A number of methods are used to assess the soil seed banks of a range of plant species in various habitats around the world, with approaches that differ between countries and continents. An understanding of the differing techniques emphasises the need for further research, especially in Africa. We reviewed 97 articles on soil seed bank estimation, published between 2010 and 2020, and only 13.41% of these were from Africa. Soil sample collection in Africa was based mainly on stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, random sampling or cluster sampling carried out at the end of each region’s rainy season. Random and cluster sampling were more widely used in savannas, while stratified random and systematic samplings were more common in forests. The shape of the samples was either circular or quadrilateral (square and rectangular) or they were measured by soil mass or volume. The soil sampler cores most often applied were: circular diameter of 5 cm; square sizes of 10 × 10 cm, 20 × 20 cm and 25 × 25 cm; and rectangular sizes of 20 × 25 cm and 20 × 10 cm. The most-used soil core depths were 5 cm and 10 cm. No specific sample shape was linked with either forest or savanna ecosystems, although the number of samples depended on the land use and land cover. Soil seed bank densities and species composition were mainly assessed with direct greenhouse germination over trial duration depending on the plant species’ functional traits. In analysing soil seed bank data, non-parametric statistics were more frequently used than parametric statistics because of the skews in the data. This review will contribute to future soil seed bank studies in Africa.
{"title":"Methods of soil seed bank estimation: a literature review proposing further work in Africa","authors":"EA Padonou, B. Akakpo, B. Tchigossou, B. Djossa","doi":"10.3832/ifor3850-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3850-015","url":null,"abstract":"A number of methods are used to assess the soil seed banks of a range of plant species in various habitats around the world, with approaches that differ between countries and continents. An understanding of the differing techniques emphasises the need for further research, especially in Africa. We reviewed 97 articles on soil seed bank estimation, published between 2010 and 2020, and only 13.41% of these were from Africa. Soil sample collection in Africa was based mainly on stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, random sampling or cluster sampling carried out at the end of each region’s rainy season. Random and cluster sampling were more widely used in savannas, while stratified random and systematic samplings were more common in forests. The shape of the samples was either circular or quadrilateral (square and rectangular) or they were measured by soil mass or volume. The soil sampler cores most often applied were: circular diameter of 5 cm; square sizes of 10 × 10 cm, 20 × 20 cm and 25 × 25 cm; and rectangular sizes of 20 × 25 cm and 20 × 10 cm. The most-used soil core depths were 5 cm and 10 cm. No specific sample shape was linked with either forest or savanna ecosystems, although the number of samples depended on the land use and land cover. Soil seed bank densities and species composition were mainly assessed with direct greenhouse germination over trial duration depending on the plant species’ functional traits. In analysing soil seed bank data, non-parametric statistics were more frequently used than parametric statistics because of the skews in the data. This review will contribute to future soil seed bank studies in Africa.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72656306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MODIS and VIIRS fire products have been widely used to detect and monitor fire activity at a global scale, as they provide highly relevant information on fire events, on their spatial and seasonal trends. Although these products have some limitations in detecting fires in forested areas due to closed canopy and smoke, they have been widely used to monitor and assess forest fires in many scientific studies. This study analyzes the performance of MODIS (MCD14ML) and VIIRS S-NPP (VNP14IMG) active fire/hotspot products in fire detection in five different land cover types (closed and open forests, shrublands, herbaceous vegetation and croplands) and compares the results to the ground-based fire database from 2015 to end of the 2019 in Turkey. Detected fires with a confidence value above 30% (nominal and high confidence) were used in the study. The land cover was assessed using the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) Dynamic Land Cover Layers at 100 m resolution in the study area. The performance assessment of two fire/hotspot products were conducted in three fire size classes, namely: fire size <1 ha, 1 to 10 ha, and >10 ha in five different land cover types. The results indicated that the overall accuracy of MODIS ranged from 0.6% to 16.6% and VIIRS S-NPP ranged from 1.3% to 25.6% of all ground-based fires in five different land cover types. The detection rates increased as the fire size increased. This study indicates that some limitations still exist to use MODIS and VIIRS S-NPP active fire/hotspot data in the assessment of wildfires.
