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A preliminary randomized controlled study of the PEERS® program for Taiwanese autistic adolescents: The effectiveness on reducing school bullying and enhancing social function 针对台湾自闭症青少年的 PEERS® 项目的初步随机对照研究:减少校园欺凌和增强社交功能的效果。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3213
Mei-Ni Hsiao, Yi-Ling Chien, Yueh-Ming Tai, Heng-Man Chen, Hsien-Hsueh Shih, Li-Wei Chen, Yu-Ying Chen, Wei-Tsuen Soong, Yen-Nan Chiu, Wen-Che Tsai, Elizabeth Laugeson, Mei-Hui Tseng, Susan Shur-Fen Gau

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience lifelong social communication challenges and are more vulnerable to school bullying. Addressing their social difficulties and school bullying requires evidence-based interventions. PEERS® (Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills) was adapted and translated for Taiwanese adolescents. This randomized controlled study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Taiwanese version of PEERS® in reducing school bullying and enhancing social function among autistic adolescents. Twenty-one autistic adolescents (mean age 14.29 ± 1.67 years; female n = 733.33%) were randomized to a treatment group (TG, n = 10) or a delayed treatment control group (DTG, n = 11). The outcome measures (school bullying, social challenges, social skills knowledge, and social skills performance) were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up. The group and time interaction analyses revealed greater magnitudes of reduction in general school bullying (p < 0.001), victimization (p < 0.001), perpetration (p = 0.012), social challenges (p = 0.001), and peer conflicts (p < 0.001), and improvement in social knowledge (p < 0.001) in the TG group than the DTG group. The findings suggest that the PEERS® program tailored for Taiwanese adolescents is effective in reducing school bullying, decreasing social challenges, and enhancing social skills among autistic adolescents, with very large effect sizes (Cohen's d ranging from 1.19 to 2.88). Consequently, participation in the PEERS® program is recommended for adolescents with social difficulties to improve their social communication and interactions to offset school bullying and other social challenges related to adverse outcomes.

患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的人通常会终生面临社交沟通方面的挑战,而且更容易受到校园欺凌。要解决他们的社交障碍和校园欺凌问题,需要采取循证干预措施。PEERS® (Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills)经过改编和翻译,适用于台湾青少年。这项随机对照研究旨在考察台湾版 PEERS® 在减少自闭症青少年校园欺凌和增强其社会功能方面的效果。21名自闭症青少年(平均年龄14.29 ± 1.67岁;女性n = 733.33%)被随机分配到治疗组(TG,n = 10)或延迟治疗对照组(DTG,n = 11)。结果测量(校园欺凌、社交挑战、社交技能知识和社交技能表现)分别在基线、治疗后和随访时进行评估。小组与时间的交互作用分析表明,一般校园欺凌的减少幅度更大(p
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引用次数: 0
Motor, cognitive, and socio-cognitive mechanisms explaining social skills in autism and typical development 解释自闭症和典型发育中社交技能的运动、认知和社会认知机制。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3215
Yael Estrugo, Shahar Bar Yehuda, Nirit Bauminger-Zviely

Challenges in social functioning are considered a core criterion for diagnosing autism. Although motor skills, executive functioning (EF), and theory of mind (ToM) abilities independently affect social challenges and are interconnected, these abilities' shared contribution to the explanation of social functioning in autism remains under-investigated. To address this disparity, we examined the motor, EF, and ToM abilities of 148 autistic and non-autistic youth (ages 6–16 years), evaluating these variables' impact on social ability and their interconnections. Our mediation model exploring the contribution of motor, EF, and ToM skills explained 85% of the variance in social functioning (Social Responsiveness Scale—SRS-2). Analysis yielded a direct path from study group to SRS-2-social (typically developing-TD > autistic) and two main parallel indirect joint paths: (a) Group ➔ motor ➔ EF ➔ SRS-2-social; and (b) Group ➔ motor ➔ ToM ➔ SRS-2-social. In two secondary indirect paths, autistic children showed lower motor skills, which in turn explained their higher EF and/or ToM impairment, which in turn explained their higher social skills impairment. Put differently, our results suggest that better EF and TOM proficiency may compensate for poorer motor skills. Findings also indicated that the collective impact of motor, EF, and ToM skills on social functioning, along with the mediating role played by EF and ToM on the social-motor linkage, may contribute to understanding individual differences in the social functioning of autistic children. These conclusions call for the inclusion of motor, EF, and ToM activities into daily practices to facilitate social functioning.

