Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3648088
Weixiao Tuo;Guanhao Liu;Xingfei Li;Tianyu Wang
In-orbit microangular vibration has been recognized as a key contributor to the satellite-borne optical communication system. A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) angular rate sensor with extremely low noise and high frequency is the most suitable instrument for microangular vibration measurement. However, it exhibits poor near-dc sensitivity due to the influence of viscous force and electromagnetic force. The Kalman algorithm has been verified to be an effective method to extend the sensor bandwidth by fusing with other sensors. However, the traditional Kalman algorithm cannot deal with the unpredictable dynamics of the system due to its invariant parameters over time. In this work, an adaptive sequential Kalman algorithm is proposed. The high-dimensional measurement updates are reduced to multiple low-dimensional measurement updates. The covariance matrix of the measurement noise is set to be adaptively updated and computed in segments. The process noise covariance matrix is derived via weighted coefficient analysis by minimizing the mean square error. The computing time of the proposed method is proven to be a 38.39% reduction compared to the traditional Kalman method. The proposed method is realized in real-time to experimentally verify the frequency response and noise characteristics of the composite sensor. Results show that the bandwidth can achieve 0.1–700 Hz with a maximum amplitude fluctuation of 1.34 dB. The equivalent noise angular rate is 0.1523°/s root mean square (RMS). Allan variance analysis indicates that the bias instability and angle random walk of the composite sensor are both better than the other methods.
{"title":"Extended-Bandwidth Spacecraft Attitude Jitter Detection Based on Adaptive Sequential Kalman Algorithm","authors":"Weixiao Tuo;Guanhao Liu;Xingfei Li;Tianyu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3648088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3648088","url":null,"abstract":"In-orbit microangular vibration has been recognized as a key contributor to the satellite-borne optical communication system. A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) angular rate sensor with extremely low noise and high frequency is the most suitable instrument for microangular vibration measurement. However, it exhibits poor near-dc sensitivity due to the influence of viscous force and electromagnetic force. The Kalman algorithm has been verified to be an effective method to extend the sensor bandwidth by fusing with other sensors. However, the traditional Kalman algorithm cannot deal with the unpredictable dynamics of the system due to its invariant parameters over time. In this work, an adaptive sequential Kalman algorithm is proposed. The high-dimensional measurement updates are reduced to multiple low-dimensional measurement updates. The covariance matrix of the measurement noise is set to be adaptively updated and computed in segments. The process noise covariance matrix is derived via weighted coefficient analysis by minimizing the mean square error. The computing time of the proposed method is proven to be a 38.39% reduction compared to the traditional Kalman method. The proposed method is realized in real-time to experimentally verify the frequency response and noise characteristics of the composite sensor. Results show that the bandwidth can achieve 0.1–700 Hz with a maximum amplitude fluctuation of 1.34 dB. The equivalent noise angular rate is 0.1523°/s root mean square (RMS). Allan variance analysis indicates that the bias instability and angle random walk of the composite sensor are both better than the other methods.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650255
Yaoguang Shi;Xiaozhou Lü;Zhuolun Li;Haoning Chu;Chao Yuan;Weimin Bao
Flexible skins with active thermal protection systems have attracted considerable attention owing to their role as essential enabling technologies for morphing high-speed vehicles. Temperature sensors integrated into flexible skin can help regulate and optimize coolant consumption. However, it is often difficult to obtain strain-insensitive temperature measurements under multidirectional deformations of flexible skin. Therefore, this study investigates a novel multidirectional strain-insensitive stretchable temperature sensor (STS) based on a hexagram structure. A sensor prototype was fabricated with a measurement range of $200~^{circ }$ C and a temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 0.30%/°C. Furthermore, it achieved hysteresis and repeatability errors of 0.83% and 1.79%, respectively. The proposed sensor exhibited a resistance variation of less than 1% under a multidirectional uniaxial tensile strain of 0%–80%, indicating its effective strain decoupling capability. Finally, real-time surface temperature distribution detection was successfully achieved under a heat flux of 202 kW/m2 by integrating the sensor array on an active thermal protection flexible skin, demonstrating the potential application of morphing high-speed vehicles.
