Pub Date : 2025-06-13DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3579446
Jianwu Zeng;Wei Qiao
Existing machine learning (ML) based model predictive control (MPC) methods are either inferior to the online optimized with quadratic programming (QP) MPC or have high computational complexity and cannot be implemented in the resource-limited digital signal processor (DSP). This paper solves these two issues by using linear ML methods and adding extra interpretable features. First, the intrinsic linearity of the training data generated by the QP-MPC has been theoretically proved such that the linear ML methods, e.g., linear neural network (LNN) and linear support vector regression (LSVR), can be used to capture the linearity characteristics of the training dataset. The linear operation significantly reduces the computational complexity from O(2n) to O(1) so that they can be implemented in the DSP. Second, extra features with the repetitive and proportional integral (RPI) elements are added as input to the linear ML-based MPCs. Experimental studies with QP-MPC, LNN-MPC, and LSVR-MPC with RPI elements are carried out under linear and nonlinear load conditions. The results show that linear ML-based MPCs are superior to the QP-MPC in power quality and tracking errors. Moreover, the linear ML-based MPCs outperform the QP-MPC under the parameter mismatch and two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) controllers, demonstrating their adaptive capabilities. This article is accompanied by a video demonstrating the real-time operation.
{"title":"A Linear Machine Learning-Based Model Predictive Control With Repetitive and PI Elements for a Three-Phase Inverter","authors":"Jianwu Zeng;Wei Qiao","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3579446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3579446","url":null,"abstract":"Existing machine learning (ML) based model predictive control (MPC) methods are either inferior to the online optimized with quadratic programming (QP) MPC or have high computational complexity and cannot be implemented in the resource-limited digital signal processor (DSP). This paper solves these two issues by using linear ML methods and adding extra interpretable features. First, the intrinsic linearity of the training data generated by the QP-MPC has been theoretically proved such that the linear ML methods, e.g., linear neural network (LNN) and linear support vector regression (LSVR), can be used to capture the linearity characteristics of the training dataset. The linear operation significantly reduces the computational complexity from <italic>O</i>(2<italic><sup>n</sup></i>) to <italic>O</i>(1) so that they can be implemented in the DSP. Second, extra features with the repetitive and proportional integral (RPI) elements are added as input to the linear ML-based MPCs. Experimental studies with QP-MPC, LNN-MPC, and LSVR-MPC with RPI elements are carried out under linear and nonlinear load conditions. The results show that linear ML-based MPCs are superior to the QP-MPC in power quality and tracking errors. Moreover, the linear ML-based MPCs outperform the QP-MPC under the parameter mismatch and two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) controllers, demonstrating their adaptive capabilities. This article is accompanied by a video demonstrating the real-time operation.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9529-9539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-13DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3579436
John R. Theisen;Anjan Bose;Monish Mukherjee;Dan Burgess;Kenneth Wilhelm;Zoë Oens;Michael Diedesch
The changing landscape of the electricity industry, characterized by a surge in distributed energy resources (DERs) and proactive customers, necessitates practical solutions for coordinated operation especially at the distribution-level. This paper introduces a community-based transactive coordination mechanism designed to incentivize customers for providing localized and system-level services reflected through real-time prices. The work presents a bidding approach for communities, representing collectives of customers, to formulate their price-responsiveness for retail energy coordination, emphasizing a community-centric model. By sending bidding curves to a third-party, the mechanism enables customers with DER assets to actively participate in localized coordination with the Load Serving Entity (LSE), supplementing each other’s and even the utility’s needs through a shared energy economy. The proposed transactive mechanism is implemented leveraging a co-simulation framework that integrates a distribution grid simulator with control agents for performance evaluation. Simulation-based evaluation on a real distribution system use-case, in collaboration with a local utility, demonstrate the potential of the mechanism to reduce energy costs up to 12% for communities with DERs like solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The mechanism’s effectiveness is further validated through field tests conducted on a utility’s real system, utilizing a 1.32 MWh battery resource.
