S. Bianchi, Daesung Lee, S. Bergante, G. Facciotto, J. Hynynen, G. Nervo, A. Cutini
Renewable bioenergy has the potential to contribute sustainably to the energy sector. Forestry is the main source of biomass for energy in Europe, and poplar (genus Populus ) is widely used for short rotation coppice (SRC). Many studies have assessed poplar clones’ productivity but there is a lack of regional studies and links with the climate. We investigated the biomass productivity of twenty hybrid poplar clones for SRC. Clones were planted in sixteen locations across nine countries in Europe, although not all clones were replicated in all locations. In each location, clones were planted in three replicated plots. All plots were harvested after four years, and the aboveground dry biomass estimated. We fitted clone-specific linear mixed models of total aboveground dry biomass production at plot level as function of climatic variables. For many clones (eight) only annual heat moisture deficit negatively affected productivity, in few cases (3) together with a quadratic term for a smoother relationship. In some other clones (five) only the mean summer precipitation positively and linearly affected productivity. On average, the variance explained by the fixed effects in those models was 56%. For the remaining clones (seven), no climate variables resulted significant. Our study explicitly investigated the quantitative link between water availability and poplar SRC productivity, one of the most important known factors but not often studied with a modelling approach. Further, we show the most productive clones in dried conditions. We also highlight the need to larger scale regional experiments to produce models that can be used in climate change scenarios.
{"title":"Climate-wise models of biomass productivity for hybrid poplar clones in Europe","authors":"S. Bianchi, Daesung Lee, S. Bergante, G. Facciotto, J. Hynynen, G. Nervo, A. Cutini","doi":"10.3832/ifor4211-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4211-016","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable bioenergy has the potential to contribute sustainably to the energy sector. Forestry is the main source of biomass for energy in Europe, and poplar (genus Populus ) is widely used for short rotation coppice (SRC). Many studies have assessed poplar clones’ productivity but there is a lack of regional studies and links with the climate. We investigated the biomass productivity of twenty hybrid poplar clones for SRC. Clones were planted in sixteen locations across nine countries in Europe, although not all clones were replicated in all locations. In each location, clones were planted in three replicated plots. All plots were harvested after four years, and the aboveground dry biomass estimated. We fitted clone-specific linear mixed models of total aboveground dry biomass production at plot level as function of climatic variables. For many clones (eight) only annual heat moisture deficit negatively affected productivity, in few cases (3) together with a quadratic term for a smoother relationship. In some other clones (five) only the mean summer precipitation positively and linearly affected productivity. On average, the variance explained by the fixed effects in those models was 56%. For the remaining clones (seven), no climate variables resulted significant. Our study explicitly investigated the quantitative link between water availability and poplar SRC productivity, one of the most important known factors but not often studied with a modelling approach. Further, we show the most productive clones in dried conditions. We also highlight the need to larger scale regional experiments to produce models that can be used in climate change scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90523431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hls Farias, Pacl Pequeno, W. A. Priyanka P. Silva, VF Melo, L. Carvalho, Rdo Perdiz, AC Citó, PM Fearnside, R. Barbosa
Wood density (WD) is an important functional trait of tree species. Understanding spatial WD variability as a function of environmental determinants improves our ability to estimate carbon stocks in the woody biomass of tropical forests. However, the role of each environmental variable affecting the in- tra-and interspecific variability of WD is not entirely clear for most forest ecosystems. In Amazonia there are recurrent uncertainties in estimates of regional woody biomass. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the intra-and interspecific variability of WD for tree assemblages in forests of the northern Brazilian Amazon. A single sample was extracted from each of 680 individuals (108 species, 82 genera, 38 families; stem diameter ≥10 cm) dispersed among 129 plots distributed along a hydro-edaphic gradient. General community-averaged WD (0.703 ± 0.133 g cm -3 ; range: 0.203 to 1.102 g cm -3 ) was high in relation to other Amazonian areas because 62% of the species and 69% of the sampled individuals had high WD values (>0.650 g cm -3 ). Altitude (a proxy for drainage), clay and soil micronutrient content explained 23% of the spatial variation in WD. Partitioning WD variation into species-substitution (turnover) and intraspecific-variation components slightly increased the explanatory power to 26%. The analysis of inter-specific variability showed that forests occurring in seasonally flooded areas are characterized by tree assemblages with species tolerant to P-poor soils, where mean WD (0.742 g cm -3 ) is about 4% higher than the mean (0.713 g cm -3 ) for tree assemblages on unflooded uplands where soils have less limitations from nutrient poverty. Our results represent an improvement in the estimates of biomass because they promote adjustments (1.4%-16.3%) to the previous estimates of woody biomass in the northern Brazilian Amazon forests considering different environmental conditions.
