Heterogeneity can be studied for any dynamic or fixed environmental factors over time. However, determining the extent of heterogeneity occurrence in terms of habitat suitability, variability of dynamic and fixed factors, as well as landform role is an issue that has received less attention. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of Moringa peregrina at two climate change scenarios, to identify the Region of High Heterogenetic (ROHH) of the habitats in those scenarios and to ascertain the heterogeneity of habitat variables of the species in southern Iran. The current and potential distributions of the species in mild and severe climate change scenarios of 2050 and 2070, respectively, were modeled through the Ensemble technique using the climatic and topographic (topoclimatic) variables. The current distribution with four predictions of mild to severe Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.5, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) were entered into the principal component analysis (PCA) each year to achieve the heterogeneity of distribution. Then, the ROHH was calculated for areas with fluctuations of more than 50%. The topoclimatic variables in the ROHH were compared with the value of each variable in the current distribution in different landforms. The climatic variables of temperature seasonality and mean diurnal range had the greatest impact on M. peregrina distribution. There was more than 90% spatial agreement between the species current and potential distributions under different climate change scenarios (minimum Kappa = 0.9). In climate change scenarios, increase in species distribution is mainly limited by reduced rainfall, high temperature and altitude. The heterogeneity of habitat variables varied greatly in the ROHH and current presence points, indicating the species attempt to occupy new ecological niches. The highest distribution of the species was in the canyons and mountain tops, and the species seeks to occupy these areas in the ROHH. The magnitude of fluctuations of habitat variables at the presence points and the ROHH was different, indicating the species crossing the current niche range to establish in new niche. The mean diurnal range (Bio2) and annual precipitation (Bio12) variables had the lowest heterogeneity in 2050 and 2070 scenarios. This study reports that the fluctuation of habitat variables in areas with high heterogeneity was different from the current distribution range of M. pereg-rina . No significant fluctuation was found in the distribution range of the species in climate change scenarios
{"title":"Fluctuation of the ecological niche of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori with topoclimatic heterogeneity in southern Iran","authors":"H. P. Sahragard, P. Karami, M. Ajorlo, M. Marchi","doi":"10.3832/ifor4196-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4196-015","url":null,"abstract":"Heterogeneity can be studied for any dynamic or fixed environmental factors over time. However, determining the extent of heterogeneity occurrence in terms of habitat suitability, variability of dynamic and fixed factors, as well as landform role is an issue that has received less attention. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of Moringa peregrina at two climate change scenarios, to identify the Region of High Heterogenetic (ROHH) of the habitats in those scenarios and to ascertain the heterogeneity of habitat variables of the species in southern Iran. The current and potential distributions of the species in mild and severe climate change scenarios of 2050 and 2070, respectively, were modeled through the Ensemble technique using the climatic and topographic (topoclimatic) variables. The current distribution with four predictions of mild to severe Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.5, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) were entered into the principal component analysis (PCA) each year to achieve the heterogeneity of distribution. Then, the ROHH was calculated for areas with fluctuations of more than 50%. The topoclimatic variables in the ROHH were compared with the value of each variable in the current distribution in different landforms. The climatic variables of temperature seasonality and mean diurnal range had the greatest impact on M. peregrina distribution. There was more than 90% spatial agreement between the species current and potential distributions under different climate change scenarios (minimum Kappa = 0.9). In climate change scenarios, increase in species distribution is mainly limited by reduced rainfall, high temperature and altitude. The heterogeneity of habitat variables varied greatly in the ROHH and current presence points, indicating the species attempt to occupy new ecological niches. The highest distribution of the species was in the canyons and mountain tops, and the species seeks to occupy these areas in the ROHH. The magnitude of fluctuations of habitat variables at the presence points and the ROHH was different, indicating the species crossing the current niche range to establish in new niche. The mean diurnal range (Bio2) and annual precipitation (Bio12) variables had the lowest heterogeneity in 2050 and 2070 scenarios. This study reports that the fluctuation of habitat variables in areas with high heterogeneity was different from the current distribution range of M. pereg-rina . No significant fluctuation was found in the distribution range of the species in climate change scenarios","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73964778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taher Mechergui, M. Pardos, N. Boussaidi, D. Jacobs, F. Catry, G. Minotta
This study aimed to review the requirements and difficulties of natural and artificial regeneration of cork oak ( Quercus suber L.) in the Mediterranean Basin. Cork oak regeneration is achieved naturally by means of sexual or vegetative reproduction (by seeds or by sprouting), or artificially through direct seeding, or seedling planting. Both natural and artificial regeneration of cork oak frequently encounter numerous difficulties which limit the ecological conditions for cork oak regeneration, including acorn predation, slow growth, vegetative competition, browsing of seedlings, fires, pests and diseases, and summer drought. We reviewed the state of the art of these difficulties and summarize the potential solutions for each regeneration form.
