (preregistration: osf.io/j5764). A literature search was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science on January 29, 2024. After screening by two independent reviewers, 14 longitudinal studies were included. Random-effects meta-analyses of studies involving a maximum total of 518 autistic and 3558 TD children and adolescents (mean baseline ages: 5.7–12.0 years) showed that ASD had significantly poorer EF than TD at both baseline and follow-up. However, there was no significant group difference in the age-related change in EF across domains, including working memory, inhibition, shifting, and planning. Robust Bayesian meta-analyses also provided substantial evidence in favor of the null hypothesis that ASD and TD groups showed similar changes over time for most EF processes. Limitations of the literature included the limited number of longitudinal studies and a narrow range of developmental stages and EF constructs analyzed across studies. Altogether, these findings suggest that autistic children and adolescents generally can improve in EF over time similarly to their neurotypical peers. This has important implications for parents and educators, encouraging appropriate EF training and intervention for autistic children and adolescents at an early stage.

被诊断为自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的患者会表现出执行功能(EF)受损。然而,关于自闭症患者与典型发育患者(TD)之间年龄对执行功能影响的差异,研究结果不一。关于自闭症患者的执行功能与年龄相关的轨迹与典型发育障碍患者的轨迹是相同还是不同,仍然存在疑问。为了弥补这一知识空白,我们对比较 ASD 和 TD 组间 EF 年龄相关变化的纵向研究进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析(预注册:osf.io/j5764)。我们于 2024 年 1 月 29 日使用 PubMed、PsycINFO 和 Web of Science 进行了文献检索。经过两位独立审稿人的筛选,共纳入了 14 项纵向研究。随机效应荟萃分析最多涉及 518 名自闭症儿童和青少年以及 3558 名患有自闭症的儿童和青少年(平均基线年龄:5.7-12.0 岁),结果显示,在基线和随访期间,自闭症儿童和青少年的 EF 明显低于患有自闭症的儿童和青少年。然而,在工作记忆、抑制、移位和计划等领域,与年龄相关的EF变化没有明显的群体差异。稳健贝叶斯荟萃分析也提供了大量证据,证明ASD组和TD组在大多数EF过程中表现出相似的随时间变化的零假设。文献的局限性包括纵向研究的数量有限,以及各研究分析的发展阶段和 EF 构建的范围较窄。总之,这些研究结果表明,自闭症儿童和青少年随着时间的推移,他们的EF一般都能得到改善,与神经正常的同龄人类似。这对家长和教育工作者具有重要意义,可鼓励在早期阶段对自闭症儿童和青少年进行适当的情绪情感训练和干预。
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引用次数: 0
Atypical and variable attention patterns reveal reduced contextual priors in children with autism spectrum disorder 自闭症谱系障碍儿童的非典型和多变的注意力模式显示他们的情境先验降低了。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3194
Wenwen Hou, Rong Cheng, Zhong Zhao, Haotian Liao, Jing Li

Accumulating evidence suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show impairments in using contextual priors to predict others' actions and make intention inference. Yet less is known about whether and how children with ASD acquire contextual priors during action observation and how contextual priors relate to their action prediction and intention inference. To form proper contextual priors, individuals need to observe the social scenes in a reliable manner and focus on socially relevant information. By employing a data-driven scan path method and areas of interest (AOI)-based analysis, the current study investigated how contextual priors would relate to action prediction and intention understanding in 4-to-9-year-old children with ASD (N = 56) and typically developing (TD) children (N = 50) during free viewing of dynamic social scenes with different intentions. Results showed that children with ASD exhibited higher intra-subject variability when scanning social scenes and reduced attention to socially relevant areas. Moreover, children with high-level action prediction and intention understanding showed lower intra-subject variability and increased attention to socially relevant areas. These findings suggest that altered fixation patterns might restrain children with ASD from acquiring proper contextual priors, which has cascading downstream effects on their action prediction and intention understanding.