{"title":"Assessing the performance of MODIS and VIIRS active fire products in the monitoring of wildfires: a case study in Turkey","authors":"K. Coskuner","doi":"10.3832/ifor3754-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3754-015","url":null,"abstract":"MODIS and VIIRS fire products have been widely used to detect and monitor fire activity at a global scale, as they provide highly relevant information on fire events, on their spatial and seasonal trends. Although these products have some limitations in detecting fires in forested areas due to closed canopy and smoke, they have been widely used to monitor and assess forest fires in many scientific studies. This study analyzes the performance of MODIS (MCD14ML) and VIIRS S-NPP (VNP14IMG) active fire/hotspot products in fire detection in five different land cover types (closed and open forests, shrublands, herbaceous vegetation and croplands) and compares the results to the ground-based fire database from 2015 to end of the 2019 in Turkey. Detected fires with a confidence value above 30% (nominal and high confidence) were used in the study. The land cover was assessed using the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS) Dynamic Land Cover Layers at 100 m resolution in the study area. The performance assessment of two fire/hotspot products were conducted in three fire size classes, namely: fire size <1 ha, 1 to 10 ha, and >10 ha in five different land cover types. The results indicated that the overall accuracy of MODIS ranged from 0.6% to 16.6% and VIIRS S-NPP ranged from 1.3% to 25.6% of all ground-based fires in five different land cover types. The detection rates increased as the fire size increased. This study indicates that some limitations still exist to use MODIS and VIIRS S-NPP active fire/hotspot data in the assessment of wildfires.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90336246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Karatepe, M. Diamantopoulou, R. Özçelik, Z. Sürücü
Yasin Karatepe , Maria J Diamantopoulou , Ramazan Özçelik , Zerrin Sürücü (3) Height-diameter relationships are of critical importance in tree and stand volume estimation. Stand description, site quality determination and appropriate forest management decisions originate from reliable stem height predictions. In this work, the predictive performances of height-diameter models developed for Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) plantations in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey were investigated. Parametric modeling methods such as fixed-effects, calibrated fixed-effects, and calibrated mixed-effects were evaluated. Furthermore, in an effort to come up with more reliable stem-height prediction models, artificial neural networks were employed using two different modeling algorithms: the Levenberg-Marquardt and the resilient back-propagation. Considering the prediction behavior of each respective modeling strategy, while using a new validation data set, the mixed-effects model with calibration using 3 trees for each plot appeared to be a reliable alternative to other standard modeling approaches based on evaluation statistics regarding the predictions of tree heights. Regarding the results for the remaining models, the resilient propagation algorithm provided more accurate predictions of tree stem height and thus it is proposed as a reliable alternative to pre-existing modeling methodologies.
Yasin Karatepe, Maria J Diamantopoulou, Ramazan Özçelik, Zerrin Sürücü(3)树径关系在估算林分体积中具有重要意义。林分描述、立地质量确定和适当的森林经营决策源于可靠的茎高预测。在这项工作中，研究了土耳其西地中海地区金牛座雪松(Cedrus libani A. Rich.)种植园的高径模型的预测性能。评估了固定效应、校准固定效应和校准混合效应等参数化建模方法。此外，为了建立更可靠的茎高预测模型，人工神经网络采用了两种不同的建模算法:Levenberg-Marquardt和弹性反向传播。考虑到每种建模策略的预测行为，在使用新的验证数据集的同时，每个地块使用3棵树进行校准的混合效应模型似乎是基于树高预测评估统计的其他标准建模方法的可靠替代方案。对于其余模型的结果，弹性传播算法提供了更准确的树茎高预测，因此被认为是现有建模方法的可靠替代方案。
{"title":"Total tree height predictions via parametric and artificial neural network modeling approaches","authors":"Y. Karatepe, M. Diamantopoulou, R. Özçelik, Z. Sürücü","doi":"10.3832/ifor3990-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3990-015","url":null,"abstract":"Yasin Karatepe , Maria J Diamantopoulou , Ramazan Özçelik , Zerrin Sürücü (3) Height-diameter relationships are of critical importance in tree and stand volume estimation. Stand description, site quality determination and appropriate forest management decisions originate from reliable stem height predictions. In this work, the predictive performances of height-diameter models developed for Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) plantations in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey were investigated. Parametric modeling methods such as fixed-effects, calibrated fixed-effects, and calibrated mixed-effects were evaluated. Furthermore, in an effort to come up with more reliable stem-height prediction models, artificial neural networks were employed using two different modeling algorithms: the Levenberg-Marquardt and the resilient back-propagation. Considering the prediction behavior of each respective modeling strategy, while using a new validation data set, the mixed-effects model with calibration using 3 trees for each plot appeared to be a reliable alternative to other standard modeling approaches based on evaluation statistics regarding the predictions of tree heights. Regarding the results for the remaining models, the resilient propagation algorithm provided more accurate predictions of tree stem height and thus it is proposed as a reliable alternative to pre-existing modeling methodologies.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89697545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Orlandi, M. Fornaciari, A. Ranfa, C. Proietti, L. Ruga, G. Meloni, M. Burnelli, F. Ventura