{"title":"Problems and solutions to cork oak (Quercus suber L.) regeneration: a review","authors":"Taher Mechergui, M. Pardos, N. Boussaidi, D. Jacobs, F. Catry, G. Minotta","doi":"10.3832/ifor3945-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3945-015","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to review the requirements and difficulties of natural and artificial regeneration of cork oak ( Quercus suber L.) in the Mediterranean Basin. Cork oak regeneration is achieved naturally by means of sexual or vegetative reproduction (by seeds or by sprouting), or artificially through direct seeding, or seedling planting. Both natural and artificial regeneration of cork oak frequently encounter numerous difficulties which limit the ecological conditions for cork oak regeneration, including acorn predation, slow growth, vegetative competition, browsing of seedlings, fires, pests and diseases, and summer drought. We reviewed the state of the art of these difficulties and summarize the potential solutions for each regeneration form.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85348388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Marcon, J. Viguier, K. Candelier, M. Thévenon, J. Butaud, L. Pignolet, Adélaïde Gartili, L. Denaud, R. Collet, M. Romagnoli
Plywood made of poplar are limited to indoor usages since poplar exhibits a rather low natural durability. Recently, wood heat treatments have been applied to improve properties such as decay susceptibility and dimensional stability. This study examines the potential of exposing poplar plywood to heat treatment to extend the potential of applications of this engineered wood product to outdoor end uses, and new markets accordingly. Plywood panels were glued with two different adhesive formulations based on the same melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin to compare their respective ability to resist to the heat treatment. These different plywoods were thermally modified in saturated steam conditions at 215 °C for 2 hours following the Ther-moWood ® process, up to reach 14% in mass loss. The durability improvement brought by the heat treatment was assessed in order to evaluate any possible outdoor uses for such plywood. After all the conducted analyses, the potential to use heat treated poplar plywoods in humid interior and protected exterior service conditions was confirmed.
{"title":"Heat treatment of poplar plywood: modifications in physical, mechanical and durability properties","authors":"B. Marcon, J. Viguier, K. Candelier, M. Thévenon, J. Butaud, L. Pignolet, Adélaïde Gartili, L. Denaud, R. Collet, M. Romagnoli","doi":"10.3832/ifor4159-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4159-015","url":null,"abstract":"Plywood made of poplar are limited to indoor usages since poplar exhibits a rather low natural durability. Recently, wood heat treatments have been applied to improve properties such as decay susceptibility and dimensional stability. This study examines the potential of exposing poplar plywood to heat treatment to extend the potential of applications of this engineered wood product to outdoor end uses, and new markets accordingly. Plywood panels were glued with two different adhesive formulations based on the same melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin to compare their respective ability to resist to the heat treatment. These different plywoods were thermally modified in saturated steam conditions at 215 °C for 2 hours following the Ther-moWood ® process, up to reach 14% in mass loss. The durability improvement brought by the heat treatment was assessed in order to evaluate any possible outdoor uses for such plywood. After all the conducted analyses, the potential to use heat treated poplar plywoods in humid interior and protected exterior service conditions was confirmed.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84630738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Models of forest growth and yield provide important information on stand and tree developments and the interactions of these developments with silvicultural treatments. These models have been developed based on assumptions such as independence of observations, uncorrelated error terms, and error terms with constant variance; if these factors are absent, there may be problems with multicollinearity, autocorrelation, or heteroscedasticity, respectively. These problems, which have several adverse effects on parameter estimates, are statistical phenomena and must be avoided. In recent years, the artificial neural network (ANN) model, thanks to its superior features such as the ability to make successful predictions and the absence of the requirement for statistical assumptions, has been commonly used in forestry modeling. However, while goodness-of-fit measures were taken into consideration in the assessment of ANN models, the control of the biological characteristics of model predictions was ignored. In this study, variable-density yield models were developed using nonlinear regression and ANN techniques. These modeling techniques were compared based on some goodness-of-fit measures and the principles of forest yield. The results showed that ANN models were more successful in meeting expected biological patterns than regression models.