木材密度(WD)是树种的一项重要功能性状。将空间WD变异性理解为环境决定因素的函数可以提高我们估计热带森林木质生物量碳储量的能力。然而，对于大多数森林生态系统来说，每个环境变量对WD的种内变异性和种间变异性的影响并不完全清楚。在亚马逊地区，对区域木质生物量的估计经常存在不确定性。本研究的目的是研究环境条件对巴西北部亚马逊森林树木群落WD的种内和种间变异的影响。从38科82属108种680个个体中各提取1份样本;茎径≥10 cm)分布在129个样地，沿水势梯度分布。一般社区平均WD(0.703±0.133 g cm -3);范围为0.203 ~ 1.102 g cm -3)， 62%的物种和69%的样本个体具有高WD值(>0.650 g cm -3)。海拔(排水指标)、粘土和土壤微量元素含量解释了23%的WD空间变异。将WD变异划分为物种替代(更替)和种内变异两部分，解释力略提高至26%。种间变异分析表明，季节性洪泛区的森林以耐贫磷土壤的乔木组合为特征，其平均WD (0.742 g cm -3)比土壤受养分缺乏限制较少的非洪泛区乔木组合的平均值(0.713 g cm -3)高约4%。我们的结果代表了生物量估计值的改进，因为它们促进了对巴西北部亚马逊森林中先前考虑不同环境条件的木质生物量估计值的调整(1.4%-16.3%)。
{"title":"Amazon forest biomass: intra- and interspecific variability in wood density drive divergences in Brazil’s far north","authors":"Hls Farias, Pacl Pequeno, W. A. Priyanka P. Silva, VF Melo, L. Carvalho, Rdo Perdiz, AC Citó, PM Fearnside, R. Barbosa","doi":"10.3832/ifor4137-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4137-016","url":null,"abstract":"Wood density (WD) is an important functional trait of tree species. Understanding spatial WD variability as a function of environmental determinants improves our ability to estimate carbon stocks in the woody biomass of tropical forests. However, the role of each environmental variable affecting the in- tra-and interspecific variability of WD is not entirely clear for most forest ecosystems. In Amazonia there are recurrent uncertainties in estimates of regional woody biomass. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the intra-and interspecific variability of WD for tree assemblages in forests of the northern Brazilian Amazon. A single sample was extracted from each of 680 individuals (108 species, 82 genera, 38 families; stem diameter ≥10 cm) dispersed among 129 plots distributed along a hydro-edaphic gradient. General community-averaged WD (0.703 ± 0.133 g cm -3 ; range: 0.203 to 1.102 g cm -3 ) was high in relation to other Amazonian areas because 62% of the species and 69% of the sampled individuals had high WD values (>0.650 g cm -3 ). Altitude (a proxy for drainage), clay and soil micronutrient content explained 23% of the spatial variation in WD. Partitioning WD variation into species-substitution (turnover) and intraspecific-variation components slightly increased the explanatory power to 26%. The analysis of inter-specific variability showed that forests occurring in seasonally flooded areas are characterized by tree assemblages with species tolerant to P-poor soils, where mean WD (0.742 g cm -3 ) is about 4% higher than the mean (0.713 g cm -3 ) for tree assemblages on unflooded uplands where soils have less limitations from nutrient poverty. Our results represent an improvement in the estimates of biomass because they promote adjustments (1.4%-16.3%) to the previous estimates of woody biomass in the northern Brazilian Amazon forests considering different environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90464673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HK Viana Santos, R. Borges De Lima, RL Figueiredo De Souza, D. Cardoso, PW Moonlight, T. Teixeira Silva, C. A. Pereira de Oliveira, FT Alves Júnior, E. Veenendaal, L. PAGANUCCI DE QUEIROZ, PM Rodrigues, RM Dos Santos, T. Sarkinen, A. de Paula, Pab Barreto-Garcia, T. Pennington, O. Phillips
{"title":"Spatial distribution of aboveground biomass stock in tropical dry forest in Brazil","authors":"HK Viana Santos, R. Borges De Lima, RL Figueiredo De Souza, D. Cardoso, PW Moonlight, T. Teixeira Silva, C. A. Pereira de Oliveira, FT Alves Júnior, E. Veenendaal, L. PAGANUCCI DE QUEIROZ, PM Rodrigues, RM Dos Santos, T. Sarkinen, A. de Paula, Pab Barreto-Garcia, T. Pennington, O. Phillips","doi":"10.3832/ifor4104-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4104-016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"72 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89179678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian-hong Yang, L. Chang, Kai-Chi Hsu, C. Fan, D. Doley, G. Song, Michael Song, G. Vacchiano
