Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3598719
Amar Al-jzari;Yubei He;Jiahao Hu;Sana Salous
The subterahertz and terahertz (THz) frequency bands are considered promising spectrum bands for 6G wireless systems due to the extensive available bandwidth. However, the radio channel in these frequency bands has not been thoroughly investigated in different scenarios using the same channel sounder. In this article, we present the results of measurements in around the 300 GHz band in both indoor and outdoor environments using the custom-designed Durham University chirp channel sounder. The results of channel characteristics, including the power delay profile, the root-mean-square delay, the K factor, the coherence bandwidth, and the path loss, are presented to assess the design of future radio networks in the THz bands.
{"title":"Sub-THz and THz Channel Measurements and Characteristic Analysis in Indoor and Outdoor Environments for 6G Wireless Systems","authors":"Amar Al-jzari;Yubei He;Jiahao Hu;Sana Salous","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3598719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3598719","url":null,"abstract":"The subterahertz and terahertz (THz) frequency bands are considered promising spectrum bands for 6G wireless systems due to the extensive available bandwidth. However, the radio channel in these frequency bands has not been thoroughly investigated in different scenarios using the same channel sounder. In this article, we present the results of measurements in around the 300 GHz band in both indoor and outdoor environments using the custom-designed Durham University chirp channel sounder. The results of channel characteristics, including the power delay profile, the root-mean-square delay, the K factor, the coherence bandwidth, and the path loss, are presented to assess the design of future radio networks in the THz bands.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 6","pages":"976-984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145435692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report on the design, fabrication, and measurements of a solid-state frequency tripler with an output power > 100 mW above 300 GHz at room temperature. This tripler benefits from balanced face-to-face differential topology and improved diode configuration, providing quadruple power handling capabilities and excellent multiplication efficiency compared to traditional approaches. The improved diode configuration features a novel dual-row 12-anode architecture and has been integrated with peripheral circuit by terahertz monolithic integrated circuit process. At room temperature, the fabricated tripler demonstrates an average output power exceeding 82 mW and a corresponding conversion efficiency over 13.7% for a nominal input power of around 500–800 mW across 300–330 GHz band. Prominently, this tripler can deliver an ultra-high output power > 100 mW and an average efficiency >17% in the 306–317 GHz range, with a maximum power of 112.7 mW and a peak conversion efficiency of 19% for a 592-mW input power at 310.5 GHz.
{"title":"A 300–330 GHz Frequency Tripler With >100 mW Output and >17% Efficiency Based on Face-to-Face Topology and Enhanced Diode Configuration","authors":"Xiaojian Zhang;Qiyu Chen;Yue He;Zejia Deng;Yaoling Tian;Lingfeng Kang;Ruoxue Li;Ge Liu;Xiaochi Lu;Hao Yang;Ren Zhou;Jianping Zeng;Jun Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3597197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3597197","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the design, fabrication, and measurements of a solid-state frequency tripler with an output power > 100 mW above 300 GHz at room temperature. This tripler benefits from balanced face-to-face differential topology and improved diode configuration, providing quadruple power handling capabilities and excellent multiplication efficiency compared to traditional approaches. The improved diode configuration features a novel dual-row 12-anode architecture and has been integrated with peripheral circuit by terahertz monolithic integrated circuit process. At room temperature, the fabricated tripler demonstrates an average output power exceeding 82 mW and a corresponding conversion efficiency over 13.7% for a nominal input power of around 500–800 mW across 300–330 GHz band. Prominently, this tripler can deliver an ultra-high output power > 100 mW and an average efficiency >17% in the 306–317 GHz range, with a maximum power of 112.7 mW and a peak conversion efficiency of 19% for a 592-mW input power at 310.5 GHz.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"42-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3597269
Brett N. Carnio;Grace S. Ciarniello;Oussama Moutanabbir;Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi
A new approach to electro-optic (EO) detection is demonstrated through a novel geometry, whereby the probe and terahertz electric fields propagate in opposite directions. Theoretical analyses and experimental measurements are performed using a representative ZnGeP2 crystal implemented within this backward EO detection configuration. The backward EO detection signals encompass frequencies within a narrow spectral band of a few hundred gigahertz, tunable from ∼0.6–2.4 THz through adjustment of the incidence angle of the electric fields relative to the EO crystal. This novel arrangement provides EO detection with new phase-matching possibilities and offers a powerful tool for narrow-band spectroscopy.