社交功能方面的挑战被认为是诊断自闭症的核心标准。虽然运动技能、执行功能(EF)和心智理论(ToM)能力会独立影响社交挑战并相互关联,但这些能力对解释自闭症社交功能的共同贡献仍未得到充分研究。为了解决这一差异,我们研究了 148 名自闭症和非自闭症青少年(6-16 岁)的运动、EF 和心智理论能力,评估了这些变量对社交能力的影响及其相互联系。我们的中介模型探索了运动能力、情感和态度管理能力对社会功能(社会反应量表-SRS-2)的贡献,该模型解释了社会功能(社会反应量表-SRS-2)中 85% 的差异。分析结果显示,从研究小组到 SRS-2 社交(典型发育型-自闭症>典型发育型-自闭症)有一条直接路径,还有两条平行的间接联合路径:(a) 小组 ➔ 运动 ➔ EF ➔ SRS-2-社交;(b) 小组 ➔ 运动 ➔ ToM ➔ SRS-2-社交。在两个次要间接路径中,自闭症儿童的运动技能较低,这反过来解释了他们较高的 EF 和/或 ToM 损伤,这反过来解释了他们较高的社交技能损伤。换句话说,我们的研究结果表明,较好的EF和TOM能力可以弥补较差的运动技能。研究结果还表明,运动、情商和定向行走技能对社交功能的共同影响,以及情商和定向行走对社交-运动联系的中介作用,可能有助于理解自闭症儿童社交功能的个体差异。这些结论呼吁将运动、情绪情感和待人接物活动纳入日常实践,以促进社交功能。
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引用次数: 0
Characterizing social communication among minimally verbal children with autism: An application of item response theory 描述自闭症儿童中言语表达能力较弱者的社会交往特点:项目反应理论的应用。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3218
Andrew Schlink, Connie Kasari

Minimally verbal children constitute a portion of the autism spectrum. The paucity of proper measurement tools that sensitively and accurately assess behaviors has been one limiting factor in the improved knowledge of these children. Short of creating and validating a new measurement tool for this subpopulation, this study took an alternative and more immediate approach: conduct a secondary data analysis and examine an existing social communication measure, the Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS), with item response theory. The final sample consisted of 453 minimally verbal children culled from four different completed studies. The IRT models analyzed the frequency of social communication gestures from the ESCS and returned an objective difficulty hierarchy regarding initiations of joint attention and behavior regulation gestures. The best-fitting and final model was a zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINBM), which determined that joint attention gestures were, on average, more difficult than behavior regulation gestures. Joint attentional shows and gives were essentially absent in the children's repertoire, and behavior regulation reaches were the easiest gestures for this sample. The ZINBM separately modeled children with some gestures and children who did not present with any gestures and determined that behavior regulation reaches and gives were likely the first gestures a child will eventually exhibit among children with no gestures. Methodological contributions and potential future applications of IRT are discussed.

自闭症谱系中有一部分儿童是言语表达能力低下的。缺乏适当的测量工具来敏感而准确地评估这些儿童的行为,一直是阻碍人们加深对这些儿童了解的因素之一。本研究没有为这一亚群体创建和验证新的测量工具,而是采取了另一种更直接的方法:进行二次数据分析,并利用项目反应理论检查现有的社会交流测量工具--早期社会交流量表(ESCS)。最终样本包括从四项已完成的研究中筛选出的 453 名言语能力较弱的儿童。IRT 模型分析了 ESCS 中社会交流手势的频率,并返回了有关发起共同注意和行为调节手势的客观难度等级。最终得出的最佳拟合模型是零膨胀负二项模型(ZINBM),该模型确定了共同注意手势的平均难度高于行为调节手势。在儿童的手势中基本上没有共同注意的表演和给予,而行为调节手势是该样本中最简单的手势。ZINBM 分别对有一些手势的儿童和没有任何手势的儿童进行了建模,并确定在没有任何手势的儿童中,行为调节的 "伸 "和 "给 "很可能是儿童最终会表现出的第一种手势。本文讨论了 IRT 在方法论上的贡献和未来的潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of volatility in linguistic input on prediction behavior in autistic toddlers 语言输入的不稳定性对自闭症幼儿预测行为的影响。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3212
Kathryn E. Prescott, Janine Mathée-Scott, Daniel Bolt, Jenny Saffran, Susan Ellis Weismer