While the mitigating effects of trees on shallow landslide occurrence are well recognised, the impact of landslides on tree community structure and tree-tree interactions have received much less research attention. The structures of tree communities before and after landslides were compared in a 25-ha subtropical forest plot. Tree-tree interactions were examined by analysing the pre-and post-landslide spatial point patterns of large (DBH ≥ 20 cm) and small (1 cm ≤ DBH < 20 cm) tree cohorts. In landslide scarps, 35 (34%) of 104 large trees and 467 (13%) of 3,072 small trees survived. Large (L) and small (S) tree cohorts were paired together for spatial analyses, including pre-landslide ( PL ) (L PL -S PL ), surviving ( S ) (L S -S S ), and missing ( M ) large-small tree paired cohorts (L M - S M ). We randomly selected trees from the pre-landslide tree cohorts to create two virtual paired cohorts, the L 34% -S 13% and L 66% -S 87% paired cohorts, whose population sizes were identical to the field-observed L S -S S and L M -S M paired cohorts respectively, but with random spatial patterns. Post-landslide survival rates of trees increased monotonically with DBH. Large trees dislodged by landslides scarcely reduced small-tree survival. Evidence for this included: (i) the distance from small trees to the nearest large trees of the L M -S M paired cohort did not differ significantly from that of the virtual L 66% -S 87% paired cohort; (ii) survival rates of small trees near L M individuals did not differ significantly from those without large trees nearby. Surviving large trees had positive effects on the survival of small trees, indicated by: (i) the distance from small trees to the nearest large trees of the L S -S S paired cohort was significantly lower than that of the virtual L 34% -S 13% paired cohort; (ii) S S individuals clumped around L S individuals, whereas the virtual L 34% -S 13% spatial relationship was random. Large trees prevent landslide dislodgement of adjacent small trees through the nurse-plant effect. Our study suggests that landslide damage in sloping forests may be reduced simply by constantly maintaining a critical density of large trees.
虽然树木对浅层滑坡的缓解作用已得到充分认识，但滑坡对树木群落结构和树-树相互作用的影响却很少得到研究关注。对25 ha亚热带森林滑坡前后树木群落结构进行了比较。通过分析滑坡前和滑坡后大(胸径≥20 cm)和小(1 cm≤胸径< 20 cm)树群的空间点格局，研究了树与树之间的相互作用。在滑坡坡面，104棵大树中有35棵(34%)存活，3072棵小树中有467棵(13%)存活。将大(L)和小(S)树队列配对在一起进行空间分析，包括滑坡前(PL) (L PL -S PL)、幸存(S) (L S -S S)和缺失(M)大小树木配对队列(L M -S M)。我们从滑坡前的树木队列中随机选择树木，创建了两个虚拟成对队列，l34% - s13%和l66% - s87%成对队列，其种群大小分别与现场观察到的L S -S S和L M -S M成对队列相同，但具有随机的空间模式。滑坡后树木成活率随胸径单调增加。被山体滑坡移走的大树几乎没有减少小树的存活。这方面的证据包括:(i) L M -S M配对队列的小树到最近的大树的距离与虚拟L 66% -S 87%配对队列没有显著差异;(ii)靠近lm个体的小树存活率与附近没有大树的存活率无显著差异。大树成活对小树成活有正向影响，表现为:(1)L S -S -S配对组小树到最近大树的距离显著低于虚拟L 34% -S - 13%配对组;(ii) S -S个体聚集在L -S个体周围，而虚拟L - 34% -S - 13%的空间关系是随机的。大树通过护生植物的作用防止相邻小树的滑坡移动。我们的研究表明，只要持续保持一个临界的大树密度，就可以减少坡地森林的滑坡损害。
{"title":"The nurse-plant effect under the dislodgement stress of landslides","authors":"Jian-hong Yang, L. Chang, Kai-Chi Hsu, C. Fan, D. Doley, G. Song, Michael Song, G. Vacchiano","doi":"10.3832/ifor4017-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4017-015","url":null,"abstract":"While the mitigating effects of trees on shallow landslide occurrence are well recognised, the impact of landslides on tree community structure and tree-tree interactions have received much less research attention. The structures of tree communities before and after landslides were compared in a 25-ha subtropical forest plot. Tree-tree interactions were examined by analysing the pre-and post-landslide spatial point patterns of large (DBH ≥ 20 cm) and small (1 cm ≤ DBH < 20 cm) tree cohorts. In landslide scarps, 35 (34%) of 104 large trees and 467 (13%) of 3,072 small trees survived. Large (L) and small (S) tree cohorts were paired together for spatial analyses, including pre-landslide ( PL ) (L PL -S PL ), surviving ( S ) (L S -S S ), and missing ( M ) large-small tree paired cohorts (L M - S M ). We randomly selected trees from the pre-landslide tree cohorts to create two virtual paired cohorts, the L 34% -S 13% and L 66% -S 87% paired cohorts, whose population sizes were identical to the field-observed L S -S S and L M -S M paired cohorts respectively, but with random spatial patterns. Post-landslide survival rates of trees increased monotonically with DBH. Large trees dislodged by landslides scarcely reduced small-tree survival. Evidence for this included: (i) the distance from small trees to the nearest large trees of the L M -S M paired cohort did not differ significantly from that of the virtual L 66% -S 87% paired cohort; (ii) survival rates of small trees near L M individuals did not differ significantly from those without large trees nearby. Surviving large trees had positive effects on the survival of small trees, indicated by: (i) the distance from small trees to the nearest large trees of the L S -S S paired cohort was significantly lower than that of the virtual L 34% -S 13% paired cohort; (ii) S S individuals clumped around L S individuals, whereas the virtual L 34% -S 13% spatial relationship was random. Large trees prevent landslide dislodgement of adjacent small trees through the nurse-plant effect. Our study suggests that landslide damage in sloping forests may be reduced simply by constantly maintaining a critical density of large trees.