{"title":"Community-Based Transactive Coordination Mechanism for Enabling Grid-Edge Systems","authors":"John R. Theisen;Anjan Bose;Monish Mukherjee;Dan Burgess;Kenneth Wilhelm;Zoë Oens;Michael Diedesch","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3579436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3579436","url":null,"abstract":"The changing landscape of the electricity industry, characterized by a surge in distributed energy resources (DERs) and proactive customers, necessitates practical solutions for coordinated operation especially at the distribution-level. This paper introduces a community-based transactive coordination mechanism designed to incentivize customers for providing localized and system-level services reflected through real-time prices. The work presents a bidding approach for communities, representing collectives of customers, to formulate their price-responsiveness for retail energy coordination, emphasizing a community-centric model. By sending bidding curves to a third-party, the mechanism enables customers with DER assets to actively participate in localized coordination with the Load Serving Entity (LSE), supplementing each other’s and even the utility’s needs through a shared energy economy. The proposed transactive mechanism is implemented leveraging a co-simulation framework that integrates a distribution grid simulator with control agents for performance evaluation. Simulation-based evaluation on a real distribution system use-case, in collaboration with a local utility, demonstrate the potential of the mechanism to reduce energy costs up to 12% for communities with DERs like solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The mechanism’s effectiveness is further validated through field tests conducted on a utility’s real system, utilizing a 1.32 MWh battery resource.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"8820-8831"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-13DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3579455
Jiansheng Huang;Zhuhan Jiang;Michael Negnevitsky
Poor quality power supplies could interfere with communication networks, increase power losses, shorten lifespans of electrical/electronic equipment, and result in various malfunctions of power generation, transmission, distribution, and end-users’ systems. One of the crucial tasks, therefore, is to ascertain what quality problems that the power grids are currently suffering and what are the patterns and the occurring frequencies of them. Electric utilities and regulators could then find countermeasures accordingly to mitigate the impacts. In the paper, the authors present a novel power quality (PQ) disturbance recognition system with multiclass classifiers exercising techniques of support vector machines and error correcting output codes. Furthermore, a Fourier transform based feature extraction is proposed by finding the connection between the PQ disturbances and the relevant Fourier magnitude and phase spectral components. Simulations have shown that the developed PQ disturbance system with simplified feature extraction and linear classifiers can achieve superior performance compared with other counterparts in terms of simplicity of structure, high predictive precision and robust performance.
{"title":"Recognition of Power Quality Disturbances","authors":"Jiansheng Huang;Zhuhan Jiang;Michael Negnevitsky","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3579455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3579455","url":null,"abstract":"Poor quality power supplies could interfere with communication networks, increase power losses, shorten lifespans of electrical/electronic equipment, and result in various malfunctions of power generation, transmission, distribution, and end-users’ systems. One of the crucial tasks, therefore, is to ascertain what quality problems that the power grids are currently suffering and what are the patterns and the occurring frequencies of them. Electric utilities and regulators could then find countermeasures accordingly to mitigate the impacts. In the paper, the authors present a novel power quality (PQ) disturbance recognition system with multiclass classifiers exercising techniques of support vector machines and error correcting output codes. Furthermore, a Fourier transform based feature extraction is proposed by finding the connection between the PQ disturbances and the relevant Fourier magnitude and phase spectral components. Simulations have shown that the developed PQ disturbance system with simplified feature extraction and linear classifiers can achieve superior performance compared with other counterparts in terms of simplicity of structure, high predictive precision and robust performance.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"8811-8819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the design, analysis and testing of a soft magnetic composite (SMC) based stator using a newly developed SMC material with a novel spoke-type rotor. Firslty, this paper analyses four different slot/pole configurations for surface permanent magnet (PM) machines with laminated and SMC stator cores, proving that the SMC material can be used to design a traction motor. Secondly, this paper develops a technique for eliminating the hub arrangement for a spoke-type rotor with a novel air barrier, along with improving the electromagnetic performances. Additionally, the electromagnetic performance is compared for three different rotor designs (Design A, B and C) with the same specifications. Design-C emerged as the best candidate based on the coupled multi-objective optimization with electromagnetic and structural analysis, as well as its manufacturability. Finally, the fabrication and experimental results for the Design-C rotor with SMC stator core are presented.