Domain-general prediction differences have been posited as underlying many aspects of the cognitive-behavioral profile in autism. An interesting potential implication of such differences is hyperplasticity of learning—the idea that autistic individuals may privilege more recent input over the accumulation of prior learning. Because real world language input is highly variable, hyperplasticity could have serious ramifications for language learning. To investigate potential hyperplasticity during a language processing task, we administered an experimental anticipatory eye movement (AEM) task to 2- to 3-year-old autistic children and neurotypical (NT) peers. Autistic children's change in anticipation from before to after a switch in contingencies did not significantly differ from NT counterparts, failing to support claims of hyperplasticity in the linguistic domain. Analysis of individual differences among autistic children revealed that cognitive ability was associated with prediction of the initial, stable contingencies, but neither age nor receptive language related to task performance. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications and the broader context of research investigating prediction differences in autism.

一般领域的预测差异被认为是自闭症认知行为特征许多方面的基础。这种差异的一个有趣的潜在影响是学习的过度可塑性--自闭症患者可能会优先选择最近的输入,而不是先前的学习积累。由于现实世界的语言输入变化很大,超可塑性可能会对语言学习产生严重影响。为了研究语言处理任务中潜在的超可塑性,我们对 2 到 3 岁的自闭症儿童和神经畸形(NT)儿童进行了一项实验性预期眼动(AEM)任务。自闭症儿童与神经正常儿童的预期从应急转换前到转换后的变化没有显著差异,因此不能支持语言领域超可塑性的说法。对自闭症儿童个体差异的分析表明,认知能力与对初始、稳定情景的预测有关,但年龄和接受性语言都与任务表现无关。本文从临床意义和自闭症预测差异研究的更广泛背景两个方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Metaphor comprehension and production in verbally able children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 自闭症谱系障碍儿童对隐喻的理解和创作。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3210
Stella Lampri, Eleni Peristeri, Theodoros Marinis, Maria Andreou

Research in the field of figurative language processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has demonstrated that autistic individuals experience systematic difficulties in the comprehension of different types of metaphors. However, there is scarce evidence regarding metaphor production skills in ASD. Importantly, the exact source of metaphor processing difficulties in ASD remains largely controversial. The debate has mainly focused on the mediating role of structural language skills (i.e., lexical knowledge) and cognitive abilities (i.e., Theory of Mind and executive functions) in ASD individuals' ability to comprehend and generate metaphors. The present study examines metaphor comprehension and production in 18 Greek-speaking verbally able children with ASD and 31 typically-developing (TD) controls. Participants completed two tasks, namely, a low-verbal multiple-choice sentence-picture matching task that tested their ability to comprehend conventional predicate metaphors, and a sentence continuation task that assessed their ability to generate metaphors. The study also included measures of fluid intelligence, expressive vocabulary, and working memory within the sample. The results show that the ASD group had significantly lower performance than the TD group in both metaphor comprehension and production. The findings also reveal that expressive vocabulary skills were a key factor in the metaphor comprehension and production performance of the children with ASD. Working memory capacity was also found to correlate significantly with metaphor comprehension performance in the ASD group. Conversely, no correlations were found in the TD group with neither of the above factors. Of note, children with ASD generated significantly more inappropriate responses and no-responses to the metaphor production task compared with the control group. The overall results reveal that children with ASD had difficulty with both comprehending and using metaphorical language. The findings also indicate that TD children may employ diverse cognitive strategies or rely on different underlying skills when processing metaphors compared with children with ASD.