{"title":"Multidirectional Strain-Insensitive Stretchable Temperature Sensor for Active Thermal Protection Flexible Skin","authors":"Yaoguang Shi;Xiaozhou Lü;Zhuolun Li;Haoning Chu;Chao Yuan;Weimin Bao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650255","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible skins with active thermal protection systems have attracted considerable attention owing to their role as essential enabling technologies for morphing high-speed vehicles. Temperature sensors integrated into flexible skin can help regulate and optimize coolant consumption. However, it is often difficult to obtain strain-insensitive temperature measurements under multidirectional deformations of flexible skin. Therefore, this study investigates a novel multidirectional strain-insensitive stretchable temperature sensor (STS) based on a hexagram structure. A sensor prototype was fabricated with a measurement range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$200~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and a temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 0.30%/°C. Furthermore, it achieved hysteresis and repeatability errors of 0.83% and 1.79%, respectively. The proposed sensor exhibited a resistance variation of less than 1% under a multidirectional uniaxial tensile strain of 0%–80%, indicating its effective strain decoupling capability. Finally, real-time surface temperature distribution detection was successfully achieved under a heat flux of 202 kW/m<sup>2</sup> by integrating the sensor array on an active thermal protection flexible skin, demonstrating the potential application of morphing high-speed vehicles.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3648096
Shiyuan Zhao;Jiwen Cui;Zhanjun Wu
Optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) distributed optical fiber sensing technology has become a critical technique for structural health monitoring due to its exceptional spatial sensing resolution. Current state-of-the-art OFDR sensing systems predominantly use external-cavity tunable lasers (ECTLs) as their light sources to detect the Rayleigh backscattering spectra (RBS) over wavelength ranges spanning several tens of nanometers. However, the significant challenges posed by ECTLs in terms of size, weight, power consumption, and cost (SWaP-C) have constrained the large-scale industrial deployment of OFDR sensing technology. This study introduces a novel multiband multiplexed OFDR distributed optical fiber sensing approach that replaces the conventional single-shot optical frequency modulation light injection detection strategy with time-division segmented spectral detection. Both theoretical analyses and experimental validations demonstrate that sensing capabilities equivalent to those of ECTLs can be achieved via this sequential spectral acquisition approach. To implement this methodology, the correlation of the RBS from a characteristic fiber segment (CFS) within the optical frequency overlap region of the main interferometer is used to determine the stitching positions of adjacent frequency band measurement signals, enabling precise picometer-level wavelength stitching. By adopting a commercial distributed feedback (DFB) laser array as the system’s light source and using segmented modulation with precision stitching, an RBS detection range of 35.013 nm is achieved, and has the potential for further expansion. Leveraging this architecture, an OFDR distributed optical fiber sensing system is developed, and it demonstrates an 8-mm spatial sensing resolution and a 10 000-$mu varepsilon $ measurement range. This innovative approach provides a new design paradigm for OFDR systems. The proposed OFDR distributed optical fiber sensing system demonstrates performance metrics comparable to those of conventional systems while offering significant advantages in terms of SWaP-C, holding significant promise for advancing the industrialization of this technology.
{"title":"Equivalent Broadband Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry via Multiband Laser Injection and Signal Stitching for Distributed Fiber Sensing","authors":"Shiyuan Zhao;Jiwen Cui;Zhanjun Wu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3648096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3648096","url":null,"abstract":"Optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) distributed optical fiber sensing technology has become a critical technique for structural health monitoring due to its exceptional spatial sensing resolution. Current state-of-the-art OFDR sensing systems predominantly use external-cavity tunable lasers (ECTLs) as their light sources to detect the Rayleigh backscattering spectra (RBS) over wavelength ranges spanning several tens of nanometers. However, the significant challenges posed by ECTLs in terms of size, weight, power consumption, and cost (SWaP-C) have constrained the large-scale industrial deployment of OFDR sensing technology. This study introduces a novel multiband multiplexed OFDR distributed optical fiber sensing approach that replaces the conventional single-shot optical frequency modulation light injection detection strategy with time-division segmented spectral detection. Both theoretical analyses and experimental validations demonstrate that sensing capabilities equivalent to those of ECTLs