{"title":"Backward Electro-Optic Detection for Narrowband Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy","authors":"Brett N. Carnio;Grace S. Ciarniello;Oussama Moutanabbir;Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3597269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3597269","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach to electro-optic (EO) detection is demonstrated through a novel geometry, whereby the probe and terahertz electric fields propagate in opposite directions. Theoretical analyses and experimental measurements are performed using a representative ZnGeP<sub>2</sub> crystal implemented within this backward EO detection configuration. The backward EO detection signals encompass frequencies within a narrow spectral band of a few hundred gigahertz, tunable from ∼0.6–2.4 THz through adjustment of the incidence angle of the electric fields relative to the EO crystal. This novel arrangement provides EO detection with new phase-matching possibilities and offers a powerful tool for narrow-band spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"76-82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594233
Sara Vega;Garrit Schwanke;Simon Nellen;Sebastian Lauck;Martin Schell;Robert B. Kohlhaas;María Santos
The rapid expansion of wireless data communication and integrated sensing systems necessitates the development of advanced antenna technologies capable of operating at higher frequencies and bandwidths with dynamic beam management, specifically directional beam control. This article addresses the challenge by designing a wideband photonic switched-beam antenna consisting of a 1 × 4 array of broadband bowtie antenna elements (AEs) fed by PIN photodiodes (PDs) on an InP substrate. Additional semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) enable selective activation of single elements. Beam switching is realized through a hyperhemispherical lens, where the beam pointing angle is determined by the offset distance of the active AE from the lens axis. Beam pattern measurements confirm clear beam switching behavior with good beam quality up to 300 GHz, and discernible radiation angles up to 2 THz, albeit with degraded beam shapes at the upper end of the spectrum. Our results prove the broadband capabilities of this approach, despite variations in beam quality across different offsets and frequencies. A developed theoretical model, based on subcritical angle incidence at the lens-air interface, accurately predicts the beam pointing angle of the prototype. Simulations have been employed to optimize the design of a 2-D antenna array operating at 100 GHz, providing full 3 dB beam coverage within a ±60° range. The presented results highlight the potential of photonic technologies to enable scalable and efficient beam management solutions for applications up to the terahertz frequency range.
{"title":"Subterahertz Photonic Switched-Beam Antenna With Up to 60° Tilt","authors":"Sara Vega;Garrit Schwanke;Simon Nellen;Sebastian Lauck;Martin Schell;Robert B. Kohlhaas;María Santos","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594233","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of wireless data communication and integrated sensing systems necessitates the development of advanced antenna technologies capable of operating at higher frequencies and bandwidths with dynamic beam management, specifically directional beam control. This article addresses the challenge by designing a wideband photonic switched-beam antenna consisting of a 1 × 4 array of broadband bowtie antenna elements (AEs) fed by PIN photodiodes (PDs) on an InP substrate. Additional semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) enable selective activation of single elements. Beam switching is realized through a hyperhemispherical lens, where the beam pointing angle is determined by the offset distance of the active AE from the lens axis. Beam pattern measurements confirm clear beam switching behavior with good beam quality up to 300 GHz, and discernible radiation angles up to 2 THz, albeit with degraded beam shapes at the upper end of the spectrum. Our results prove the broadband capabilities of this approach, despite variations in beam quality across different offsets and frequencies. A developed theoretical model, based on subcritical angle incidence at the lens-air interface, accurately predicts the beam pointing angle of the prototype. Simulations have been employed to optimize the design of a 2-D antenna array operating at 100 GHz, providing full 3 dB beam coverage within a ±60° range. The presented results highlight the potential of photonic technologies to enable scalable and efficient beam management solutions for applications up to the terahertz frequency range.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 6","pages":"1082-1091"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11119741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145435683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3595809
Chunhui Li;Zhiqiang Yuan;Wei Fan
Subterahertz (sub-THz) technology, due to its abundant spectrum resources, is considered one of the key candidates for 6G communication and sensing systems. To facilitate the design of sub-THz systems, it is essential to evaluate the performance of sub-THz radios within realistic propagation environments in the laboratory. Channel emulator (CE), which can emulate radio channels between the transmitter and receiver, is a key instrument for wireless system air-interface testing. Sub-THz radio channel emulation faces many challenges due to hardware and resource limitation in the CE, e.g., the misalignment between the gridded tap delays in the CE and the arbitrary tap delays in simulated and measured channels, the limited number of tap delays in the CE, the limited system bandwidth and restricted system carrier frequency, and the nonideal frequency response over system band. In this article, we proposed a framework for emulating sub-THz channels that can simultaneously address tap delay misalignment, tap resource limitations, and radio frequency branch frequency response inconsistency during the band-stitching process. To efficiently perform sub-THz channel emulation, we also introduced several effective optimization methods to solve the problems formulated within the framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we carried out channel measurements at two frequency bands, i.e., 100 and 300 GHz in two representative scenarios. Moreover, we performed the channel emulation of the measured channel frequency responses over many spatial locations using the proposed framework. The numerical emulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework.