Trees have a great value in terms of ecosystem services in urban areas. LIFE CLIVUT is an “Information and Governance” European project developed in 4 Mediterranean Cities, with the goal of increasing the knowledge and awareness of citizens, especially young people, on the importance of the presence and good management of urban trees to mitigate the “Heat Island” effects. The data collected on the value of tree heritage and their future potential are used to design a green asset management strategy that will help urban planners adopt better practices for the mitigation of the effects of climate change in urban environments. This paper illustrates the results of tree census activity in four urban green areas of Perugia, Central Italy, that will be compared with those recorded in others cities involved in the project. Dendrometric parameters (diameter at breast height, tree height, first branch height, max and min crown width, crown shape and density) were recorded in situ using a ded-icated software operating through a web app (“Clivut-Treedb”). The following ecosystem services were estimated: CO 2 sequestration, particulate matter (PM) absorption, shadow effect, biodiversity indexes. Several tree species characterized by important wood structures during their adult phase, such as Pinus pinea, Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Ulmus carpinifolia, Populus alba and Aesculus hippocastanum showed the highest estimates of CO 2 stored. Q. ilex was the most efficient species in particulate adsorption, showing similar estimates (about 60 g PM10 tree -1 year -1 ) in the 3 oldest green areas established in the 1980s, while the youngest plantations (dating back to 2005) absorbed about 10 g tree -1 of PM10 per year. In terms of the potential cooling effect of trees, preliminary estimates of the shaded areas highlighted the difference between the older green areas (about 50% of shading) compared to the younger ones (about 15% and 8%).
树木在城市地区的生态系统服务方面具有很大的价值。LIFE CLIVUT是一个“信息与治理”的欧洲项目，在4个地中海城市开展，目的是提高市民，特别是年轻人对城市树木存在和良好管理的重要性的认识和意识，以减轻“热岛”效应。收集的关于树木遗产价值及其未来潜力的数据用于设计绿色资产管理战略，该战略将帮助城市规划者采取更好的做法，减轻气候变化对城市环境的影响。本文阐述了意大利中部佩鲁贾四个城市绿地的树木普查活动的结果，并将与参与该项目的其他城市的记录进行比较。树木测量参数(胸径、树高、第一枝高、最大和最小冠宽、树冠形状和密度)通过web应用程序(“clivutt - treedb”)使用专用软件就地记录。估算了生态系统服务功能:co2固存、颗粒物吸收、阴影效应、生物多样性指数。松柏(Pinus pinea)、冬青栎(Quercus ilex)、短毛栎(Q. pubescens)、榆(Ulmus carpinifolia)、白杨(Populus alba)和海马尾松(Aesculus hippocastanum)等在成树阶段具有重要木结构的树种的CO 2储存量最高。冬青是颗粒吸附效率最高的树种，在20世纪80年代建立的3个最古老的绿地中显示出相似的估计(约60 g PM10 tree -1 year -1)，而最年轻的人工林(可追溯到2005年)每年吸收约10 g tree -1 PM10。就树木的潜在降温效果而言，对遮荫区域的初步估计突出了较老的绿地(约占遮荫面积的50%)与较年轻的绿地(约占15%和8%)之间的差异。
{"title":"LIFE-CLIVUT, ecosystem benefits of urban green areas: a pilot case study in Perugia (Italy)","authors":"F. Orlandi, M. Fornaciari, A. Ranfa, C. Proietti, L. Ruga, G. Meloni, M. Burnelli, F. Ventura","doi":"10.3832/ifor3908-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3908-015","url":null,"abstract":"Trees have a great value in terms of ecosystem services in urban areas. LIFE CLIVUT is an “Information and Governance” European project developed in 4 Mediterranean Cities, with the goal of increasing the knowledge and awareness of citizens, especially young people, on the importance of the presence and good management of urban trees to mitigate the “Heat Island” effects. The data collected on the value of tree heritage and their future potential are used to design a green asset management strategy that will help urban planners adopt better practices for the mitigation of the effects of climate change in urban environments. This paper illustrates the results of tree census activity in four urban green areas of Perugia, Central Italy, that will be compared with those recorded in others cities involved in the project. Dendrometric parameters (diameter at breast height, tree height, first branch height, max and min crown width, crown shape and density) were recorded in situ using a ded-icated software operating through a web app (“Clivut-Treedb”). The following ecosystem services were estimated: CO 2 sequestration, particulate matter (PM) absorption, shadow effect, biodiversity indexes. Several tree species characterized by important wood structures during their adult phase, such as Pinus pinea, Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Ulmus carpinifolia, Populus alba and Aesculus hippocastanum showed the highest estimates of CO 2 stored. Q. ilex was the most efficient species in particulate adsorption, showing similar estimates (about 60 g PM10 tree -1 year -1 ) in the 3 oldest green areas established in the 1980s, while the youngest plantations (dating back to 2005) absorbed about 10 g tree -1 of PM10 per year. In terms of the potential cooling effect of trees, preliminary estimates of the shaded areas highlighted the difference between the older green areas (about 50% of shading) compared to the younger ones (about 15% and 8%).","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90632486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Di Nuzzo, A. Masoni, F. Frizzi, E. Bianchi, MB Castellani, P. Balzani, F. Morandi, Y. Sozzi, C. Vallese, G. Santini, R. Benesperi