can be achieved via this sequential spectral acquisition approach. To implement this methodology, the correlation of the RBS from a characteristic fiber segment (CFS) within the optical frequency overlap region of the main interferometer is used to determine the stitching positions of adjacent frequency band measurement signals, enabling precise picometer-level wavelength stitching. By adopting a commercial distributed feedback (DFB) laser array as the system’s light source and using segmented modulation with precision stitching, an RBS detection range of 35.013 nm is achieved, and has the potential for further expansion. Leveraging this architecture, an OFDR distributed optical fiber sensing system is developed, and it demonstrates an 8-mm spatial sensing resolution and a 10 000-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu varepsilon $ </tex-math></inline-formula> measurement range. This innovative approach provides a new design paradigm for OFDR systems. The proposed OFDR distributed optical fiber sensing system demonstrates performance metrics comparable to those of conventional systems while offering significant advantages in terms of SWaP-C, holding significant promise for advancing the industrialization of this technology.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a novel ultrasonic acetic acid concentration detection system based on capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). The system utilizes CMUTs as the core sensing components to perform both signal transmission and reception. A temperature sensor is integrated to continuously monitor temperature variations in the test liquid, thereby ensuring measurement accuracy. Under the temperature compensation mechanism, the system continuously analyzes the acquired signals to accurately determine the ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) and propagation velocity in the liquid. A quantitative model correlating sound velocity with temperature and acetic acid concentration was established and experimentally validated, demonstrating excellent stability and high sensitivity. The system achieves a measurement accuracy of 0.35% and a resolution of 0.1%. Benefiting from the miniaturized design of CMUTs, the system can be developed into a compact probe, offering an efficient and convenient solution for real-time acetic acid concentration monitoring during vinegar production and distribution.
{"title":"A Novel Real-Time Acetic Acid Concentration Detection System Based on Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers","authors":"Jiaqi Chen;Yunbin Huang;Jiali Sun;Zhihao Wang;Zhaodong Li;Xiangcheng Zeng;Licheng Jia;Changde He;Yuhua Yang;Jiangong Cui;Guojun Zhang;Wendong Zhang;Renxin Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3647998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3647998","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel ultrasonic acetic acid concentration detection system based on capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). The system utilizes CMUTs as the core sensing components to perform both signal transmission and reception. A temperature sensor is integrated to continuously monitor temperature variations in the test liquid, thereby ensuring measurement accuracy. Under the temperature compensation mechanism, the system continuously analyzes the acquired signals to accurately determine the ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) and propagation velocity in the liquid. A quantitative model correlating sound velocity with temperature and acetic acid concentration was established and experimentally validated, demonstrating excellent stability and high sensitivity. The system achieves a measurement accuracy of 0.35% and a resolution of 0.1%. Benefiting from the miniaturized design of CMUTs, the system can be developed into a compact probe, offering an efficient and convenient solution for real-time acetic acid concentration monitoring during vinegar production and distribution.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650235
Yang Zhou;Zhe Pei;Li Yu;Wenjie Wu;Huafeng Liu;Jinquan Liu
Nano-g accelerometers are used in high-precision applications where frequency response consistency (FRC) across devices can outweigh individual calibration accuracy. In scenarios such as gravity gradient measurements on moving platforms, strong motion disturbances make this consistency assessment and compensation essential, yet challenging with conventional methods. This article proposes a method of precisely evaluating accelerometer FRC by introducing an auxiliary reference frequency in addition to the test frequency. Two accelerometers are excited side by side during the sweep test. Systematic analysis indicates that it can significantly suppress dominant common-mode errors, which result from the test apparatus, the monitoring instruments, the accelerometer under test, and their susceptibility to the environmental conditions in such an FRC test. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method yields substantially more precise evaluation of the FRC than individually testing every accelerometer. A compensation filter is accordingly designed to correct the inconsistency between two self-developed accelerometers, improving amplitude consistency to better than 10 ppm and phase consistency to better than $10~mu $ rad.