{"title":"Experimental Validation of a Spoke Type PMSM With SMC Stator Core for Traction Applications","authors":"Mohanraj Muthusamy;Mathews Boby;Akrem Mohamed Aljehaimi;James Hendershot;Pragasen Pillay","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3579415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3579415","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, analysis and testing of a soft magnetic composite (SMC) based stator using a newly developed SMC material with a novel spoke-type rotor. Firslty, this paper analyses four different slot/pole configurations for surface permanent magnet (PM) machines with laminated and SMC stator cores, proving that the SMC material can be used to design a traction motor. Secondly, this paper develops a technique for eliminating the hub arrangement for a spoke-type rotor with a novel air barrier, along with improving the electromagnetic performances. Additionally, the electromagnetic performance is compared for three different rotor designs (Design A, B and C) with the same specifications. Design-C emerged as the best candidate based on the coupled multi-objective optimization with electromagnetic and structural analysis, as well as its manufacturability. Finally, the fabrication and experimental results for the Design-C rotor with SMC stator core are presented.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9204-9215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3578544
Xuefeng Zhang;Qiwei Xu;Yiru Miao;Yiming Wang;Xiangyi Wang;Sheng Liu
Model predictive current control (MPCC) based on sliding mode disturbance observer (SMDO) effectively addresses the issues arising from parameter mismatches and unmodeled nonlinear elements in Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). However, conventional sliding mode faces a trade-off between reaching speed and chattering, and their closed-loop transfer functions are often challenging to derive. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a model-free predictive current control method based on an adaptive sliding mode disturbance observer (ASMDO-MFPCC). By exploiting a novel decoupled PMSM ultra-local model and a novel sliding mode control law, a discrete-time observer is designed to enhance convergence speed and suppress chattering. The stability of the observer is analyzed, and its parameter ranges are theoretically determined. Moreover, by linearizing the control law near the designed sliding surface, a complex vector linear model is established for the entire system, allowing closed-loop transfer function analysis to confirm that deadbeat performance can be preserved under accurate parameter settings. To further improve the system’s robustness, a simple yet effective inductance identification algorithm is proposed for real-time calibration of the predictive control system. This algorithm operates independently of the observer design. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed current control scheme.
{"title":"Model-Free Predictive Current Control of PMSM Based on Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer","authors":"Xuefeng Zhang;Qiwei Xu;Yiru Miao;Yiming Wang;Xiangyi Wang;Sheng Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3578544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3578544","url":null,"abstract":"Model predictive current control (MPCC) based on sliding mode disturbance observer (SMDO) effectively addresses the issues arising from parameter mismatches and unmodeled nonlinear elements in Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). However, conventional sliding mode faces a trade-off between reaching speed and chattering, and their closed-loop transfer functions are often challenging to derive. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a model-free predictive current control method based on an adaptive sliding mode disturbance observer (ASMDO-MFPCC). By exploiting a novel decoupled PMSM ultra-local model and a novel sliding mode control law, a discrete-time observer is designed to enhance convergence speed and suppress chattering. The stability of the observer is analyzed, and its parameter ranges are theoretically determined. Moreover, by linearizing the control law near the designed sliding surface, a complex vector linear model is established for the entire system, allowing closed-loop transfer function analysis to confirm that deadbeat performance can be preserved under accurate parameter settings. To further improve the system’s robustness, a simple yet effective inductance identification algorithm is proposed for real-time calibration of the predictive control system. This algorithm operates independently of the observer design. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed current control scheme.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9425-9438"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3578552
Simone Baratto;Luca Cinti;Nicola Bianchi
This paper deals with the characterization and the online tracking of the minimum losses trajectory in hybrid excited permanent magnet motors. The extremum seeking control strategy is analyzed to ensure the convergence and the accuracy of the control technique. In electrical machines including a rotor winding producing a flux, Joule losses are produced in the rotor as well. Thus the optimal control trajectory to develop the maximum torque per losses has to consider not only the stator losses, but the rotor losses as well. This increases the complexity of the problem. This paper deals with the control strategy to be adopted in this case, with the focus on the hybrid excited rotor configuration.
{"title":"Extremum Seeking Control of Hybrid Excited PM Synchronous Motors for Minimum Losses Tracking","authors":"Simone Baratto;Luca Cinti;Nicola Bianchi","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3578552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3578552","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the characterization and the online tracking of the minimum losses trajectory in hybrid excited permanent magnet motors. The extremum seeking control strategy is analyzed to ensure the convergence and the accuracy of the control technique. In electrical machines including a rotor winding producing a flux, Joule losses are produced in the rotor as well. Thus the optimal control trajectory to develop the maximum torque per losses has to consider not only the stator losses, but the rotor losses as well. This increases the complexity of the problem. This paper deals with the control strategy to be adopted in this case, with the focus on the hybrid excited rotor configuration.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9415-9424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3576742
Ahmed Hembel;Bulent Sarlioglu
Effective thermal management is crucial for electric machines, where windings are the primary heat source. Currently employed cooling methods, like stator jacket and oil spray cooling, require heat to travel through the stator yoke or the axial length of the windings, leading to inefficiencies. This study introduces a novel in-slot cooling design that directly integrates a 3D-printed heat exchanger with the winding, addressing the challenge of efficient heat dissipation in high-power density machines. The design features flat copper wire windings bonded to a thermally conductive, electrically insulating polymer heat exchanger, produced using additive manufacturing. By moving the coolant closer to the windings, the proposed design enhances the current-carrying capacity and lowers operating temperatures. This configuration reduces the stator slot size while significantly increasing current density in the windings and slots by factors of 2x and 3x, respectively, compared to conventional liquid-cooled machines. The results demonstrate that these integrated heat exchangers not only improve current density but also reduce machine slot size, advancing the design of high-performance electric machines suitable for diverse industrial applications.