自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)中形象语言处理领域的研究表明,自闭症患者在理解不同类型的隐喻时会遇到系统性的困难。然而,有关自闭症患者隐喻产生技能的证据却很少。重要的是,自闭症患者隐喻加工困难的确切来源在很大程度上仍存在争议。争论的焦点主要集中在结构性语言技能(即词汇知识)和认知能力(即心智理论和执行功能)在 ASD 患者理解和产生隐喻的能力中所起的中介作用。本研究考察了 18 名希腊语言语能力强的 ASD 儿童和 31 名发育正常 (TD) 对照组儿童的隐喻理解和生成能力。受试者完成了两项任务,即测试他们理解传统谓词隐喻能力的低语言多选句子-图片匹配任务,以及评估他们生成隐喻能力的续句任务。研究还对样本中的流体智力、词汇表达能力和工作记忆进行了测量。结果显示,ASD 组在隐喻理解和生成方面的表现明显低于 TD 组。研究结果还显示,词汇表达能力是影响 ASD 儿童隐喻理解和创作能力的关键因素。研究还发现,工作记忆能力与 ASD 组的隐喻理解能力有显著相关性。相反,在 TD 组中,上述两个因素都没有相关性。值得注意的是,与对照组相比,ASD 儿童在隐喻制作任务中产生的不恰当反应和无反应明显更多。总体结果显示,患有 ASD 的儿童在理解和使用隐喻语言方面都存在困难。研究结果还表明,与 ASD 儿童相比,TD 儿童在处理隐喻时可能会采用不同的认知策略或依赖不同的基本技能。
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引用次数: 0
Breastfeeding patterns in infants are associated with a later diagnosis of autism Spectrum disorder 婴儿的母乳喂养模式与日后自闭症谱系障碍的诊断有关。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3211
Leena Elbedour, Rewaa Balaum, Einav Alhozyel, Gal Meiri, Dikla Zigdon, Analya Michaelovski, Orly Kerub, Idan Menashe

Breastfeeding is associated with medical and developmental benefits. This study aimed to assess associations between nutritional patterns in the first year of life and the likelihood of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). 270 children diagnosed with ASD (cases) and 500 neurotypical children (controls) matched to cases by sex, ethnicity, and birth date (± 3 months) were included in this retrospective case–control study. Both groups were ascertained from children born between 2014 and 2017 whose development/nutrition were monitored at mother–child health clinics in southern Israel. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the independent association of nutritional patterns with ASD while adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Both exclusive and partial breastfeeding modes were associated with decreased odds of ASD diagnosis (aOR = 0.221, 95%CI = 0.136–0.360; aOR = 0.494, 95%CI = 0.328–0.743, respectively). A breastfeeding duration of >12 months was associated with lower ASD odds (aOR = 0.418, 95%CI = 0.204–0.855), while the introduction of solids after 6 months of age was associated with higher ASD odds than the introduction of solids at 6 months (aOR = 2.455, 95%CI = 1.116–4.201). These findings suggest that a longer period of exclusive breastfeeding is associated with a subsequent reduced likelihood of ASD diagnosis, thus reiterating the importance of proper post-natal nutrition for infant neurodevelopment.