The Formica rufa group comprises several ant species which are collectively referred to as “red wood ants” (hereafter RWA). These species have key roles in forest ecosystems, where they are ecologically dominant and greatly influence the dynamics of the habitat they colonise. Various studies have shown how their trophic activity may affect other organisms, which include both other invertebrates and plants. We can therefore hypothesize that their presence could affect the taxonomic and functional composition of epiphytes, despite clear information on such an effect is lacking. This study aimed to fill this research gap by evaluating whether the presence of red wood ants could affect the structure and composition of lichen communities. We selected two sites on the Apennine Mountains in Italy, where the red wood ant F. paralugubris was introduced from the Alps more than 50 years ago. In each site, lichen assemblages on Abies alba trees located within the colonised areas were compared to those from nearby, non-occupied areas. The results allowed for the identification of significant effects of F. paralugubris on the structure of lichen communities. Although there was no detectable impact on lichen species richness, a significant difference in their community composition between colonised and control sites was detected. Furthermore, ant presence seemed to be associated with specific lichen functional traits such as asexual reproduction. We argue that RWA could affect the lichen community either directly, e.g. , by actively dispersing the species capable of asexual reproduction through their movements on trees (ant-mediated dispersion), or indirectly through herbivore exclusion. Finally, we also observed differences in β-diver-sity among the colonised and non-colonised sites.
{"title":"Red wood ants shape epiphytic lichen assemblages in montane silver fir forests","authors":"L. Di Nuzzo, A. Masoni, F. Frizzi, E. Bianchi, MB Castellani, P. Balzani, F. Morandi, Y. Sozzi, C. Vallese, G. Santini, R. Benesperi","doi":"10.3832/ifor3897-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3897-014","url":null,"abstract":"The Formica rufa group comprises several ant species which are collectively referred to as “red wood ants” (hereafter RWA). These species have key roles in forest ecosystems, where they are ecologically dominant and greatly influence the dynamics of the habitat they colonise. Various studies have shown how their trophic activity may affect other organisms, which include both other invertebrates and plants. We can therefore hypothesize that their presence could affect the taxonomic and functional composition of epiphytes, despite clear information on such an effect is lacking. This study aimed to fill this research gap by evaluating whether the presence of red wood ants could affect the structure and composition of lichen communities. We selected two sites on the Apennine Mountains in Italy, where the red wood ant F. paralugubris was introduced from the Alps more than 50 years ago. In each site, lichen assemblages on Abies alba trees located within the colonised areas were compared to those from nearby, non-occupied areas. The results allowed for the identification of significant effects of F. paralugubris on the structure of lichen communities. Although there was no detectable impact on lichen species richness, a significant difference in their community composition between colonised and control sites was detected. Furthermore, ant presence seemed to be associated with specific lichen functional traits such as asexual reproduction. We argue that RWA could affect the lichen community either directly, e.g. , by actively dispersing the species capable of asexual reproduction through their movements on trees (ant-mediated dispersion), or indirectly through herbivore exclusion. Finally, we also observed differences in β-diver-sity among the colonised and non-colonised sites.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81930209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nutrient resorption (NuR) is an important nutrient conservative strategy but little information is available about the effect of nursery fertilization on NuR in the field. In this study, diploid and triploid one-year-old plants of Populus tomentosa Carr. were fertilized with 9 g N per plant, and non-fertilized plants as control. Initial functional attributes, i.e. , height, diameter, stem mass, mineral nutrients and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels of each tissue, were measured before planting. Field performance (survival, total height, diameter, stem volume and their growth, leaf nutrient status, and NuR) were measured in the field. Compared to control, 9 g N per plant was benefit for plant growth, mineral nutrients and NSC accumulation of diploids, but declined plant size of triploids before planting. While in the field, fertilization effect on plant size was inversed for each ploidy level. Nursery fertilization increased nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) of triploids and decreased phosphorus resorption efficiency (PRE) of both ploidy levels. Initial plant size were the most effective parameters predicting field performance and NuR. Furthermore, NRE was multi-elements controlled as indicated by the correlation of N and P in green and senesced leaves, while PRE was only positively correlated with P in green leaves. However, there was no relationship between field growth and NuR. This study deepened our understanding of NuR from the perspective of artificial managements, for instance nursery fertilization.