{"title":"Subterahertz Radio Channel Emulation With Band-Stitching Scheme: Framework, Resource Optimization, and Validation","authors":"Chunhui Li;Zhiqiang Yuan;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3595809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3595809","url":null,"abstract":"Subterahertz (sub-THz) technology, due to its abundant spectrum resources, is considered one of the key candidates for 6G communication and sensing systems. To facilitate the design of sub-THz systems, it is essential to evaluate the performance of sub-THz radios within realistic propagation environments in the laboratory. Channel emulator (CE), which can emulate radio channels between the transmitter and receiver, is a key instrument for wireless system air-interface testing. Sub-THz radio channel emulation faces many challenges due to hardware and resource limitation in the CE, e.g., the misalignment between the gridded tap delays in the CE and the arbitrary tap delays in simulated and measured channels, the limited number of tap delays in the CE, the limited system bandwidth and restricted system carrier frequency, and the nonideal frequency response over system band. In this article, we proposed a framework for emulating sub-THz channels that can simultaneously address tap delay misalignment, tap resource limitations, and radio frequency branch frequency response inconsistency during the band-stitching process. To efficiently perform sub-THz channel emulation, we also introduced several effective optimization methods to solve the problems formulated within the framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we carried out channel measurements at two frequency bands, i.e., 100 and 300 GHz in two representative scenarios. Moreover, we performed the channel emulation of the measured channel frequency responses over many spatial locations using the proposed framework. The numerical emulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 6","pages":"996-1006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145435672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3595812
Suprovo Ghosh;Haidong Guo;Frank Zhang;Kenneth K. O.
A 305-GHz power amplifier (PA) fabricated in a 130-nm SiGe HBT BiCMOS technology with HBT $f_{t}/ f_{text{max}}= 350/ 450,text{GHz}$ and Aluminum metallization is presented. The PA employs four-way combined four pseudo-differential cascode amplification stages with a capacitive feedback network between the collector of common base stage and the base of common emitter stage that counters the gain degradation by neutralizing the input loss and capacitance of common emitter stage resulting from the device parasitics, transit time related phase delay effects and the interconnect inductances in the layout especially due to the unavoidable interconnect between the output of common-emitter and input of the common-base stage. The PA achieves a measured $P_{text{sat}}$ of 8.3 dBm, $OP_{mathrm{1dB}}$ of 6 dBm, and a peak small signal gain of 14.5 dB at 305 GHz while consuming 880 mW of dc power from a 4-V supply. The PA exhibits the highest $P_{text{sat}}$, $OP_{mathrm{1dB}}$, and the highest small signal gain at 305 GHz among the PA's fabricated using SiGe HBT's with $f_{text{max}}$ less than 500 GHz.
