Multilayer complex structures are widely used in the energy and power industries. However, due to the combined effects of multiple media layers and complex curved surfaces, using phased array ultrasonic inspection to check their internal structures and defects is still extremely challenging. This article proposed a two-stage array ultrasonic method for the inspection of internal structures. In the first stage, a low-frequency full waveform inversion (FWI) was used to characterize the complicated internal structure, overcoming the challenge of a priori velocity estimation while improving computational efficiency by 75% compared to full-spectrum FWI. In the second stage, a nonlinear synthetic focusing imaging method was utilized to achieve high-resolution imaging of internal defects. To further reduce the computation time for beam path estimation, an Eikonal equation-based method was introduced. The proposed method improves computational efficiency by approximately 96.85% and 93.93% compared to the traditional binary search and Fermat’s principle-based shortest path algorithms, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively detect internal defects within multilayer complex structures. Compared with the conventional array ultrasonic full focusing method, the global contrast index ($C_{G}$ ) value increased by 2.87 times, while the array performance indicator (API) value decreased by 88.73%.
{"title":"Ultrasonic Waveform Inversion and Nonlinear Synthetic Focusing Imaging in Multilayered Complex Structures","authors":"Tiantian Zhu;Zhenggan Zhou;Hafiz Ejaz Ahmad;Jingtao Yu;Wenbin Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650270","url":null,"abstract":"Multilayer complex structures are widely used in the energy and power industries. However, due to the combined effects of multiple media layers and complex curved surfaces, using phased array ultrasonic inspection to check their internal structures and defects is still extremely challenging. This article proposed a two-stage array ultrasonic method for the inspection of internal structures. In the first stage, a low-frequency full waveform inversion (FWI) was used to characterize the complicated internal structure, overcoming the challenge of a priori velocity estimation while improving computational efficiency by 75% compared to full-spectrum FWI. In the second stage, a nonlinear synthetic focusing imaging method was utilized to achieve high-resolution imaging of internal defects. To further reduce the computation time for beam path estimation, an Eikonal equation-based method was introduced. The proposed method improves computational efficiency by approximately 96.85% and 93.93% compared to the traditional binary search and Fermat’s principle-based shortest path algorithms, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively detect internal defects within multilayer complex structures. Compared with the conventional array ultrasonic full focusing method, the global contrast index (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$C_{G}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) value increased by 2.87 times, while the array performance indicator (API) value decreased by 88.73%.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a novel differential eddy current inductive displacement sensor (ECIS) that achieves synchronous three-axis (XYZ) displacement measurement, overcoming the limitations of traditional single-axis detection. The sensor incorporates a spiral excitation coil, an aluminum target, and differential receiving coils bonded to the target surface. A hybrid-domain optimization framework combining theoretical modeling and finite-element analysis (FEA) was developed to address the challenges of multiphysics coupling in proximity to conductive targets. The coil geometry was systematically optimized through numerical calculations to maximize sensitivity while suppressing cross-axis interference. Experimental validation demonstrated a displacement range of $pm 1500~mu $ m in the $x$ - and $y$ -axes and $pm 130~mu $ m in the $z$ -axis, achieving quasistatic resolutions of 10, 13, and 0.45 nm, respectively. The cross-sensitivity between axes was maintained below ±0.5%. The sensor’s thermal stability was enhanced through Zerodur glass probe structures and differential topology, yielding a temperature drift coefficient of 162 ppm/°C. These results validate the proposed optimization methodology and highlight the sensor’s potential for ultraprecision metrology.
{"title":"A Noncontact 3-Degree-of-Freedom Displacement Sensor With Nanoscale Resolution","authors":"Shuyu Zhu;Rongjie Li;Tao Xu;Zilong Feng;Lizhuang Yan;Zhihua Feng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650281","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel differential eddy current inductive displacement sensor (ECIS) that achieves synchronous three-axis (XYZ) displacement measurement, overcoming the limitations of traditional single-axis detection. The sensor incorporates a spiral excitation coil, an aluminum target, and differential receiving coils bonded to the target surface. A hybrid-domain optimization framework combining theoretical modeling and finite-element analysis (FEA) was developed to address the challenges of multiphysics coupling in proximity to conductive targets. The coil geometry was systematically optimized through numerical calculations to maximize sensitivity while suppressing cross-axis interference. Experimental validation demonstrated a displacement range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 1500~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m in the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$x$ </tex-math></inline-formula>- and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axes and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 130~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m in the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$z$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis, achieving quasistatic resolutions of 10, 13, and 0.45 nm, respectively. The cross-sensitivity between axes was maintained below ±0.5%. The sensor’s thermal stability was enhanced through Zerodur glass probe structures and differential topology, yielding a temperature drift coefficient of 162 ppm/°C. These results validate the proposed optimization methodology and highlight the sensor’s potential for ultraprecision metrology.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3650290
Yi Liu;Xueping Xu;Chunbo Han
To solve the problems of the traditional magnetic shielding cylinders compensation coil system, such as complex structure, large volume, and insufficient flexibility of magnetic field (MF) adjustment, this study proposes a design method of $d$ single-layer dynamically variable multichannel orthogonal array coils (DVM-OACs) in a spindle-shaped magnetic shielding cylinder (sMSC). It uses an array of orthogonal crossed wires on a single-layer curved grid (R- and A-directions). Through multichannel independent control and dynamic current regulation, the DVM-OAC achieves precise generation and real-time compensation of three-axis (x, y, and z) uniform MF. Compared with the traditional structure of three independent Helmholtz coils stacked on top of each other, the DVM-OAC integrates the three-axis function in a single physical space, which reduces the volume by about 21.46%. The percentage of the space where the uniformity of the DVM-OAC is less than 3% reaches 3.98%, which is much larger than that of the three-axis Helmholtz coils, which is 0.82%. Experiments indicate that DVM-OAC can ensure high triaxial MF uniformity in the center region of sMSC, which is consistent with the theoretical results. This technology provides a new idea for high-precision magnetic environment regulation, which is especially suitable for wearable devices, implantable medical devices, and other scenarios with stringent requirements for lightweighting and flexibility.