{"title":"Yield of forests in Ankara Regional Directory of Forestry in Turkey: comparison of regression and artificial neural network models based on statistical and biological behaviors","authors":"Ferhat Bolat, İlker Ercanli, A. Günlü, M. Marchi","doi":"10.3832/ifor4116-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4116-015","url":null,"abstract":"Models of forest growth and yield provide important information on stand and tree developments and the interactions of these developments with silvicultural treatments. These models have been developed based on assumptions such as independence of observations, uncorrelated error terms, and error terms with constant variance; if these factors are absent, there may be problems with multicollinearity, autocorrelation, or heteroscedasticity, respectively. These problems, which have several adverse effects on parameter estimates, are statistical phenomena and must be avoided. In recent years, the artificial neural network (ANN) model, thanks to its superior features such as the ability to make successful predictions and the absence of the requirement for statistical assumptions, has been commonly used in forestry modeling. However, while goodness-of-fit measures were taken into consideration in the assessment of ANN models, the control of the biological characteristics of model predictions was ignored. In this study, variable-density yield models were developed using nonlinear regression and ANN techniques. These modeling techniques were compared based on some goodness-of-fit measures and the principles of forest yield. The results showed that ANN models were more successful in meeting expected biological patterns than regression models.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91381293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Spinelli, Barnabáš Kováč, Patrik Heger, N. Magagnotti, R. Picchio
Short rotation poplar plantations grow on flat and even terrain, and the inter-row spacing is wide enough for easy machine access. If the terrain is firm enough, one may consider moving the classic roadside chipping operation directly into the field ( i.e. , terrain chipping), thus saving on wood extraction cost. This study compared the efficiency and cost of roadside and terrain chip-ping conducted with exactly the same equipment, to assess the benefits offered by the versatile deployment of a standard chipping operation, whereby the operation can be moved inside the stand whenever terrain conditions are suitable. The study was conducted at 12 sample plots, containing about one truck load of chips each ( i.e. , approximately 11 bone-dry tons or BDT). Plots were arranged as alternate windrows on a 8.5 ha field. Data was collected for the whole supply chain, from field to factory. The factory was located 14 km from the field. Delivered cost was 53 € BDT -1 and 70 € BDT -1 for roadside and terrain chipping, respectively, i.e. , terrain chipping was 1/3 more expensive than roadside chipping, even if the latter included the additional cost of forwarding the residues to the roadside. The chipper-truck used for the test could not cope with small scattered residue piles (32 BDT ha -1 ), and the cum-bersome reposition maneuver became the main hurdle to efficient operation. Further improvements might be achieved by pre-bunching the residues, introducing a dedicated terrain chipper or bundling the residues and taking the bundles to the factory for centralized chipping.