{"title":"Precise Evaluation of Frequency Response Consistency Between Accelerometers by Exciting With Dual-Frequency Vibration","authors":"Yang Zhou;Zhe Pei;Li Yu;Wenjie Wu;Huafeng Liu;Jinquan Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650235","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-g accelerometers are used in high-precision applications where frequency response consistency (FRC) across devices can outweigh individual calibration accuracy. In scenarios such as gravity gradient measurements on moving platforms, strong motion disturbances make this consistency assessment and compensation essential, yet challenging with conventional methods. This article proposes a method of precisely evaluating accelerometer FRC by introducing an auxiliary reference frequency in addition to the test frequency. Two accelerometers are excited side by side during the sweep test. Systematic analysis indicates that it can significantly suppress dominant common-mode errors, which result from the test apparatus, the monitoring instruments, the accelerometer under test, and their susceptibility to the environmental conditions in such an FRC test. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method yields substantially more precise evaluation of the FRC than individually testing every accelerometer. A compensation filter is accordingly designed to correct the inconsistency between two self-developed accelerometers, improving amplitude consistency to better than 10 ppm and phase consistency to better than <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>rad.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650245
Jixi Lu;Xiaoyan Gao;Shuying Wang;Yibo Qi;Nuozhou Xu;Xihui Ye;Lei Wang
In precision magnetic field measurement, the combination system of magnetic shielding devices and coils is essential to provide a stable and controllable magnetic field environment. However, close proximity between coils and shielding introduces severe coupling effects that degrade performance of the system. Self-shielded coil is conventionally used to reduce this effect, but its suppression effect is limited, and its nested configuration causes a large volume waste. To address the problem, we propose a novel design method for coupling-free magnetic field coil set, including main coils and shielded coils, at identical surface inside magnetic shielding systems, which can achieve ultrahigh coupling-resistance and uniformity with maximum space saving. Based on the Fourier-Bessel function and magnetic field boundary condition, analytical models for magnetic field of the designed coils set under free and ferromagnetic boundaries are established, respectively. Through comparative analysis, the additional term caused by the coupling effect is separated, which enables the complete suppression of the coupling effect at the source. In addition, the quantum-inspired genetic algorithm (QIGA) is employed to solve the complex problem with strong constraints of higher performance and identical surface configuration efficiently. Taking the most commonly used circular coils in the shielding cylinder as the optimization object, we carry out the optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that our optimized coils reduce coupling factor to 0.28%, and improve uniformity to the order of $10^{-4}$ without any volume loss. The method can also be extended to other types of coils and magnetic shielding configurations to improve the accuracy of magnetic field measurement.
{"title":"Coupling-Free Magnetic Field Coils at Identical Surface Inside Magnetic Shielding Systems","authors":"Jixi Lu;Xiaoyan Gao;Shuying Wang;Yibo Qi;Nuozhou Xu;Xihui Ye;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650245","url":null,"abstract":"In precision magnetic field measurement, the combination system of magnetic shielding devices and coils is essential to provide a stable and controllable magnetic field environment. However, close proximity between coils and shielding introduces severe coupling effects that degrade performance of the system. Self-shielded coil is conventionally used to reduce this effect, but its suppression effect is limited, and its nested configuration causes a large volume waste. To address the problem, we propose a novel design method for coupling-free magnetic field coil set, including main coils and shielded coils, at identical surface inside magnetic shielding systems, which can achieve ultrahigh coupling-resistance and uniformity with maximum space saving. Based on the Fourier-Bessel function and magnetic field boundary condition, analytical models for magnetic field of the designed coils set under free and ferromagnetic boundaries are established, respectively. Through comparative analysis, the additional term caused by the coupling effect is separated, which enables the complete suppression of the coupling effect at the source. In addition, the quantum-inspired genetic algorithm (QIGA) is employed to solve the complex problem with strong constraints of higher performance and identical surface configuration efficiently. Taking the most commonly used circular coils in the shielding cylinder as the optimization object, we carry out the optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that our optimized coils reduce coupling factor to 0.28%, and improve uniformity to the order of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> without any volume loss. The method can also be extended to other types of coils and magnetic shielding configurations to improve the accuracy of magnetic field measurement.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650260
Qihang Xu;Jiaming Liu;Mengmeng Guan;Wei Su;Zhiguang Wang;Zhongqiang Hu;Ming Liu
Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) angle sensors are widely utilized in industrial applications owing to their noncontact operation, cost efficiency, and miniaturization potential. However, harmonic distortion inherent in AMR measurements fundamentally limits angle encoder accuracy. This work introduces a high-precision AMR sensor employing a wave-type topology that suppresses harmonic errors through geometric innovation, demonstrating significant performance enhancements versus conventional strip-type sensors: 64.3% reduction in maximum angular error (0.50° versus 1.4°), 65.3% lower worst-case nonlinearity (0.2% versus 0.576%), and minimal change in repeatability (0.14° versus 0.137°). Systematic evaluation of dynamic responses under variable field angles through Stoner–Wohlfarth modeling and experimental validation exhibits excellent agreement, confirming curvature optimization effectively minimizes angular errors. Mechanistic analysis identifies demagnetizing fields and induced anisotropy as dominant error sources. Crucially, this architecture maintains fabrication simplicity, demonstrating exceptional cost-performance synergy for automotive, robotics, and industrial automation applications requiring sub-0.5° accuracy.