养分吸收是一种重要的养分保护策略，但目前关于苗圃施肥对土壤养分吸收影响的研究很少。以毛白杨二倍体和三倍体一年生植株为研究对象。每株施肥9 g N，未施肥的植株为对照。在种植前测量每个组织的初始功能属性，即高度、直径、茎质量、矿物质营养和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)水平。田间表现(成活率、总高、直径、茎体积及其生长、叶片营养状况和NuR)在田间进行测定。与对照相比，每株9 g N有利于二倍体植株生长、矿质养分和NSC积累，但使三倍体在种植前植株大小下降。而在田间，施肥对植株大小的影响在各倍性水平上呈反比。苗圃施肥提高了三倍体氮素吸收效率(NRE)，降低了两倍体水平的磷吸收效率(PRE)。初始株型是预测田间产量和NuR最有效的参数。绿叶和衰老叶中N、P的相关性表明NRE受多元素控制，而PRE仅与绿叶中P的正相关。然而，田间生长与NuR之间没有关系。本研究从人工管理(如苗圃施肥)的角度加深了我们对NuR的认识。
{"title":"Nursery fertilization affected field performance and nutrient resorption of Populus tomentosa Carr. ploidy levels","authors":"M. Wang, G. Li, Y. Liu","doi":"10.3832/ifor3912-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3912-014","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrient resorption (NuR) is an important nutrient conservative strategy but little information is available about the effect of nursery fertilization on NuR in the field. In this study, diploid and triploid one-year-old plants of Populus tomentosa Carr. were fertilized with 9 g N per plant, and non-fertilized plants as control. Initial functional attributes, i.e. , height, diameter, stem mass, mineral nutrients and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels of each tissue, were measured before planting. Field performance (survival, total height, diameter, stem volume and their growth, leaf nutrient status, and NuR) were measured in the field. Compared to control, 9 g N per plant was benefit for plant growth, mineral nutrients and NSC accumulation of diploids, but declined plant size of triploids before planting. While in the field, fertilization effect on plant size was inversed for each ploidy level. Nursery fertilization increased nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) of triploids and decreased phosphorus resorption efficiency (PRE) of both ploidy levels. Initial plant size were the most effective parameters predicting field performance and NuR. Furthermore, NRE was multi-elements controlled as indicated by the correlation of N and P in green and senesced leaves, while PRE was only positively correlated with P in green leaves. However, there was no relationship between field growth and NuR. This study deepened our understanding of NuR from the perspective of artificial managements, for instance nursery fertilization.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79707542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of pruning on tree development and the potential structure of wood assortments was investigated in the poplar Populus × canadensis clone ‘I-214’. The study was carried out in a permanent sample plot within a poplar plantation established in 2006, in the area of the “Vojvodinašume” Public Company, within the “Gornje Potamišje” Forest Management Unit (Republic of Serbia). Pruning was performed on a total of 325 trees at different stem heights and a total of 13,186 branches were pruned. The average number of pruned branches per tree at the stem height of 5 m was 36, while it was 40 at the stem height of 6 m and 46 at the stem height of 7 m. The average diameter of pruned branches was 1.7 cm. The results showed that there are no significant differences in diameters at breast height between pruned and unpruned trees after two different intensities of pruning. Our results showed that pruning do not impact the long-term growth performance in poplar clone ‘I-214’, while remarkably improving the quality and economic value of wood assortments obtained from pruned trees.