{"title":"Logging residue chipping options for short rotation poplar plantations","authors":"R. Spinelli, Barnabáš Kováč, Patrik Heger, N. Magagnotti, R. Picchio","doi":"10.3832/ifor4130-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4130-015","url":null,"abstract":"Short rotation poplar plantations grow on flat and even terrain, and the inter-row spacing is wide enough for easy machine access. If the terrain is firm enough, one may consider moving the classic roadside chipping operation directly into the field ( i.e. , terrain chipping), thus saving on wood extraction cost. This study compared the efficiency and cost of roadside and terrain chip-ping conducted with exactly the same equipment, to assess the benefits offered by the versatile deployment of a standard chipping operation, whereby the operation can be moved inside the stand whenever terrain conditions are suitable. The study was conducted at 12 sample plots, containing about one truck load of chips each ( i.e. , approximately 11 bone-dry tons or BDT). Plots were arranged as alternate windrows on a 8.5 ha field. Data was collected for the whole supply chain, from field to factory. The factory was located 14 km from the field. Delivered cost was 53 € BDT -1 and 70 € BDT -1 for roadside and terrain chipping, respectively, i.e. , terrain chipping was 1/3 more expensive than roadside chipping, even if the latter included the additional cost of forwarding the residues to the roadside. The chipper-truck used for the test could not cope with small scattered residue piles (32 BDT ha -1 ), and the cum-bersome reposition maneuver became the main hurdle to efficient operation. Further improvements might be achieved by pre-bunching the residues, introducing a dedicated terrain chipper or bundling the residues and taking the bundles to the factory for centralized chipping.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89566484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maximilian Axer, S. Martens, R. Schlicht, D. Eisenhauer, S. Wagner, M. Borghetti
In the course of climate change, natural regeneration of oaks ( Quercus spp.) is gaining in importance for forest conversion to climate-adapted mixed forests. In order to predict areas in which natural oak regeneration could establish, variables influencing the occurrence and density of oak regeneration were identified using geostatistical zero-altered negative binomial generalized linear models (ZANB). For this purpose, large-scale inventory data from the state forest of Saxony were analysed. The dataset was derived from 6060 permanent plots. The results show that the occurrence of oak regeneration depends on a number of environmental variables. In addition to seed availability, the establishment environment, especially with regard to the light ecology of oak regeneration, was important. High basal area of pine increased the probability for oak regeneration occurrence. The most important variables for the regeneration density of oak have similarly been found to be those describing the seed availability. The highest regeneration densities are predicted within oak stands, with an optimum relationship at 25 m 2 ha -1 of oak basal area. The re-sults further show that a high regeneration density was achieved on sites with low fertility and favourable light conditions. Oak regeneration density increased with increasing browsing percent on rowan, indicating that browsing on oak can be reduced if other palatable species are available. Using the identified variables, the occurrence and density of oak regeneration can be predicted in space with high accuracy. The statistical tool developed can be used for planning forest conversion incorporating natural regeneration.
在气候变化的过程中，橡树(Quercus spp.)的自然更新对于森林向适应气候的混交林的转变越来越重要。为了预测橡树自然再生的区域，采用地质统计学零改变负二项广义线性模型(ZANB)确定了影响橡树再生发生和密度的变量。为此，对萨克森州国家森林的大规模清查数据进行了分析。该数据集来自6060个永久地块。结果表明，栎树再生的发生取决于许多环境变量。除了种子可得性外，橡树再生的环境，特别是光生态，也很重要。松的高基材面积增加了栎树再生发生的可能性。橡树再生密度最重要的变量同样被发现是那些描述种子可用性的变量。预测再生密度最高的栎树林分，在栎树基面积25 m2 ha -1时关系最佳。结果进一步表明，在低肥力和有利光照条件下，再生密度较高。橡木的再生密度随花楸取食率的增加而增加，这表明如果有其他可食用树种，则可以减少对橡木的取食。利用识别的变量，可以在空间上高精度地预测橡木再生的发生和密度。所开发的统计工具可用于规划纳入自然更新的森林转换。
{"title":"Modelling natural regeneration of Oak in Saxony, Germany: identifying factors influencing the occurrence and density of regeneration","authors":"Maximilian Axer, S. Martens, R. Schlicht, D. Eisenhauer, S. Wagner, M. Borghetti","doi":"10.3832/ifor4064-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4064-015","url":null,"abstract":"In the course of climate change, natural regeneration of oaks ( Quercus spp.) is gaining in importance for forest conversion to climate-adapted mixed forests. In order to predict areas in which natural oak regeneration could establish, variables influencing the occurrence and density of oak regeneration were identified using geostatistical zero-altered negative binomial generalized linear models (ZANB). For this purpose, large-scale inventory data from the