{"title":"Reduced Harmonic Errors by Geometrically Modulating the Demagnetizing Fields in Wave-Type Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Angle Sensors","authors":"Qihang Xu;Jiaming Liu;Mengmeng Guan;Wei Su;Zhiguang Wang;Zhongqiang Hu;Ming Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650260","url":null,"abstract":"Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) angle sensors are widely utilized in industrial applications owing to their noncontact operation, cost efficiency, and miniaturization potential. However, harmonic distortion inherent in AMR measurements fundamentally limits angle encoder accuracy. This work introduces a high-precision AMR sensor employing a wave-type topology that suppresses harmonic errors through geometric innovation, demonstrating significant performance enhancements versus conventional strip-type sensors: 64.3% reduction in maximum angular error (0.50° versus 1.4°), 65.3% lower worst-case nonlinearity (0.2% versus 0.576%), and minimal change in repeatability (0.14° versus 0.137°). Systematic evaluation of dynamic responses under variable field angles through Stoner–Wohlfarth modeling and experimental validation exhibits excellent agreement, confirming curvature optimization effectively minimizes angular errors. Mechanistic analysis identifies demagnetizing fields and induced anisotropy as dominant error sources. Crucially, this architecture maintains fabrication simplicity, demonstrating exceptional cost-performance synergy for automotive, robotics, and industrial automation applications requiring sub-0.5° accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650265
Hanshi Li;Weinan Xie;Qi Wang;Guoxing Yi;Changhong Wang
The performance of the hemispherical resonator gyro (HRG) in whole-angle (WA) mode is affected by the angle-dependent harmonic drift. Suppressing this drift is essential to improve its temperature stability and operational range. In this article, a novel real-time method for eliminating harmonic drift based on a forward and reverse precession (FRP) control scheme is proposed. First, the sources of harmonic drift in HRG are analyzed. The HRG dynamical equations incorporating multiple error sources are derived and analyzed through numerical simulation. Subsequently, a real-time error identification algorithm is developed and validated through simulation. Finally, a temperature experiment is conducted to validate the method. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately identify and compensate for errors at different temperatures, effectively suppressing the harmonic components in angular velocity by more than 97%. The bias instability (BI) of the HRG remains consistently around $0.024boldsymbol {^{circ }}$ /h across various temperatures, indicating strong temperature stability. Additionally, the scale-factor nonlinearity (SFN) is reduced fivefold to 0.84 ppm. Most importantly, this method can be applied to all Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes to effectively eliminate their common angle-dependent harmonic drift.
{"title":"Real-Time Elimination of Harmonic Drift for Hemispherical Resonator Gyro Based on FRP Control Scheme","authors":"Hanshi Li;Weinan Xie;Qi Wang;Guoxing Yi;Changhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650265","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of the hemispherical resonator gyro (HRG) in whole-angle (WA) mode is affected by the angle-dependent harmonic drift. Suppressing this drift is essential to improve its temperature stability and operational range. In this article, a novel real-time method for eliminating harmonic drift based on a forward and reverse precession (FRP) control scheme is proposed. First, the sources of harmonic drift in HRG are analyzed. The HRG dynamical equations incorporating multiple error sources are derived and analyzed through numerical simulation. Subsequently, a real-time error identification algorithm is developed and validated through simulation. Finally, a temperature experiment is conducted to validate the method. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately identify and compensate for errors at different temperatures, effectively suppressing the harmonic components in angular velocity by more than 97%. The bias instability (BI) of the HRG remains consistently around <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.024boldsymbol {^{circ }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/h across various temperatures, indicating strong temperature stability. Additionally, the scale-factor nonlinearity (SFN) is reduced fivefold to 0.84 ppm. Most importantly, this method can be applied to all Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes to effectively eliminate their common angle-dependent harmonic drift.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650246
Ingyo Jeong;Jiho Ryoo;Soohee Han
Time-of-flight (ToF) cameras provide cost-effective 3-D depth sensing but are constrained by limited dynamic range, hindering reliable performance in scenes with large variations in distance and reflectance. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a deep learning-based high dynamic range (HDR) approach, DeepToF-HDR. The method combines two key neural networks: an exposure-time selection network (ESN) that dynamically adjusts scene-dependent exposure times, and a depth fusion network (DFN) that integrates multi-exposure-ToF measurements. A composite loss function with end-to-end joint training is employed to ensure stable and synergistic optimization of both networks. Under identical exposure-time configurations, experiments on a real multi-exposure ToF dataset show that DeepToF-HDR achieves a 54.1% reduction in the mean absolute error (MAE) of the depth compared with conventional baselines. Comparable accuracy is also achieved with less than half the number of captures and only 28% of the total exposure time, demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency.