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84549115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exploitation of forest biomass for bioenergy is commonly perceived as part of a broad strategy for climate change mitigation due to the view that forest biomass is carbon neutral. The aims of this study are to distinguish the most widely used definition of carbon neutrality and to identify the most frequently discussed aspects of the concept of carbon neutrality. This research is conducted in the form of a scoping review. The results of the scoping review demonstrated that there is no generally accepted definition of carbon neutrality. Eight main concepts of carbon neutrality were identified. The most frequently discussed aspects of the carbon neutrality concept were temporal and spatial boundaries, scenario-based assumptions, and the source of biomass feedstock. This research provides a comprehensive summary of the concept of carbon neutrality and contributes to the debate regarding forest biomass exploitation for bioenergy.
{"title":"Carbon neutrality of forest biomass for bioenergy: a scoping review","authors":"Egor Selivanov, P. Cudlín, P. Horáček, G. Alberti","doi":"10.3832/ifor4160-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4160-015","url":null,"abstract":"The exploitation of forest biomass for bioenergy is commonly perceived as part of a broad strategy for climate change mitigation due to the view that forest biomass is carbon neutral. The aims of this study are to distinguish the most widely used definition of carbon neutrality and to identify the most frequently discussed aspects of the concept of carbon neutrality. This research is conducted in the form of a scoping review. The results of the scoping review demonstrated that there is no generally accepted definition of carbon neutrality. Eight main concepts of carbon neutrality were identified. The most frequently discussed aspects of the carbon neutrality concept were temporal and spatial boundaries, scenario-based assumptions, and the source of biomass feedstock. This research provides a comprehensive summary of the concept of carbon neutrality and contributes to the debate regarding forest biomass exploitation for bioenergy.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90925071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropical mountain forests are relatively less disturbed and store a large amount of carbon in tree biomass. A high level of species diversity compared to the boreal and temperate forests is also maintained and indicates a positive relationship with tree biomass on a small scale or at plot level. This study aimed to estimate above-ground biomass stocks (AGB) and disentangle the influence of forest structure and attributes on AGB in a small mountain forest. Forty 400 m² plots were randomly established in Takokak Nature Reserve (TNR), a 60-ha protected area at an elevation between 1150-1560 m a.s.l., located in West Java, Indonesia. All trees within the plot were identified, and their respective diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured. AGB was calculated using a global allometric model. Five independent variables, i.e. , stem density, stem density of large trees (DBH >50 cm), community weighted mean wood density, rarefied species richness, and Fisher’s alpha index, were analysed using a linear model. Our results showed that AGB in TNR was comparable to other forest types in Indonesia and acted as carbon storage in the mountain regions. AGB in the TNR reached 486 Mg ha -1 , of which 75% was contributed by large trees (DBH >50 cm). Three species, i.e. , Liquidambar excelsa (Altingiaceae) , Schima wallichii (Theaceae), and Lithocarpus sp. (Fagaceae), represent at least 70% of the total biomass in the study site. We also found that forest structures and traits, i.e. , stem density, stem density of large trees, and community weighted mean wood density, drive AGB variations but not tree diversity indices. However, although diversity indices were not correlated to AGB, we found that TNR is home for endemic and threatened species on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, we suggest that the management strategies of the tropical forests should include both the conservation of the carbon stock and biodiversity.