state forest of Saxony were analysed. The dataset was derived from 6060 permanent plots. The results show that the occurrence of oak regeneration depends on a number of environmental variables. In addition to seed availability, the establishment environment, especially with regard to the light ecology of oak regeneration, was important. High basal area of pine increased the probability for oak regeneration occurrence. The most important variables for the regeneration density of oak have similarly been found to be those describing the seed availability. The highest regeneration densities are predicted within oak stands, with an optimum relationship at 25 m 2 ha -1 of oak basal area. The re-sults further show that a high regeneration density was achieved on sites with low fertility and favourable light conditions. Oak regeneration density increased with increasing browsing percent on rowan, indicating that browsing on oak can be reduced if other palatable species are available. Using the identified variables, the occurrence and density of oak regeneration can be predicted in space with high accuracy. The statistical tool developed can be used for planning forest conversion incorporating natural regeneration.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87286287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Souza Rezende, FJ Freire, Jcd Araújo Filho, Mbg Dos Santos Freire, B. Gomes de Almeida, LR Costa Santos
Deforestation of Caatinga and inadequate land use of these dry environments have impacted soil quality in Northeastern Brazil. The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of deforestation and different agricultural uses on the physical and chemical properties of soil, and humic fractions of soil organic matter in dry environments; and (b) to detect the soil properties that were most affected by anthropic actions. We evaluated four dry areas in Chapada do Araripe, NE Brazil: preserved native vegetation; degraded native vegetation; cassava conventional cultivation; and eucalyptus agro-energy cultivation. Soil fertility, total organic carbon and humic fractions of soil organic matter were lower in the degraded native vegetation area. The best indicators for soil quality evaluation were: macroporosity; bulk density; soil resistance penetration; sum of bases (mainly Ca 2+ ); available P; and saturation by Al 3+ . Total organic carbon and humic acid fractions of soil organic matter were important in improving soil quality. These properties were influenced by deforestation and agricultural uses, suggesting that the deforestation of native vegetation in dry environments has high capacity to degrade the soil, preventing its regeneration.
{"title":"Impact of deforestation on the soil physical and chemical attributes, and humic fraction of organic matter in dry environments in Brazil","authors":"J. Souza Rezende, FJ Freire, Jcd Araújo Filho, Mbg Dos Santos Freire, B. Gomes de Almeida, LR Costa Santos","doi":"10.3832/ifor4016-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4016-015","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation of Caatinga and inadequate land use of these dry environments have impacted soil quality in Northeastern Brazil. The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of deforestation and different agricultural uses on the physical and chemical properties of soil, and humic fractions of soil organic matter in dry environments; and (b) to detect the soil properties that were most affected by anthropic actions. We evaluated four dry areas in Chapada do Araripe, NE Brazil: preserved native vegetation; degraded native vegetation; cassava conventional cultivation; and eucalyptus agro-energy cultivation. Soil fertility, total organic carbon and humic fractions of soil organic matter were lower in the degraded native vegetation area. The best indicators for soil quality evaluation were: macroporosity; bulk density; soil resistance penetration; sum of bases (mainly Ca 2+ ); available P; and saturation by Al 3+ . Total organic carbon and humic acid fractions of soil organic matter were important in improving soil quality. These properties were influenced by deforestation and agricultural uses, suggesting that the deforestation of native vegetation in dry environments has high capacity to degrade the soil, preventing its regeneration.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75517497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. de Frutos, J. Bravo-Fernández, S. Roig-Gómez, M. del Río, R. Ruiz-Peinado