母乳喂养具有医疗和发育方面的益处。本研究旨在评估婴儿出生后第一年的营养模式与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)可能性之间的关系。这项回顾性病例对照研究纳入了 270 名被诊断患有自闭症谱系障碍的儿童(病例)和 500 名与病例在性别、种族和出生日期(± 3 个月)方面匹配的神经正常儿童(对照组)。这两组儿童均来自 2014 年至 2017 年间出生的儿童,以色列南部的母婴健康诊所对他们的发育/营养状况进行了监测。研究采用条件逻辑回归法确定营养模式与 ASD 的独立关联,同时对社会人口学和临床特征进行调整。纯母乳喂养和部分母乳喂养模式均与 ASD 诊断几率下降有关(aOR = 0.221,95%CI = 0.136-0.360; aOR = 0.494,95%CI = 0.328-0.743)。母乳喂养时间超过12个月与较低的ASD几率相关(aOR = 0.418,95%CI = 0.204-0.855),而6个月后开始喂养固体食物比6个月开始喂养固体食物与较高的ASD几率相关(aOR = 2.455,95%CI = 1.116-4.201)。这些研究结果表明,较长时间的纯母乳喂养与随后ASD诊断几率的降低有关,从而重申了产后适当营养对婴儿神经发育的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Higher or lower? Interpersonal behavioral and neural synchronization of movement imitation in autistic children 更高还是更低?自闭症儿童动作模仿的人际行为和神经同步性
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3205
Bang Du, Wenjun Zhang, Liu Chen, Xiaorui Deng, Kaiyun Li, Fengxun Lin, Fanlu Jia, Shuhua Su, Wanzhi Tang

How well autistic children can imitate movements and how their brain activity synchronizes with the person they are imitating have been understudied. The current study adopted functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning and employed a task involving real interactions involving meaningful and meaningless movement imitation to explore the fundamental nature of imitation as a dynamic and interactive process. Experiment 1 explored meaningful and meaningless gesture imitation. The results revealed that autistic children exhibited lower imitation accuracy and behavioral synchrony than non-autistic children when imitating both meaningful and meaningless gestures. Specifically, compared to non-autistic children, autistic children displayed significantly higher interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) in the right inferior parietal lobule (r-IPL) (channel 12) when imitating meaningful gestures but lower INS when imitating meaningless gestures. Experiment 2 further investigated the imitation of four types of meaningless movements (orofacial movements, transitive movements, limb movements, and gestures). The results revealed that across all four movement types, autistic children exhibited significantly lower imitation accuracy, behavioral synchrony, and INS in the r-IPL (channel 12) than non-autistic children. This study is the first to identify INS as a biomarker of movement imitation difficulties in autistic individuals. Furthermore, an intra- and interindividual imitation mechanism model was proposed to explain the underlying causes of movement imitation difficulties in autistic individuals.

自闭症儿童的动作模仿能力如何,以及他们的大脑活动如何与模仿对象同步,这些问题一直未得到充分研究。本研究采用了功能性近红外光谱(fNIRS)超扫描技术,并使用了涉及有意义和无意义动作模仿的真实互动任务,以探索模仿作为动态互动过程的基本性质。实验 1 探讨了有意义和无意义的手势模仿。结果显示,在模仿有意义和无意义手势时,自闭症儿童的模仿准确性和行为同步性均低于非自闭症儿童。具体而言,与非自闭症儿童相比,自闭症儿童在模仿有意义手势时,右侧顶叶下叶(r-IPL)(通道 12)的人际神经同步性(INS)明显较高,但在模仿无意义手势时,INS 则较低。实验 2 进一步研究了四种无意义动作(口部动作、转体动作、肢体动作和手势)的模仿。结果发现,在所有四种动作类型中,自闭症儿童的模仿准确性、行为同步性和 r-IPL(通道 12)的 INS 都明显低于非自闭症儿童。本研究首次发现 INS 是自闭症儿童动作模仿困难的生物标记。此外,该研究还提出了个体内和个体间模仿机制模型,以解释自闭症儿童动作模仿困难的根本原因。
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引用次数: 0
The relationship between distress tolerance and behavioral activation on anxiety and depression symptomatology in autistic youth: Leveraging self and caregiver perspectives 自闭症青少年焦虑和抑郁症状的痛苦容忍度与行为激活之间的关系:从自我和照顾者的角度看问题。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3208
Jessica M. Schwartzman, Ligia Antezana, Caitlin M. Conner