{"title":"305-GHz Cascode SiGe HBT Power Amplifier With L-C Feedback Achieving Psat of 8.3 dBm","authors":"Suprovo Ghosh;Haidong Guo;Frank Zhang;Kenneth K. O.","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3595812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3595812","url":null,"abstract":"A 305-GHz power amplifier (PA) fabricated in a 130-nm SiGe HBT BiCMOS technology with HBT <inline-formula><tex-math>$f_{t}/ f_{text{max}}= 350/ 450,text{GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and Aluminum metallization is presented. The PA employs four-way combined four pseudo-differential cascode amplification stages with a capacitive feedback network between the collector of common base stage and the base of common emitter stage that counters the gain degradation by neutralizing the input loss and capacitance of common emitter stage resulting from the device parasitics, transit time related phase delay effects and the interconnect inductances in the layout especially due to the unavoidable interconnect between the output of common-emitter and input of the common-base stage. The PA achieves a measured <inline-formula><tex-math>$P_{text{sat}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 8.3 dBm, <inline-formula><tex-math>$OP_{mathrm{1dB}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of 6 dBm, and a peak small signal gain of 14.5 dB at 305 GHz while consuming 880 mW of dc power from a 4-V supply. The PA exhibits the highest <inline-formula><tex-math>$P_{text{sat}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$OP_{mathrm{1dB}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and the highest small signal gain at 305 GHz among the PA's fabricated using SiGe HBT's with <inline-formula><tex-math>$f_{text{max}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> less than 500 GHz.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"54-67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A silicon waveguide-based interconnection is proposed for terahertz on-chip communications in the 300-GHz band, featuring the integration of a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode as a transmitter and a resonant tunneling diode as a receiver. The interconnection achieves low transmission loss over a broad bandwidth spanning the WR-2.8 band (260–390 GHz). Experimental results successfully demonstrate intermediate frequency transmission at a data rate of up to 100 Gb/s using 32-QAM modulation, with the bit error rate remaining within the hard-decision forward-error correction limit. These achievements highlight the potential of the proposed interconnection scheme to advance high-performance, compact, and scalable terahertz integrated systems for next-generation communications applications.
{"title":"Terahertz On-Chip Communications With Hybrid Electronic-Photonic Interconnects","authors":"Daiki Ichikawa;Weijie Gao;Nguyen H. Ngo;Takahiro Ohara;Michihiko Tanaka;Shuichi Murakami;Yoshiharu Yamada;Hidemasa Yamane;Yosuke Nishida;Masayuki Fujita;Tadao Nagatsuma","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594895","url":null,"abstract":"A silicon waveguide-based interconnection is proposed for terahertz on-chip communications in the 300-GHz band, featuring the integration of a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode as a transmitter and a resonant tunneling diode as a receiver. The interconnection achieves low transmission loss over a broad bandwidth spanning the WR-2.8 band (260–390 GHz). Experimental results successfully demonstrate intermediate frequency transmission at a data rate of up to 100 Gb/s using 32-QAM modulation, with the bit error rate remaining within the hard-decision forward-error correction limit. These achievements highlight the potential of the proposed interconnection scheme to advance high-performance, compact, and scalable terahertz integrated systems for next-generation communications applications.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 5","pages":"751-762"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594501
Milan Deumer;Oliver Stiewe;Lars Liebermeister;Simon Nellen;Robert Elschner;Ronald Freund;Martin Schell;Robert B. Kohlhaas
Photomixers, which convert optical signals into high-frequency electrical signals, are promising sources and detectors for terahertz (THz) wireless communications due to their broad tunability, high bandwidth, and easy integration with fiber-optic networks. Photodiode (PD)-based THz emitters are already the state-of-the-art for highest data rate THz wireless links. Photonic THz receivers, such as photoconductive antennas (PCAs), have the same benefits of high THz bandwidth and potentially the same very low phase-noise as PD emitters. However, PCAs have not yet demonstrated competitive receiver performance compared to electronic mixers. This limitation arises from the restricted conversion gain and intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of the top-illuminated PCAs used in current systems. In this work, we present a novel photomixing heterodyne THz receiver based on waveguide-integrated (win) PCAs, which offers a 25 dB increase in conversion gain due to benefits arising from the optical waveguide coupling. We design and optimize a high-frequency package for the win-PCAs, achieving a record 3- and 6-dB IF bandwidth of 25 and 40 GHz, respectively. With this receiver, we now attain gross data rates of up to 84 Gbit/s, which is a new record for photonic wireless links with PCA receivers. At the same time, we demonstrate the ultra-broadband operation capabilities of the win-PCA, enabling data transmission at carrier frequencies from 100 to 600 GHz with the same receiver.