{"title":"Co-benefits of biomass and biodiversity in a protected mountain forest of West Java, Indonesia","authors":"A. Rozak, Ywc Kusuma, DI Junaedi","doi":"10.3832/ifor4068-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4068-015","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical mountain forests are relatively less disturbed and store a large amount of carbon in tree biomass. A high level of species diversity compared to the boreal and temperate forests is also maintained and indicates a positive relationship with tree biomass on a small scale or at plot level. This study aimed to estimate above-ground biomass stocks (AGB) and disentangle the influence of forest structure and attributes on AGB in a small mountain forest. Forty 400 m² plots were randomly established in Takokak Nature Reserve (TNR), a 60-ha protected area at an elevation between 1150-1560 m a.s.l., located in West Java, Indonesia. All trees within the plot were identified, and their respective diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured. AGB was calculated using a global allometric model. Five independent variables, i.e. , stem density, stem density of large trees (DBH >50 cm), community weighted mean wood density, rarefied species richness, and Fisher’s alpha index, were analysed using a linear model. Our results showed that AGB in TNR was comparable to other forest types in Indonesia and acted as carbon storage in the mountain regions. AGB in the TNR reached 486 Mg ha -1 , of which 75% was contributed by large trees (DBH >50 cm). Three species, i.e. , Liquidambar excelsa (Altingiaceae) , Schima wallichii (Theaceae), and Lithocarpus sp. (Fagaceae), represent at least 70% of the total biomass in the study site. We also found that forest structures and traits, i.e. , stem density, stem density of large trees, and community weighted mean wood density, drive AGB variations but not tree diversity indices. However, although diversity indices were not correlated to AGB, we found that TNR is home for endemic and threatened species on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, we suggest that the management strategies of the tropical forests should include both the conservation of the carbon stock and biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88408386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Naghdi, F. Tavankar, A. Solgi, Mehrdad Nikooy, E. Marchi, R. Picchio, M. Romagnoli
The use of wheel skidders for timber extraction from tree stump to roadside landing has become more and more widespread. Although the use of wheel skidders has the advantages of high production and reduced extraction costs, it also damages the soil and impedes forest regeneration. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of machine traffic using the Timberjack 450C (two, six and 15 passes) on two slope classes (SC) of skid trails. A low slope is considered to be <20% and a high slope is at >20%. The effects on soil physicochemical properties and seedling growth (alder, Alnus subcordata C.A. Mey. and maple, Acer velutinum Boiss.) in natural mixed beech stands in the Hyrcanian forests in Northern Iran were observed and studied. The results showed that the different factors of traffic intensity (TI) and SC had a significant impact on soil physicochemical properties and subsequent seedling growth. After two machine passes in a low TI on both low and high slopes, soil bulk density (BD) increased by 49.3% and 59.2% and penetration resistance increased by 30.5% and 38.5%, while total porosity decreased by 19.5% and 23.5%. The forest floor decreased by 30.9% and 42%, organic carbon decreased by 25.6% and 39.4%, nitrogen decreased by 18.5% and 26.3%, phosphorus decreased by 14.1% and 23%, and potassium decreased by 10.7% and 24.2%, respectively as compared with the control area. Our results indicated additional BD increments after two, six and 15 machine passes of 49.3%, 17.9% and 8.3% in the low slope, respectively, and 59.2%, 16.5% and 7.1% in the high slope, respectively. The mean of the germination rate (GR) of alder and maple seedlings in the control area was 58.3% and 46.1%, respectively, while after two, six and 15 passes, the GR of alder seedlings reduced to 50%, 46.4% and 37.5%, respectively, while that of maple seedlings reduced to 36.1%, 28.6% and 25.6%, respectively. Additionally, after two machine passes, stem length, main root length, and total dry biomass decreased by 28.7%, 34.9% and 34% in alder seedlings, respectively, and 27.9%, 27.6% and 33.3% in maple seedlings, respectively. Comparison of the response of the two seedling species to soil compaction showed that although alder had a higher GR than maple, the root growth of maple was higher than that of alder.