{"title":"Natural regeneration and species diversification after seed-tree method cutting in a maritime pine reforestation","authors":"S. de Frutos, J. Bravo-Fernández, S. Roig-Gómez, M. del Río, R. Ruiz-Peinado","doi":"10.3832/ifor4088-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4088-015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86553994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Successful management of young, fire-prone Calabrian pine forests requires an accurate characterization of surface and canopy fuel loads at stand level. This study characterizes the surface and canopy fuel characteristics in unthinned Calabrian pine plantations in Turkey. Fifteen sample plots were measured to determine the surface and crown fuel characteristics of very young, young and middle aged Calabrian pine stands (10 to 28 years old). Thirty-six trees were destructively sampled to quantify the crown fuel loads and canopy fuel characteristics of the stands. Surface fuel load ranged from 11.38 t ha -1 in the young stands to 35.27 t ha -1 in the middle aged stands. Dead fuel load as ladder fuels on the trees ranged from 0.77 kg in very young stands to 13.56 kg in the young stands. Live fuel loads on the trees ranged from 0.77 kg to 23.29 kg in the young aged stands. Total active crown fuel load was 58.7%, 52.1% and 49.5% of total crown fuel load in very young, young and middle aged stands, respec-tively. Our results improve the current crown fuel model predictions and showed the importance of dead fuel load in fire management studies both for the determination of crown fuel loads and the calculation of carbon stocks.
成功地管理年轻的、易发生火灾的卡拉布里亚松林需要准确地描述林分水平的地表和树冠燃料负荷。本研究描述了土耳其未稀疏的卡拉布里亚松林的地表和树冠燃料特性。测量了15个样地，以确定非常年轻，年轻和中年卡拉布里亚松林(10至28岁)的表面和树冠燃料特性。为了量化林分树冠燃料负荷和林冠燃料特性，对36棵林分进行了破坏性取样。地表燃料负荷从年轻林分的11.38 t ha -1到中年林分的35.27 t ha -1不等。作为阶梯燃料的死燃料负荷在幼龄林的0.77 kg到幼龄林的13.56 kg之间。在幼龄林分，树木的活燃料负荷从0.77 kg到23.29 kg不等。幼龄林分、青壮年林分和中年林分活性树冠燃料负荷分别占总树冠燃料负荷的58.7%、52.1%和49.5%。我们的研究结果改进了目前的冠状燃料模型预测，并显示了死燃料负荷在火灾管理研究中的重要性，无论是冠状燃料负荷的确定还是碳储量的计算。
{"title":"Fuel characterization and crown fuel load prediction in non-treated Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) plantation areas","authors":"M. Yurtgan, I. Baysal, O. Küçük","doi":"10.3832/ifor4048-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4048-015","url":null,"abstract":"Successful management of young, fire-prone Calabrian pine forests requires an accurate characterization of surface and canopy fuel loads at stand level. This study characterizes the surface and canopy fuel characteristics in unthinned Calabrian pine plantations in Turkey. Fifteen sample plots were measured to determine the surface and crown fuel characteristics of very young, young and middle aged Calabrian pine stands (10 to 28 years old). Thirty-six trees were destructively sampled to quantify the crown fuel loads and canopy fuel characteristics of the stands. Surface fuel load ranged from 11.38 t ha -1 in the young stands to 35.27 t ha -1 in the middle aged stands. Dead fuel load as ladder fuels on the trees ranged from 0.77 kg in very young stands to 13.56 kg in the young stands. Live fuel loads on the trees ranged from 0.77 kg to 23.29 kg in the young aged stands. Total active crown fuel load was 58.7%, 52.1% and 49.5% of total crown fuel load in very young, young and middle aged stands, respec-tively. Our results improve the current crown fuel model predictions and showed the importance of dead fuel load in fire management studies both for the determination of crown fuel loads and the calculation of carbon stocks.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89020928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Maesano, G. Santopuoli, FV Moresi, G. Matteucci, B. Lasserre, G. Scarascia Mugnozza
Knowledge of forest biomass is an essential parameter for managing the forest in a sustainable way, as forest biomass data availability and reliability are nec-essary for forestry and forest planning, but also for the carbon market as well as to support the local economy in the mountain and inner areas. However, the accurate quantification of the above-ground biomass (AGB) is still a chal-lenge both at the local and global levels. The use of remote sensing techniques with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms can be an excellent trade-off between resolution, scale, and frequency data of AGB estimation. In this study, we evaluated the combined use of RGB images from UAV, LiDAR data and ground truth data to estimate AGB in a forested watershed in Southern Italy. A low-cost AGB estimation method was adopted using a commercial fixed-wing drone equipped with an RGB camera, combined with the canopy information derived by LiDAR and validated by field data. Two modelling methods (stepwise regression, SR and random forest, RF) were used to estimate forest AGB. The output was an accurate maps of AGB for each model. The RF model showed better accuracy than the Steplm model, and the R 2 increased from 0.81 to 0.86, and the RMSE and MAE values were decreased from 45.5 to 31.7 Mg ha -1 and from 34.2 to 22.1 Mg ha -1 respectively. We demonstrated that by increas-ing the computing efficiency through a machine learning algorithm, readily available images can be used to obtain satisfactory results, as proven by the accuracy of the Random forest above biomass estimation model.