{"title":"Cooling of Motor Windings Using Additively Manufactured Heat Exchangers for Extremely High Current Density","authors":"Ahmed Hembel;Bulent Sarlioglu","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3576742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3576742","url":null,"abstract":"Effective thermal management is crucial for electric machines, where windings are the primary heat source. Currently employed cooling methods, like stator jacket and oil spray cooling, require heat to travel through the stator yoke or the axial length of the windings, leading to inefficiencies. This study introduces a novel in-slot cooling design that directly integrates a 3D-printed heat exchanger with the winding, addressing the challenge of efficient heat dissipation in high-power density machines. The design features flat copper wire windings bonded to a thermally conductive, electrically insulating polymer heat exchanger, produced using additive manufacturing. By moving the coolant closer to the windings, the proposed design enhances the current-carrying capacity and lowers operating temperatures. This configuration reduces the stator slot size while significantly increasing current density in the windings and slots by factors of 2x and 3x, respectively, compared to conventional liquid-cooled machines. The results demonstrate that these integrated heat exchangers not only improve current density but also reduce machine slot size, advancing the design of high-performance electric machines suitable for diverse industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9184-9192"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in mobile devices, power supply requirements such as fast transient response and high light-load efficiency for processors are increasingly critical. In this article, a double capacitor current ramp integrating constant on-time (DCCRICOT) control is proposed to achieve an ultrafast load transient response and a high noise immunity over other control schemes. Conventional control schemes with capacitor current sensing ensure an ultra-fast load transient response but suffer from sensing circuit mismatch-induced instability. Hence, a double capacitor current ramp integrating scheme is proposed to provide stable operation without sacrificing load transient response. Moreover, this scheme improves noise immunity, providing accurate triggers in both continuous-conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM). Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, this chip size is 1289 μm by 1199 μm. Experimental results demonstrate a fast load transient response with a 62 mV near optimal output voltage drop (deviation-from-ideal rate is only 1.9%) and a 1.6 μs response time without any instability issue under conditions of a 1.1 A load step-up with a 1.1 A/70 ns slew rate.
{"title":"An Ultrafast Load Transient Response Double Capacitor Current Ramp Integrating Constant on-Time (DCCRICOT) Controlled Buck Converter","authors":"Yu-Lin Chao;Chieh-Ju Tsai;Yen-Ming Chen;Ching-Jan Chen","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3578003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3578003","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in mobile devices, power supply requirements such as fast transient response and high light-load efficiency for processors are increasingly critical. In this article, a double capacitor current ramp integrating constant on-time (DCCRICOT) control is proposed to achieve an ultrafast load transient response and a high noise immunity over other control schemes. Conventional control schemes with capacitor current sensing ensure an ultra-fast load transient response but suffer from sensing circuit mismatch-induced instability. Hence, a double capacitor current ramp integrating scheme is proposed to provide stable operation without sacrificing load transient response. Moreover, this scheme improves noise immunity, providing accurate triggers in both continuous-conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM). Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, this chip size is 1289 μm by 1199 μm. Experimental results demonstrate a fast load transient response with a 62 mV near optimal output voltage drop (deviation-from-ideal rate is only 1.9%) and a 1.6 μs response time without any instability issue under conditions of a 1.1 A load step-up with a 1.1 A/70 ns slew rate.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9563-9574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2025.3577150
Matin Vatani;Ali Mohammadi;Donovin D. Lewis;John Frederic Eastham;Dan M. Ionel
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility, cost, and electromagnetic performance of five distinct types of axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generators designed for direct-drive wind turbines. The generator configurations investigated include a single-sided AFPM generator with a surface-mounted PM rotor (AFPMG), a double-sided AFPM generator featuring PMs on the stator and a reluctance rotor (AFPMG-RR), a coreless stator AFPM generator with surface PMs (CAFPMG-SPM), and a coreless stator AFPM generator with a Halbach PM array rotor (CAFPMG-Hal). Each generator’s operating principles and configurations are thoroughly explained and compared. Large-scale multi-objective design optimizations were conducted on each type, taking advantage of symmetric computational models and using a differential evolution algorithm based on 3D finite element analysis (FEA) to minimize cost and mass while maximizing efficiency for all designs. A comprehensive discussion of the optimization results highlights the merits of each configuration. The findings indicate and confirm that AFPM generators can potentially achieve superior performance compared to their radial counterparts, as reported in the literature, while also benefiting from more robust and compatible mechanical integration with wind turbines.