利用滑车从树桩到路边降落的木材提取已经越来越普遍。虽然使用打滑轮具有产量高、开采成本低的优点，但也会破坏土壤，阻碍森林再生。本研究的主要目的是研究使用Timberjack 450C(2次、6次和15次)的机器交通对两种斜坡等级(SC)滑道的影响。低坡度被认为是20%。对土壤理化性质及幼苗生长的影响(桤木，桤木，C.A. m .)。对伊朗北部海尔卡尼亚森林天然混合山毛榉林中的枫、枫、槭(Acer velutinum Boiss.)进行了观察和研究。结果表明，交通强度和交通强度对土壤理化性质和幼苗生长均有显著影响。在低、高坡低TI条件下，经过2次机器通行后，土壤容重分别提高了49.3%和59.2%，穿透阻力分别提高了30.5%和38.5%，总孔隙度分别降低了19.5%和23.5%。与对照区相比，森林地表面积分别减少了30.9%和42%，有机碳减少了25.6%和39.4%，氮减少了18.5%和26.3%，磷减少了14.1%和23%，钾减少了10.7%和24.2%。结果表明，在低坡、高坡、高坡中，经过2次、6次和15次机器处理后的附加BD增量分别为49.3%、17.9%和8.3%，59.2%、16.5%和7.1%。对照区桤木和枫木幼苗的平均发芽率分别为58.3%和46.1%，经过2次、6次和15次处理后，桤木幼苗的平均发芽率分别降至50%、46.4%和37.5%，枫木幼苗的平均发芽率分别降至36.1%、28.6%和25.6%。2次机器处理后，桤木幼苗的茎长、主根长和总干生物量分别减少28.7%、34.9%和34%，枫木幼苗的茎长、主根长和总干生物量分别减少27.9%、27.6%和33.3%。两种幼苗对土壤压实的响应比较表明，尽管桤木的GR高于枫木，但枫木的根系生长高于桤木。
{"title":"Effects on soil physicochemical properties and seedling growth in mixed high forests caused by cable skidder traffic","authors":"R. Naghdi, F. Tavankar, A. Solgi, Mehrdad Nikooy, E. Marchi, R. Picchio, M. Romagnoli","doi":"10.3832/ifor4103-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4103-016","url":null,"abstract":"The use of wheel skidders for timber extraction from tree stump to roadside landing has become more and more widespread. Although the use of wheel skidders has the advantages of high production and reduced extraction costs, it also damages the soil and impedes forest regeneration. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of machine traffic using the Timberjack 450C (two, six and 15 passes) on two slope classes (SC) of skid trails. A low slope is considered to be <20% and a high slope is at >20%. The effects on soil physicochemical properties and seedling growth (alder, Alnus subcordata C.A. Mey. and maple, Acer velutinum Boiss.) in natural mixed beech stands in the Hyrcanian forests in Northern Iran were observed and studied. The results showed that the different factors of traffic intensity (TI) and SC had a significant impact on soil physicochemical properties and subsequent seedling growth. After two machine passes in a low TI on both low and high slopes, soil bulk density (BD) increased by 49.3% and 59.2% and penetration resistance increased by 30.5% and 38.5%, while total porosity decreased by 19.5% and 23.5%. The forest floor decreased by 30.9% and 42%, organic carbon decreased by 25.6% and 39.4%, nitrogen decreased by 18.5% and 26.3%, phosphorus decreased by 14.1% and 23%, and potassium decreased by 10.7% and 24.2%, respectively as compared with the control area. Our results indicated additional BD increments after two, six and 15 machine passes of 49.3%, 17.9% and 8.3% in the low slope, respectively, and 59.2%, 16.5% and 7.1% in the high slope, respectively. The mean of the germination rate (GR) of alder and maple seedlings in the control area was 58.3% and 46.1%, respectively, while after two, six and 15 passes, the GR of alder seedlings reduced to 50%, 46.4% and 37.5%, respectively, while that of maple seedlings reduced to 36.1%, 28.6% and 25.6%, respectively. Additionally, after two machine passes, stem length, main root length, and total dry biomass decreased by 28.7%, 34.9% and 34% in alder seedlings, respectively, and 27.9%, 27.6% and 33.3% in maple seedlings, respectively. Comparison of the response of the two seedling species to soil compaction showed that although alder had a higher GR than maple, the root growth of maple was higher than that of alder.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90242301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AV Makhnykina, II Tychkov, AS Prokushkin, Ai Pyzhev, E. Vaganov
Soils of boreal forests are crucial carbon reserves. The response of soil carbon emission to climate change significantly affects the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Soil carbon emission models frequently show a nonlinear response to temperature, but soil moisture is an important limiting factor, often overlooked in energy limited ecosystems. We suggest a statistical model of soil CO 2 emission constrained by soil moisture and temperature for different ecosystems in the boreal zone. We tested this modelling strategy us-ing direct measurements of seasonal soil CO 2 emission near the research ob-servatory ZOTTO near the Bor settlement, Central Siberia, Russia, in 2012-2017. Soil moisture explained a significant amount of variability of soil emission: the adjusted R 2 was twice higher than in the baseline model. Although the temperature-only model describes the annual variability of carbon dioxide emissions quite well, the addition of moisture measurement significantly re-fines the quality of prediction of the seasonal component dynamics. Models including both temperature and soil moisture could serve as a promising tool to analyze the carbon cycle in boreal forest ecosystems.