{"title":"The impact of pruning on tree development in poplar Populus × canadensis “I-214” plantations","authors":"M. Danilovič, R. Sarić, V. Ćirović, V. Pudja","doi":"10.3832/ifor3865-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3865-014","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of pruning on tree development and the potential structure of wood assortments was investigated in the poplar Populus × canadensis clone ‘I-214’. The study was carried out in a permanent sample plot within a poplar plantation established in 2006, in the area of the “Vojvodinašume” Public Company, within the “Gornje Potamišje” Forest Management Unit (Republic of Serbia). Pruning was performed on a total of 325 trees at different stem heights and a total of 13,186 branches were pruned. The average number of pruned branches per tree at the stem height of 5 m was 36, while it was 40 at the stem height of 6 m and 46 at the stem height of 7 m. The average diameter of pruned branches was 1.7 cm. The results showed that there are no significant differences in diameters at breast height between pruned and unpruned trees after two different intensities of pruning. Our results showed that pruning do not impact the long-term growth performance in poplar clone ‘I-214’, while remarkably improving the quality and economic value of wood assortments obtained from pruned trees.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82227917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiongqing Zhang , Quang V Cao , Yancheng Qu , Jianguo Zhang (1) Self-thinning due to density-dependent mortality usually occurs during the forest development. To improve predictions of such processes during forest successions under climate change, reliable stand-level models are needed. In this study, we developed an integrated system of treeand stand-level models by deriving tree diameter and survival models from stand growth and survival models based on climate-sensitive self-thinning rule of Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China. The resulting integrated system, having a unified mathematical structure, should provide consistent estimates at both tree and stand levels. Predictions were reasonable at both stand and tree levels. Because stand-level values aggregated from the tree model outputs are different from those predicted directly from the stand models, the disaggregation approach was applied to provide numerical consistency between models of different resolutions. Compared to the unadjusted approach, predictions from the disaggregation approach were slightly worse for tree survival but slightly better for tree diameter. Because the stand models were developed under the climatesensitive self-thinning trajectory, the integrated system could offer reasonable predictions that could aid in managing Chinese fir plantations under climate change.
{"title":"Deriving tree growth models from stand models based on the self-thinning rule of Chinese fir plantations","authors":"X. Zhang, Qv Cao, Y. Qu, J. Zhang","doi":"10.3832/ifor3792-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3792-014","url":null,"abstract":"Xiongqing Zhang , Quang V Cao , Yancheng Qu , Jianguo Zhang (1) Self-thinning due to density-dependent mortality usually occurs during the forest development. To improve predictions of such processes during forest successions under climate change, reliable stand-level models are needed. In this study, we developed an integrated system of treeand stand-level models by deriving tree diameter and survival models from stand growth and survival models based on climate-sensitive self-thinning rule of Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China. The resulting integrated system, having a unified mathematical structure, should provide consistent estimates at both tree and stand levels. Predictions were reasonable at both stand and tree levels. Because stand-level values aggregated from the tree model outputs are different from those predicted directly from the stand models, the disaggregation approach was applied to provide numerical consistency between models of different resolutions. Compared to the unadjusted approach, predictions from the disaggregation approach were slightly worse for tree survival but slightly better for tree diameter. Because the stand models were developed under the climatesensitive self-thinning trajectory, the integrated system could offer reasonable predictions that could aid in managing Chinese fir plantations under climate change.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80375628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Heim, R. Dodeler, L. Brancheriau, R. Marchal, N. Boutahar, S. Lotte, S. Dumarçay, P. Gérardin, K. Candelier
Walnut agroforestry systems require regular tree pruning, generating a large volume of biomass residues which are mainly valorized as wood-energy, Ramial Chipped Wood (RCW) or animal litter. However, walnut is recognized as a rich source of different chemical compounds, which could be recovered as valuable chemicals. This study aims to improve the knowledge on the composition of the water and ethanol extractive contents of wood, knot and bark fractions from walnut branches, harvested in agroforestry (AF) and traditional forestry control (FC) systems. LC-MS analyses were carried out to identify the chemical composition of extracts. Additionally, all samples were analyzed by near-in-frared (NIR) spectroscopy with the aim of developing a fast tool to distinguish walnut branches, knots and bark wood fractions from trees grown under agroforestry and plantation management. Extractive contents and chemical composition of AF and FC wood samples were slightly different among branch, knot and bark. Despite these small chemical differences, PLS-DA models based on NIRS measurements can distinguishing among wood samples from walnut trees grown under different silvicultural regimes. In addition, in the both forestry systems, branch and knot extractive contents were significantly lower than those of bark specimens. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) based on NIR-spectrometry of raw samples revealed that the chemical composition of branch and knot woods are similar to each other and are very different compared to those of bark samples. This study provides new knowledge on branch woods from agroforestry systems, which are still very under-studied at present.