Anxiety and depression are prevalent among autistic adolescents and may be difficult to accurately diagnose and treat given various factors (e.g., diagnostic overshadowing, heterogeneity). Therefore, efforts to examine transdiagnostic factors (i.e., distress tolerance, behavioral activation) may afford more parsimonious means for assessment and treatment. To our knowledge, there has been little research on distress tolerance, behavioral activation, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in autistic adolescents to guide diagnostic practices and treatment planning. In the current study, we examined the interrelationships between these transdiagnostic factors and depressive and anxiety symptoms using ratings from 100 verbally fluent autistic adolescents without intellectual disability (Mage = 13.70, SDage = 2.23, Range: 11:00–17:11 years) and 100 of their caregivers. Many adolescents reported male sex assigned at birth (61%), cisgender (87%), not Hispanic/Latinx (90%), and White (80%) identities. A series of correlational analyses were employed to examine associations between these constructs from youth and caregiver perspectives, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the mediating roles of distress tolerance and behavioral activation. Preliminary results show that low distress tolerance and behavioral activation were associated with more severe internalizing symptoms per self- and caregiver-report. Some differences by rater emerged, which highlight the importance of multi-informant ratings in autism. Results from mediation analyses may show that behavioral activation may be more salient to assessments and treatment planning for depression than distress tolerance, while distress tolerance may be important for both anxiety and depression; however, findings are preliminary given the cross-sectional nature of the data. Findings suggest that these transdiagnostic concepts may be important to individualizing treatment approaches, including the timing of certain approaches, for anxiety and/or depression in autistic adolescents.

焦虑和抑郁在自闭症青少年中很普遍,由于各种因素(如诊断阴影、异质性),可能难以准确诊断和治疗。因此,努力研究跨诊断因素(即痛苦耐受性、行为激活)可能会为评估和治疗提供更合理的方法。据我们所知,有关自闭症青少年的痛苦耐受性、行为激活、抑郁和焦虑症状的研究很少,因此无法为诊断实践和治疗计划提供指导。在本研究中,我们通过对 100 名言语流利、无智力障碍的自闭症青少年(平均年龄 = 13.70 岁,平均年龄 = 2.23 岁,年龄范围:11:00-17:11 岁)及其 100 名照顾者的评分,研究了这些跨诊断因素与抑郁和焦虑症状之间的相互关系。许多青少年表示,他们出生时的性别为男性(61%)、顺性别(87%)、非西班牙裔/拉丁裔(90%)和白人(80%)。我们采用了一系列相关分析,从青少年和照顾者的角度研究了这些概念之间的关联,并进行了多元线性回归分析,以探讨困扰容忍度和行为激活的中介作用。初步结果显示,根据自我和照顾者的报告,低痛苦容忍度和行为激活与更严重的内化症状有关。不同评分者之间也存在一些差异,这凸显了多信息评分在自闭症中的重要性。中介分析的结果可能表明,行为激活对于抑郁症的评估和治疗计划可能比痛苦耐受力更重要,而痛苦耐受力可能对焦虑和抑郁都很重要;然而,鉴于数据的横断面性质,研究结果还只是初步的。研究结果表明,这些跨诊断概念可能对自闭症青少年焦虑和/或抑郁的个性化治疗方法(包括某些方法的时机选择)非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
What do we know about autism and policing globally? Preliminary findings from an international effort to examine autism and the criminal justice system 我们对全球自闭症和警务工作了解多少?自闭症与刑事司法系统国际研究的初步发现。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3203
Dylan Cooper, Shelby Frisbie, Shufang Wang, Jonas Ventimiglia, Vicki Gibbs, Abigail M. A. Love, Melanie Mogavero, Teal W. Benevides, Jordan M. Hyatt, Kate Hooven, Icylee Basketbill, Lindsay Shea

Research has demonstrated that autistic individuals have higher rates of police contact, however, research has seldom explored the fundamental reasons for these interactions and how this might vary across international contexts. To remedy this, the Global Autism and Criminal Justice Consortium created and disseminated the Global Criminal Justice Survey. Descriptive statistics of survey respondents with and without police contact were compared to glean differential characteristics. Frequency and type of recent police interactions (within the last 5 years) among autistic individuals were also examined to better contextualize the reasons that autistic individuals encounter police. Study findings indicated that across a global sample (i.e., North America, Scandinavia, Europe, and Oceania) nearly half of all autistic individuals had an interaction with police and that those with a history of police contact were usually older, had higher educational qualifications, and were more likely to have a co-occurring mental health or developmental disorder. Among types of interactions, noncriminal encounters, such as welfare checks, traffic incidents, wandering, and behaviors associated with autism, were most common, followed by autistic individuals alleging a crime was committed against them. These findings offer important directions for future research and for targeted policy responses that can address the unique needs of autistic individuals within the justice system.