{"title":"Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines - Review and Optimal Design Studies","authors":"Matin Vatani;Ali Mohammadi;Donovin D. Lewis;John Frederic Eastham;Dan M. Ionel","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3577150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3577150","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility, cost, and electromagnetic performance of five distinct types of axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generators designed for direct-drive wind turbines. The generator configurations investigated include a single-sided AFPM generator with a surface-mounted PM rotor (AFPMG), a double-sided AFPM generator featuring PMs on the stator and a reluctance rotor (AFPMG-RR), a coreless stator AFPM generator with surface PMs (CAFPMG-SPM), and a coreless stator AFPM generator with a Halbach PM array rotor (CAFPMG-Hal). Each generator’s operating principles and configurations are thoroughly explained and compared. Large-scale multi-objective design optimizations were conducted on each type, taking advantage of symmetric computational models and using a differential evolution algorithm based on 3D finite element analysis (FEA) to minimize cost and mass while maximizing efficiency for all designs. A comprehensive discussion of the optimization results highlights the merits of each configuration. The findings indicate and confirm that AFPM generators can potentially achieve superior performance compared to their radial counterparts, as reported in the literature, while also benefiting from more robust and compatible mechanical integration with wind turbines.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9615-9627"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wind Energy Conversion systems (WECS), supplying islanded microgrids, often incorporate a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) as an energy-buffer. To ensure safety and long life, the battery-bank (BB) in such systems must not be overcharged or deep-discharged. This paper proposes a reconfigurable operational strategy for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based islanded WECS integrated with a BESS. When the State-of-Charge (SoC) of the BB approaches the maximum limit, the rotor side converter regulates the DC bus voltage using a modified voltage controller while operating the DFIG away from the Maximum Power Point. When the BB-SoC approaches the minimum limit, a minimum consumer-discomfort factor based load-shedding strategy is proposed so that the BESS can regulate the DC-bus voltage without deep discharging the BB. The DFIG-BESS system supplying the benchmark CIGRE residential distribution network has been simulated in an Opal-RT real-time simulation environment. The proposed voltage controller shows 69.44% and 46.66% lower undershoot in the DFIG-stator active-power and 3.45% and 99.83% lower DC-voltage deviation compared to a PI-controller and latest literature, respectively, while transiting from the BESS to RSC based DC-bus voltage regulation. The proposed load-shedding strategy also reduces the DC-bus voltage dip significantly compared to a similar strategy proposed in the literature.
{"title":"BESS Assisted Off-Grid Wind Energy Conversion System Operated Under Adverse Battery-SoC Conditions","authors":"Sheshadri Shekhar Rauth;Debaprasad Kastha;Prabodh Bajpai","doi":"10.1109/TIA.2025.3578016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2025.3578016","url":null,"abstract":"Wind Energy Conversion systems (WECS), supplying islanded microgrids, often incorporate a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) as an energy-buffer. To ensure safety and long life, the battery-bank (BB) in such systems must not be overcharged or deep-discharged. This paper proposes a reconfigurable operational strategy for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based islanded WECS integrated with a BESS. When the <italic>State-of-Charge</i> (<italic>SoC</i>) of the BB approaches the maximum limit, the rotor side converter regulates the DC bus voltage using a modified voltage controller while operating the DFIG away from the Maximum Power Point. When the BB-<italic>SoC</i> approaches the minimum limit, a minimum consumer-discomfort factor based load-shedding strategy is proposed so that the BESS can regulate the DC-bus voltage without deep discharging the BB. The DFIG-BESS system supplying the benchmark CIGRE residential distribution network has been simulated in an Opal-RT real-time simulation environment. The proposed voltage controller shows 69.44% and 46.66% lower undershoot in the DFIG-stator active-power and 3.45% and 99.83% lower DC-voltage deviation compared to a PI-controller and latest literature, respectively, while transiting from the BESS to RSC based DC-bus voltage regulation. The proposed load-shedding strategy also reduces the DC-bus voltage dip significantly compared to a similar strategy proposed in the literature.","PeriodicalId":13337,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications","volume":"61 6","pages":"9640-9651"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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