{"title":"Ultra-Broadband Photonic Receiver for (Sub-) THz Communication Between 100 and 600 GHz Enabling Line Rates Up to 84 Gbit/s","authors":"Milan Deumer;Oliver Stiewe;Lars Liebermeister;Simon Nellen;Robert Elschner;Ronald Freund;Martin Schell;Robert B. Kohlhaas","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594501","url":null,"abstract":"Photomixers, which convert optical signals into high-frequency electrical signals, are promising sources and detectors for terahertz (THz) wireless communications due to their broad tunability, high bandwidth, and easy integration with fiber-optic networks. Photodiode (PD)-based THz emitters are already the state-of-the-art for highest data rate THz wireless links. Photonic THz receivers, such as photoconductive antennas (PCAs), have the same benefits of high THz bandwidth and potentially the same very low phase-noise as PD emitters. However, PCAs have not yet demonstrated competitive receiver performance compared to electronic mixers. This limitation arises from the restricted conversion gain and intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of the top-illuminated PCAs used in current systems. In this work, we present a novel photomixing heterodyne THz receiver based on waveguide-integrated (win) PCAs, which offers a 25 dB increase in conversion gain due to benefits arising from the optical waveguide coupling. We design and optimize a high-frequency package for the win-PCAs, achieving a record 3- and 6-dB IF bandwidth of 25 and 40 GHz, respectively. With this receiver, we now attain gross data rates of up to 84 Gbit/s, which is a new record for photonic wireless links with PCA receivers. At the same time, we demonstrate the ultra-broadband operation capabilities of the win-PCA, enabling data transmission at carrier frequencies from 100 to 600 GHz with the same receiver.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11106291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594070
George A. H. France;Mozhdeh Mohammadpour;Riccardo Degl'Innocenti;Massimo Peruffo;Hungyen Lin
Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes are renowned for their unique proton conduction and chemical/mechanical stability. As water plays a crucial role in their proton conduction that changes with environmental humidity, here we evaluate the robustness of our recently proposed humidity-controlled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) on commercially available membranes with different morphologies to quantify water uptake (WU) and states for direct comparison against literature values. We further apply the technique to resolve membrane hygral swelling and shrinkage during humidity cycles towards future dimensional stability evaluation. As a whole, this work highlights the broad applicability of humidity-controlled THz-TDS for testing PFSA membranes for future product optimizations.
{"title":"Probing Water Properties of Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Membranes With Humidity-Controlled Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy","authors":"George A. H. France;Mozhdeh Mohammadpour;Riccardo Degl'Innocenti;Massimo Peruffo;Hungyen Lin","doi":"10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594070","url":null,"abstract":"Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes are renowned for their unique proton conduction and chemical/mechanical stability. As water plays a crucial role in their proton conduction that changes with environmental humidity, here we evaluate the robustness of our recently proposed humidity-controlled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) on commercially available membranes with different morphologies to quantify water uptake (WU) and states for direct comparison against literature values. We further apply the technique to resolve membrane hygral swelling and shrinkage during humidity cycles towards future dimensional stability evaluation. As a whole, this work highlights the broad applicability of humidity-controlled THz-TDS for testing PFSA membranes for future product optimizations.","PeriodicalId":13258,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology","volume":"15 5","pages":"743-750"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2025.3594154
Ting Zhang;Hao Zhang;He Zhu;Jingyu Lin;Xiaojing Huang;Jia Du;Yang Yang
In this article, we present a high-speed, real-time wireless communication system demonstration with a 50 Gigabits per second (Gb/s) raw data rate at 252 GHz. A field programmable gate array baseband module is developed for two 5 GHz bandwidth channels with digital-to-analog converters and analog-to-digital converters sampling at 4.8 Giga-sample per second, each capable of transmitting and receiving Ethernet traffic in real time at a 25 Gb/s raw data rate with 64 quadrature amplitude modulation. Both transmitter and receiver frontends consist of two frequency-conversion stages at intermediate frequency (5–16 GHz) and THz frequency (235–270 GHz), respectively, with high-selectivity bandpass filters applied in both stages. Details of the filter's design principle and fabrication process are provided in this article. The wireless communication link is demonstrated over a distance of 0.4 m in the laboratory environment with a coherent local oscillator setup, and an uncoded bit error rate of 1 × 10−3 was acquired. The high-speed and real-time feature makes this system a competent candidate for future wireless applications, including point-to-point communications, backhauls, and intersatellite communications in the sixth-generation era.
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