研究表明,自闭症患者与警察接触的比例较高,但研究很少探讨这些互动的根本原因,以及在不同的国际背景下可能存在的差异。为了弥补这一不足,全球自闭症与刑事司法联合会创建并发布了全球刑事司法调查。我们对与警察有接触和没有接触的调查对象进行了描述性统计比较,以收集不同的特征。此外,还研究了自闭症患者近期(过去 5 年内)与警方互动的频率和类型,以便更好地了解自闭症患者与警方接触的原因。研究结果表明,在全球样本(即北美、斯堪的纳维亚半岛、欧洲和大洋洲)中,近一半的自闭症患者与警方有过互动,而有过与警方接触史的自闭症患者通常年龄较大、学历较高,并且更有可能同时患有精神疾病或发育障碍。在互动类型中,福利检查、交通事故、游荡和与自闭症有关的行为等非刑事遭遇最为常见,其次是自闭症患者声称有人对他们实施了犯罪。这些发现为今后的研究和有针对性的政策应对提供了重要方向,可以满足自闭症患者在司法系统中的独特需求。
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引用次数: 0
Pupillary response during social emotion tasks in autism spectrum disorder 自闭症谱系障碍患者在社交情感任务中的瞳孔反应。
IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3206
Juei-Po Lee, Yi-Hsuan Chang, Yi-Li Tseng, Tai-Li Chou, Yi-Ling Chien

Autistic individuals encounter challenges in recognizing emotional expressions of others. Pupillary response has been proposed as an indicator of arousal dysregulation or cognitive load. The pupillary response of autistic individuals during socio-affective tasks remains unclear. This study investigated pupillary response in autistic adults when viewing emotional faces/eyes and recognizing emotions during the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and watching interpersonal touch scenes in the social touch task. The study included 98 participants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and 37 typically developing controls (TD). Pupil size was measured using the Tobii X2-30 Eye Tracker. The results showed that autistic adults had larger maximal pupil sizes, smaller minimal pupil sizes, and greater change rates of pupil size, particularly during the RMET Eyes task. Clinical correlations revealed that attention switching difficulty positively correlated with mean pupil size in TD participants, while social communication deficits positively correlated with mean pupil size in autistic participants. In conclusion, our findings suggest atypical pupillary responses in autistic adults during socio-affective tasks, indicating heightened cognitive demand. Further investigation is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms and their association with autistic traits.

自闭症患者在识别他人的情绪表达方面面临挑战。瞳孔反应被认为是唤醒失调或认知负荷的指标。自闭症患者在完成社会情感任务时的瞳孔反应仍不清楚。本研究调查了自闭症成人在 "从眼睛读懂心灵 "测试(RMET)中观看情绪化面孔/眼睛和识别情绪时的瞳孔反应,以及在 "社会接触 "任务中观看人际接触场景时的瞳孔反应。这项研究包括 98 名被诊断患有自闭症谱系障碍的参与者和 37 名发育正常的对照组(TD)。使用 Tobii X2-30 眼球追踪器测量了瞳孔大小。结果显示,自闭症成人的最大瞳孔尺寸较大,最小瞳孔尺寸较小,瞳孔尺寸变化率较大,尤其是在 RMET Eyes 任务中。临床相关性显示,注意力转换困难与 TD 参与者的平均瞳孔大小呈正相关,而自闭症参与者的社交沟通障碍与平均瞳孔大小呈正相关。总之,我们的研究结果表明,自闭症成人在社交情感任务中的瞳孔反应不典型,表明认知需求增加。要了解其潜在机制及其与自闭症特征的关联,还需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
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Autism Research
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