{"title":"Comparison of extractive chemical signatures among branch, knot and bark wood fractions from forestry and agroforestry walnut trees (Juglans regia × J. nigra) by NIR spectroscopy and LC-MS analyses","authors":"L. Heim, R. Dodeler, L. Brancheriau, R. Marchal, N. Boutahar, S. Lotte, S. Dumarçay, P. Gérardin, K. Candelier","doi":"10.3832/ifor3973-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3973-014","url":null,"abstract":"Walnut agroforestry systems require regular tree pruning, generating a large volume of biomass residues which are mainly valorized as wood-energy, Ramial Chipped Wood (RCW) or animal litter. However, walnut is recognized as a rich source of different chemical compounds, which could be recovered as valuable chemicals. This study aims to improve the knowledge on the composition of the water and ethanol extractive contents of wood, knot and bark fractions from walnut branches, harvested in agroforestry (AF) and traditional forestry control (FC) systems. LC-MS analyses were carried out to identify the chemical composition of extracts. Additionally, all samples were analyzed by near-in-frared (NIR) spectroscopy with the aim of developing a fast tool to distinguish walnut branches, knots and bark wood fractions from trees grown under agroforestry and plantation management. Extractive contents and chemical composition of AF and FC wood samples were slightly different among branch, knot and bark. Despite these small chemical differences, PLS-DA models based on NIRS measurements can distinguishing among wood samples from walnut trees grown under different silvicultural regimes. In addition, in the both forestry systems, branch and knot extractive contents were significantly lower than those of bark specimens. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) based on NIR-spectrometry of raw samples revealed that the chemical composition of branch and knot woods are similar to each other and are very different compared to those of bark samples. This study provides new knowledge on branch woods from agroforestry systems, which are still very under-studied at present.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78309253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TV Antipova, VP Zhelifonova, YA Litovka, I. Pavlov, BP Baskunov, ZA Kokh, PV Makolova, A.Ya. Timofeev, A. Kozlovsky
Tatyana V Antipova , Valentina P Zhelifonova , Yulia A Litovka , Igor N Pavlov , Boris P Baskunov , Zhanna A Kokh , Polina V Makolova , Anton A Timofeev , Anatoly G Kozlovsky (1) Basidiomycetes Armillaria infect deciduous, coniferous and fruit trees, causing enormous economic damage. The role of secondary metabolites (tricyclic sesquiterpene aryl esters – melleolides) in the life cycle and pathogenesis of Armillaria is under active investigation. To date, not all species of Armillaria have been tested for the biosynthesis of melleolides. We investigated the secondary metabolite profiles of six root-pathogenic species of the genus Armillaria (A. borealis Marxmüller & Korhonen, A. cepistipes Velenovský, A. gallica Marxm, A. mellea (Vahl) P. Kummer, A. sinapina Bérubé & Dessur, A. ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink) distributed in Siberia (South Krasnoyarsk Krai, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Taimyr Peninsula), Russian Far East (Sikhote-Alin) and Crimea (Krymsky National Park, Chatyr-Dag Mountain Lower Plateau). A total of 15 compounds were identified in the metabolome profile. Two compounds (melleolide D and melledonal C) are synthesized by all investigated strains irrespective of their geographic location and host plant. The maximum spectrum of melleolides (7-8 compounds) was found in isolates of A. borealis, A. gallica, A. sinapina, A. ostoyae. In submerged culture, the maximum accumulation of melleolides varied from 2 up to 239 mg l. A mixture of melleolide D and melledonal C (1:1) synthesized by the most productive strain A. mellea Cr2-17 was first found to have a phytotoxic action on the growth parameters of the callus culture Populus balsamifera and 10-day-old conifer seedlings. A 0.5% concentration of melleolides caused a credible decrease of P. balsamifera callus raw biomass; a decrease of the viability of Larix sibirica and, which is especially significant, Pinus sylvestris seedlings; inhibition of stem and root growth processes; dechromation of foliage; loss of turgor. The occurrence of a broad range of melleolides in the metabolome profile and two common compounds in all investigated strains, with a phytotoxic action at their sufficiently high concentration, enables considering the synthesis of melleolides by Armillaria fungi as one of the possible mechanisms of their pathogenicity efficiently realized in strains characterized by overproduction of melleolides under natural conditions.