{"title":"Factors of soil CO2 emission in boreal forests: evidence from Central Siberia","authors":"AV Makhnykina, II Tychkov, AS Prokushkin, Ai Pyzhev, E. Vaganov","doi":"10.3832/ifor4097-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4097-016","url":null,"abstract":"Soils of boreal forests are crucial carbon reserves. The response of soil carbon emission to climate change significantly affects the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Soil carbon emission models frequently show a nonlinear response to temperature, but soil moisture is an important limiting factor, often overlooked in energy limited ecosystems. We suggest a statistical model of soil CO 2 emission constrained by soil moisture and temperature for different ecosystems in the boreal zone. We tested this modelling strategy us-ing direct measurements of seasonal soil CO 2 emission near the research ob-servatory ZOTTO near the Bor settlement, Central Siberia, Russia, in 2012-2017. Soil moisture explained a significant amount of variability of soil emission: the adjusted R 2 was twice higher than in the baseline model. Although the temperature-only model describes the annual variability of carbon dioxide emissions quite well, the addition of moisture measurement significantly re-fines the quality of prediction of the seasonal component dynamics. Models including both temperature and soil moisture could serve as a promising tool to analyze the carbon cycle in boreal forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77283677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janez Kermavnar, L. Kutnar, Anže Martin Pintar, A. Vitali
Norway spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.) has been at the centre of controversy for many decades. Recent evidence of its profound disturbance-induced damage and consequent stock depletions across forest landscapes in Europe has reinforced doubts regarding the sustainability and prospects of this tree species in the future. Like many other European countries, Slovenia has experienced significant Norway spruce mortality and a decrease in growing stock primarily as the result of several disturbance agents (bark beetle outbreaks, an ice storm, windthrows). We investigated a countrywide spruce growing stock decline based on data between 2010 and 2018. Particular focus was placed on identifying the main ecological drivers of this decline, namely geological conditions, climatic parameters, soil attributes, topographic factors and forest stand characteristics. The effects of potential predictors on the relative change (%) in spruce volume (m 3 ha -1 ) during the period 2010-2018 were analysed with Generalized Additive Models. Based on a national dataset including forest compartments (n = 6355) with a spruce growing stock decline > 10%, we found mixed support for ecology-based hypotheses. While spruce decline responded to bedrock type as predicted ( i.e. , greater relative decline in carbonate compared to silicate compartments), higher forest naturalness (preservation of tree species composition) was not associated with a lower decline. Spruce decline was amplified by higher potential evapotranspiration and soil clay content but showed a strong negative relationship with spruce proportion in the year 2010. General trends along the gradients of other selected predictors (stoniness/rockiness and heat load index) were less pronounced. The re-sults suggest that most of these ecological predictors interact with geology and forest naturalness in affecting Norway spruce decline. Our analysis reveals that bedrock type can play an important role due to its mitigating effects. However, forest naturalness is of secondary significance as intensified large-scale forest disturbances likely override its buffering potential.