{"title":"Learning-Based High Dynamic Range Imaging for Time-of-Flight Cameras","authors":"Ingyo Jeong;Jiho Ryoo;Soohee Han","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650246","url":null,"abstract":"Time-of-flight (ToF) cameras provide cost-effective 3-D depth sensing but are constrained by limited dynamic range, hindering reliable performance in scenes with large variations in distance and reflectance. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a deep learning-based high dynamic range (HDR) approach, DeepToF-HDR. The method combines two key neural networks: an exposure-time selection network (ESN) that dynamically adjusts scene-dependent exposure times, and a depth fusion network (DFN) that integrates multi-exposure-ToF measurements. A composite loss function with end-to-end joint training is employed to ensure stable and synergistic optimization of both networks. Under identical exposure-time configurations, experiments on a real multi-exposure ToF dataset show that DeepToF-HDR achieves a 54.1% reduction in the mean absolute error (MAE) of the depth compared with conventional baselines. Comparable accuracy is also achieved with less than half the number of captures and only 28% of the total exposure time, demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multilayer complex structures are widely used in the energy and power industries. However, due to the combined effects of multiple media layers and complex curved surfaces, using phased array ultrasonic inspection to check their internal structures and defects is still extremely challenging. This article proposed a two-stage array ultrasonic method for the inspection of internal structures. In the first stage, a low-frequency full waveform inversion (FWI) was used to characterize the complicated internal structure, overcoming the challenge of a priori velocity estimation while improving computational efficiency by 75% compared to full-spectrum FWI. In the second stage, a nonlinear synthetic focusing imaging method was utilized to achieve high-resolution imaging of internal defects. To further reduce the computation time for beam path estimation, an Eikonal equation-based method was introduced. The proposed method improves computational efficiency by approximately 96.85% and 93.93% compared to the traditional binary search and Fermat’s principle-based shortest path algorithms, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively detect internal defects within multilayer complex structures. Compared with the conventional array ultrasonic full focusing method, the global contrast index ($C_{G}$ ) value increased by 2.87 times, while the array performance indicator (API) value decreased by 88.73%.
{"title":"Ultrasonic Waveform Inversion and Nonlinear Synthetic Focusing Imaging in Multilayered Complex Structures","authors":"Tiantian Zhu;Zhenggan Zhou;Hafiz Ejaz Ahmad;Jingtao Yu;Wenbin Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650270","url":null,"abstract":"Multilayer complex structures are widely used in the energy and power industries. However, due to the combined effects of multiple media layers and complex curved surfaces, using phased array ultrasonic inspection to check their internal structures and defects is still extremely challenging. This article proposed a two-stage array ultrasonic method for the inspection of internal structures. In the first stage, a low-frequency full waveform inversion (FWI) was used to characterize the complicated internal structure, overcoming the challenge of a priori velocity estimation while improving computational efficiency by 75% compared to full-spectrum FWI. In the second stage, a nonlinear synthetic focusing imaging method was utilized to achieve high-resolution imaging of internal defects. To further reduce the computation time for beam path estimation, an Eikonal equation-based method was introduced. The proposed method improves computational efficiency by approximately 96.85% and 93.93% compared to the traditional binary search and Fermat’s principle-based shortest path algorithms, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively detect internal defects within multilayer complex structures. Compared with the conventional array ultrasonic full focusing method, the global contrast index (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) value increased by 2.87 times, while the array performance indicator (API) value decreased by 88.73%.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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