Tatyana V Antipova, Valentina P Zhelifonova, Yulia A Litovka, Igor N Pavlov, Boris P Baskunov, Zhanna A Kokh, Polina V Makolova, Anton A Timofeev, Anatoly G Kozlovsky(1)蜜环菌感染落叶、针叶树和果树，造成巨大的经济损失。次生代谢物(三环倍半萜芳基酯-蜜环内酯)在蜜环菌生命周期和发病机制中的作用正在积极研究中。迄今为止，并不是所有种类的蜜环菌都进行了蜜环内酯的生物合成测试。我们研究了蜜孢菌属6个根致病种(A. borealis marxmller & Korhonen, A. cepistipes Velenovský， A. gallica Marxm, A. mellea (Vahl) P. Kummer, A. sinapina b rub & Dessur, A. ostoyae (Romagn))的次生代谢产物特征。分布于西伯利亚(南克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区，特瓦共和国，哈卡斯共和国，泰米尔半岛)，俄罗斯远东(锡霍特-阿林)和克里米亚(克里姆斯基国家公园，查泰尔-达格山低高原)。在代谢组谱中共鉴定出15种化合物。两种化合物(千层内酯D和千层内酯C)在所有被调查的菌株中都能合成，而与它们的地理位置和寄主植物无关。其中，北风单孢霉、高卢单孢霉、sinapina单孢霉、ostoyae单孢霉的千层内酯类化合物最多(7 ~ 8个)。在潜水培养中，千层内酯的最大积累量在2 ~ 239 mg / l之间。由产量最高的菌株A. mellea Cr2-17合成的千层内酯D和千层内酯C(1:1)的混合物首次被发现对愈伤组织培养的白杨和10 D龄针叶树幼苗的生长参数有植物毒性作用。浓度为0.5%的千层内酯可显著降低香茅愈伤组织的原始生物量;西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)和针叶松(Pinus sylvestris)幼苗的生存力显著下降;抑制茎和根的生长过程;叶子脱色;失去浮力。在所有被研究的菌株中，代谢组谱中都发现了广泛的千层内酯和两种常见的化合物，当它们的浓度足够高时具有植物毒性作用，这使得蜜环菌真菌合成千层内酯成为其在自然条件下以千层内酯过量生产为特征的菌株有效实现致病性的可能机制之一。
{"title":"Secondary metabolites of six Siberian and Crimean Armillaria species and their in vitro phytotoxicity to pine, larch and poplar","authors":"TV Antipova, VP Zhelifonova, YA Litovka, I. Pavlov, BP Baskunov, ZA Kokh, PV Makolova, A.Ya. Timofeev, A. Kozlovsky","doi":"10.3832/ifor3840-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3840-014","url":null,"abstract":"Tatyana V Antipova , Valentina P Zhelifonova , Yulia A Litovka , Igor N Pavlov , Boris P Baskunov , Zhanna A Kokh , Polina V Makolova , Anton A Timofeev , Anatoly G Kozlovsky (1) Basidiomycetes Armillaria infect deciduous, coniferous and fruit trees, causing enormous economic damage. The role of secondary metabolites (tricyclic sesquiterpene aryl esters – melleolides) in the life cycle and pathogenesis of Armillaria is under active investigation. To date, not all species of Armillaria have been tested for the biosynthesis of melleolides. We investigated the secondary metabolite profiles of six root-pathogenic species of the genus Armillaria (A. borealis Marxmüller & Korhonen, A. cepistipes Velenovský, A. gallica Marxm, A. mellea (Vahl) P. Kummer, A. sinapina Bérubé & Dessur, A. ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink) distributed in Siberia (South Krasnoyarsk Krai, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Taimyr Peninsula), Russian Far East (Sikhote-Alin) and Crimea (Krymsky National Park, Chatyr-Dag Mountain Lower Plateau). A total of 15 compounds were identified in the metabolome profile. Two compounds (melleolide D and melledonal C) are synthesized by all investigated strains irrespective of their geographic location and host plant. The maximum spectrum of melleolides (7-8 compounds) was found in isolates of A. borealis, A. gallica, A. sinapina, A. ostoyae. In submerged culture, the maximum accumulation of melleolides varied from 2 up to 239 mg l. A mixture of melleolide D and melledonal C (1:1) synthesized by the most productive strain A. mellea Cr2-17 was first found to have a phytotoxic action on the growth parameters of the callus culture Populus balsamifera and 10-day-old conifer seedlings. A 0.5% concentration of melleolides caused a credible decrease of P. balsamifera callus raw biomass; a decrease of the viability of Larix sibirica and, which is especially significant, Pinus sylvestris seedlings; inhibition of stem and root growth processes; dechromation of foliage; loss of turgor. The occurrence of a broad range of melleolides in the metabolome profile and two common compounds in all investigated strains, with a phytotoxic action at their sufficiently high concentration, enables considering the synthesis of melleolides by Armillaria fungi as one of the possible mechanisms of their pathogenicity efficiently realized in strains characterized by overproduction of melleolides under natural conditions.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89431418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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