挪威云杉(云杉))几十年来一直是争议的中心。最近有证据表明，它在欧洲森林景观中造成了严重的干扰性破坏和随之而来的种群枯竭，这加剧了人们对这种树种未来的可持续性和前景的怀疑。与许多其他欧洲国家一样，斯洛文尼亚经历了挪威云杉大量死亡和生长量减少，这主要是由于几种干扰因素(树皮甲虫爆发、冰暴、大风)造成的。我们根据2010年至2018年的数据调查了全国范围内云杉种植数量的下降。特别侧重于确定这种下降的主要生态驱动因素，即地质条件、气候参数、土壤属性、地形因素和林分特征。利用广义可加模型分析了2010-2018年期间潜在预测因子对云杉体积(m3 ha -1)相对变化(%)的影响。基于包括云杉蓄积量下降> 10%的森林区格(n = 6355)在内的国家数据集，我们发现基于生态学的假设得到了混合支持。虽然云杉的下降与预测的基岩类型有关(即碳酸盐相对于硅酸盐区室的相对下降更大)，但较高的森林自然度(树种组成的保存)与较低的下降无关。较高的潜在蒸散量和土壤粘粒含量放大了云杉的下降，但在2010年与云杉比例呈强烈的负相关关系。沿着其他选择的预测因子(石质/岩石性和热负荷指数)梯度的总体趋势不太明显。结果表明，这些生态预测因子大多与地质和森林自然度相互作用，影响挪威云杉的衰退。我们的分析表明，基岩类型可以发挥重要作用，因为它具有缓解作用。然而，森林的自然性具有次要意义，因为加剧的大规模森林干扰可能超过其缓冲潜力。
{"title":"Ecological factors affecting the recent Picea abies decline in Slovenia: the importance of bedrock type and forest naturalness","authors":"Janez Kermavnar, L. Kutnar, Anže Martin Pintar, A. Vitali","doi":"10.3832/ifor4168-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4168-016","url":null,"abstract":"Norway spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.) has been at the centre of controversy for many decades. Recent evidence of its profound disturbance-induced damage and consequent stock depletions across forest landscapes in Europe has reinforced doubts regarding the sustainability and prospects of this tree species in the future. Like many other European countries, Slovenia has experienced significant Norway spruce mortality and a decrease in growing stock primarily as the result of several disturbance agents (bark beetle outbreaks, an ice storm, windthrows). We investigated a countrywide spruce growing stock decline based on data between 2010 and 2018. Particular focus was placed on identifying the main ecological drivers of this decline, namely geological conditions, climatic parameters, soil attributes, topographic factors and forest stand characteristics. The effects of potential predictors on the relative change (%) in spruce volume (m 3 ha -1 ) during the period 2010-2018 were analysed with Generalized Additive Models. Based on a national dataset including forest compartments (n = 6355) with a spruce growing stock decline > 10%, we found mixed support for ecology-based hypotheses. While spruce decline responded to bedrock type as predicted ( i.e. , greater relative decline in carbonate compared to silicate compartments), higher forest naturalness (preservation of tree species composition) was not associated with a lower decline. Spruce decline was amplified by higher potential evapotranspiration and soil clay content but showed a strong negative relationship with spruce proportion in the year 2010. General trends along the gradients of other selected predictors (stoniness/rockiness and heat load index) were less pronounced. The re-sults suggest that most of these ecological predictors interact with geology and forest naturalness in affecting Norway spruce decline. Our analysis reveals that bedrock type can play an important role due to its mitigating effects. However, forest naturalness is of secondary significance as intensified large-scale forest disturbances likely override its buffering potential.","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82765286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling compatible taper and stem volume of pure Scots pine stands in Northeastern Turkey","authors":"B. Sayğili, A. Kahriman","doi":"10.3832/ifor4099-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor4099-015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13323,"journal":{"name":"Iforest - Biogeosciences and Forestry","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85895491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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