越来越多的证据表明,自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)患者在使用情境先验预测他人行动和进行意图推断方面存在障碍。然而,人们对自闭症儿童是否以及如何在行动观察过程中获得情境先验,以及情境先验与他们的行动预测和意图推断之间的关系知之甚少。要形成正确的情境先验,个体需要以可靠的方式观察社会场景,并关注与社会相关的信息。本研究采用数据驱动的扫描路径方法和基于兴趣区(AOI)的分析方法,研究了在自由观看具有不同意图的动态社交场景时,4-9 岁的 ASD 儿童(56 人)和典型发育(TD)儿童(50 人)的情境先验与行动预测和意图理解之间的关系。结果表明,患有自闭症的儿童在扫描社交场景时表现出更高的受试者内变异性,并减少了对社交相关区域的注意力。此外,具有高水平动作预测和意图理解能力的儿童则表现出较低的被试内变异性和对社交相关区域的更多注意。这些研究结果表明,固定模式的改变可能会限制自闭症儿童获得适当的情境先验,从而对他们的行动预测和意图理解产生连带的下游影响。
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引用次数: 0
Phenotyping variability in early socio-communicative skills in young children with autism and its influence on later development 自闭症幼儿早期社会交际能力的表型变异及其对日后发展的影响。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3188
Fiona Journal, Martina Franchini, Michel Godel, Nada Kojovic, Kenza Latrèche, Stefania Solazzo, Maude Schneider, Marie Schaer

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face challenges in early social communication skills, prompting the need for a detailed exploration of specific behaviors and their impact on cognitive and adaptive functioning. This study aims to address this gap by examining the developmental trajectories of early social communication skills in preschoolers with ASD aged 18–60 months, comparing them to age-matched typically developing (TD) children. Utilizing the early social communication scales (ESCS), the research employs a longitudinal design to capture changes over time. We apply a principal component analysis (PCA) to ESCS variables to identify underlying components, and cluster analysis to identify subgroups based on preverbal communication profiles. The results reveal consistent differences in early social communication skills between ASD and TD children, with ASD children exhibiting reduced skills. PCA identifies two components, distinguishing objects-directed behaviors and social interaction-directed behaviors. Cluster analysis identifies three subgroups of autistic children, each displaying specific communication profiles associated with distinct cognitive and adaptive functioning trajectories. In conclusion, this study provides a nuanced understanding of early social communication development in ASD, emphasizing the importance of low-level behaviors. The identification of subgroups and their unique trajectories contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of ASD heterogeneity. These findings underscore the significance of early diagnosis, focusing on specific behaviors predicting cognitive and adaptive functioning outcomes. The study encourages further research to explore the sequential development of these skills, offering valuable insights for interventions and support strategies.

患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的儿童往往在早期社交沟通技能方面面临挑战,因此需要详细探讨特定行为及其对认知和适应功能的影响。本研究旨在通过研究18-60个月大的学龄前自闭症谱系障碍儿童的早期社会交往能力的发展轨迹,并将其与年龄匹配的典型发育(TD)儿童进行比较,从而弥补这一空白。研究采用纵向设计,利用早期社交沟通量表(ESCS)来捕捉随时间发生的变化。我们对ESCS变量进行主成分分析(PCA),以确定其基本成分,并根据前语言沟通特征进行聚类分析,以确定亚组。结果显示,ASD 儿童和 TD 儿童在早期社会交往能力方面存在一致的差异,ASD 儿童的能力更弱。PCA 确定了两个组成部分,区分了以对象为导向的行为和以社会互动为导向的行为。聚类分析确定了三个自闭症儿童亚群,每个亚群都表现出与不同认知和适应功能轨迹相关的特定沟通特征。总之,本研究对自闭症儿童的早期社会交流发展提供了细致入微的理解,强调了低水平行为的重要性。对亚组及其独特轨迹的识别有助于更全面地了解 ASD 的异质性。这些发现强调了早期诊断的重要性,重点是预测认知和适应功能结果的特定行为。该研究鼓励进一步研究探索这些技能的顺序发展,为干预和支持策略提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and child autism traits: A multi-cohort investigation in the environmental influences on child health outcome program 研究产前大麻暴露与儿童自闭症特征之间的关联:儿童健康结果环境影响项目中的多队列调查。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3185
Chaela Nutor, Aisha S. Dickerson, Tingju Hsu, Aseel Al-Jadiri, Carlos A. Camargo, Julie B. Schweitzer, Coral L. Shuster, Margaret R. Karagas, Juliette C. Madan, Bibiana Restrepo, Rebecca J. Schmidt, Claudia Lugo-Candelas, Jenae Neiderhiser, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Anne L. Dunlop, Patricia A. Brennan, program collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes

This study examined the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses and traits. A total sample of 11,570 children (ages 1–18; 53% male; 25% Hispanic; 60% White) from 34 cohorts of the National Institutes of Health-funded environmental influences on child health outcomes consortium were included in analyses. Results from generalized linear mixed models replicated previous studies showing that associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and ASD traits in children are not significant when controlling for relevant covariates, particularly tobacco exposure. Child biological sex did not moderate the association between prenatal cannabis exposure and ASD. In a large sample and measuring ASD traits continuously, there was no evidence that prenatal cannabis exposure increases the risk for ASD. This work helps to clarify previous mixed findings by addressing concerns about statistical power and ASD measurement.

本研究探讨了产前大麻暴露与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)诊断和特征之间的关联。共有 11,570 名儿童(1-18 岁;53% 为男性;25% 为西班牙裔;60% 为白人)的样本被纳入分析,这些儿童来自美国国立卫生研究院资助的环境对儿童健康结果影响联盟的 34 个队列。广义线性混合模型的结果重复了之前的研究,表明在控制相关协变量(尤其是烟草暴露)的情况下,产前大麻暴露与儿童 ASD 特征之间的关联并不显著。儿童的生理性别并不影响产前大麻暴露与自闭症之间的关系。在大样本和连续测量 ASD 特征的情况下,没有证据表明产前接触大麻会增加 ASD 的风险。这项研究解决了人们对统计能力和 ASD 测量的担忧,从而有助于澄清以前的混合研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
Specificity of the short-story task for autism diagnosis when controlling for depression 在控制抑郁的情况下,短篇故事任务对自闭症诊断的特异性。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3191
Irina Jarvers, Johannes Pfisterer, Katrin Döhnel, Lore Blaas, Manuela Ullmann, Berthold Langguth, Rainer Rupprecht, Monika Sommer

Securing an accurate autism-spectrum-condition diagnosis, particularly among women, remains challenging for autistic adults. Building upon previous research highlighting the short-story task (SST) as a promising tool for detecting fiction-based mentalizing difficulties in autistic adults, this study expands its scope. We investigated the SST's discriminative capacity across three distinct groups: autistic individuals (n = 32), nonautistic individuals without mental health problems (n = 32), and nonautistic individuals with clinical depression (n = 30). All three groups differed significantly from each other in their SST mentalizing score with the nonautistic group having the highest scores, the nonautistic but depressed group having medium scores and the autistic group showing the lowest scores. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis reaffirmed the SST's efficacy as a discriminator. Moreover, a linear regression analysis identified the SST mentalizing score, the SST comprehension score, and the number of books read per month as significant predictors of autism-spectrum-condition diagnosis. These findings bolster the SST's potential as a valuable adjunct in autism diagnostics, highlighting its discriminatory ability across diverse samples.

对于患有自闭症的成年人来说,获得准确的自闭症谱系条件诊断(尤其是女性)仍然具有挑战性。以往的研究强调短篇小说任务(SST)是检测自闭症成人基于小说的心智障碍的有效工具,本研究在此基础上扩大了其范围。我们调查了 SST 在三个不同群体中的辨别能力:自闭症患者(32 人)、无心理健康问题的非自闭症患者(32 人)和患有临床抑郁症的非自闭症患者(30 人)。所有三个组别在 SST 心理化得分上都有明显差异,其中非自闭症组别得分最高,非自闭症但患有抑郁症的组别得分中等,而自闭症组别得分最低。受体运算曲线(ROC)分析再次证实了 SST 的鉴别功效。此外,线性回归分析表明,SST 心智化得分、SST 理解力得分和每月阅读书籍的数量对自闭症谱系条件诊断有显著的预测作用。这些发现增强了 SST 作为自闭症诊断的重要辅助工具的潜力,突出了它在不同样本中的鉴别能力。
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引用次数: 0
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Autism Research
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