森林生物量知识是以可持续方式管理森林的一个重要参数，因为森林生物量数据的可用性和可靠性对于林业和森林规划至关重要，而且对于碳市场以及支持山区和内陆地区的当地经济也是必不可少的。然而，准确量化地上生物量(AGB)在地方和全球层面仍然是一个挑战。在无人机平台上使用遥感技术可以在AGB估计的分辨率、尺度和频率数据之间进行很好的权衡。在这项研究中，我们评估了无人机RGB图像、激光雷达数据和地面真实数据的组合使用，以估计意大利南部森林流域的AGB。采用搭载RGB相机的商用固定翼无人机，结合激光雷达获取的冠层信息，采用低成本的AGB估计方法，并通过现场数据进行验证。采用逐步回归(SR)和随机森林(RF)两种建模方法估算森林AGB。输出是每个模型的AGB的精确地图。RF模型比Steplm模型精度更高，r2由0.81提高到0.86,RMSE和MAE分别由45.5和31.7 Mg ha -1和34.2降低到22.1 Mg ha -1。我们证明，通过机器学习算法提高计算效率，可以使用现成的图像获得令人满意的结果，正如随机森林以上生物量估计模型的准确性所证明的那样。
{"title":"Above ground biomass estimation from UAV high resolution RGB images and LiDAR data in a pine forest in Southern Italy","authors":"M. Maesano, G. Santopuoli, FV Moresi, G. Matteucci, B. Lasserre, G. Scarascia Mugnozza","doi":"10.3832/ifor3781-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3781-015","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of forest biomass is an essential parameter for managing the forest in a sustainable way, as forest biomass data availability and reliability are nec-essary for forestry and forest planning, but also for the carbon market as well as to support the local economy in the mountain and inner areas. However, the accurate quantification of the above-ground biomass (AGB) is still a chal-lenge both at the local and global levels. The use of remote sensing techniques with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms can be an excellent trade-off between resolution, scale, and frequency data of AGB estimation. In this study, we evaluated the combined use of RGB images from UAV, LiDAR data and ground truth data to estimate AGB in a forested watershed in Southern Italy. A low-cost AGB estimation method was adopted using a commercial fixed-wing drone equipped with an RGB camera, combined with the canopy information derived by LiDAR and validated by field data. Two modelling methods (stepwise regression, SR and random forest, RF) were used to estimate forest AGB. The output was an accurate maps of AGB for each model. The RF model showed better accuracy than the Steplm model, and the R 2 increased from 0.81 to 0.86, and the RMSE and MAE values were decreased from 45.5 to 31.7 Mg ha -1 and from 34.2 to 22.1 Mg ha -1 respectively. We demonstrated that by increas-ing the computing efficiency through a machine learning algorithm, readily available images can be used to obtain satisfactory results, as proven by the accuracy of the Random forest above biomass estimation model.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81724600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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