{"title":"A Study of 3-D Magnetic Field Regulation Method With Dynamically Variable Multichannel Orthogonal Array Coils","authors":"Yi Liu;Xueping Xu;Chunbo Han","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650290","url":null,"abstract":"To solve the problems of the traditional magnetic shielding cylinders compensation coil system, such as complex structure, large volume, and insufficient flexibility of magnetic field (MF) adjustment, this study proposes a design method of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula> single-layer dynamically variable multichannel orthogonal array coils (DVM-OACs) in a spindle-shaped magnetic shielding cylinder (sMSC). It uses an array of orthogonal crossed wires on a single-layer curved grid (R- and A-directions). Through multichannel independent control and dynamic current regulation, the DVM-OAC achieves precise generation and real-time compensation of three-axis (x, y, and z) uniform MF. Compared with the traditional structure of three independent Helmholtz coils stacked on top of each other, the DVM-OAC integrates the three-axis function in a single physical space, which reduces the volume by about 21.46%. The percentage of the space where the uniformity of the DVM-OAC is less than 3% reaches 3.98%, which is much larger than that of the three-axis Helmholtz coils, which is 0.82%. Experiments indicate that DVM-OAC can ensure high triaxial MF uniformity in the center region of sMSC, which is consistent with the theoretical results. This technology provides a new idea for high-precision magnetic environment regulation, which is especially suitable for wearable devices, implantable medical devices, and other scenarios with stringent requirements for lightweighting and flexibility.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine gearboxes operating long-term in high-temperature, high-humidity, and high-salinity mist marine environments are highly susceptible to corrosion faults, posing significant threats to the reliability and safety of shipboard equipment. Ultrasonic testing (UT) technology, with its noncontact and remote capabilities, is well-suited for inspecting complex workpieces in such adverse conditions. To address the limitations of existing quantitative corrosion detection methods for gearboxes, while fully leveraging the nondestructiveness and information integrity advantages of ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology, this article proposes the wavelet time–frequency attention fusion network (WAFN), an ultrasonic signal-based method for gearbox corrosion detection. The method first constructs an optimized four-channel parallel ConvNeXt network (multichannel time–frequency feature extraction (MCFE) module) for deep feature extraction. Subsequently, a Transformer encoder module is introduced to fuse global features and capture cross-channel spatial dependencies. Then, a symmetric multichannel cross-attention feature fusion (CAFF) module realizes adaptive weighted fusion of local and global features. Finally, a supervised collaborative contrast loss (SCCL) training mechanism is designed, combining feature loss and classification loss to pull features of the same corrosion level closer while pushing features of different levels apart. This effectively mitigates interference from intraclass variations and blurred interclass feature boundaries inherent in quantitative data, achieving quantitative nondestructive detection of gearbox corrosion. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves higher comprehensive accuracy on the two datasets and in the supplementary experiments with actual plates, verifying the effectiveness of this method.
{"title":"Corrosion Detection of Gearbox Based on Wavelet Time–Frequency Attention Fusion Network","authors":"Tianyu Gao;Yongjiang Li;Jingli Yang;Yongqi Chang;Xiaopeng Fan;Meiyan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3644553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3644553","url":null,"abstract":"Marine gearboxes operating long-term in high-temperature, high-humidity, and high-salinity mist marine environments are highly susceptible to corrosion faults, posing significant threats to the reliability and safety of shipboard equipment. Ultrasonic testing (UT) technology, with its noncontact and remote capabilities, is well-suited for inspecting complex workpieces in such adverse conditions. To address the limitations of existing quantitative corrosion detection methods for gearboxes, while fully leveraging the nondestructiveness and information integrity advantages of ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology, this article proposes the wavelet time–frequency attention fusion network (WAFN), an ultrasonic signal-based method for gearbox corrosion detection. The method first constructs an optimized four-channel parallel ConvNeXt network (multichannel time–frequency feature extraction (MCFE) module) for deep feature extraction. Subsequently, a Transformer encoder module is introduced to fuse global features and capture cross-channel spatial dependencies. Then, a symmetric multichannel cross-attention feature fusion (CAFF) module realizes adaptive weighted fusion of local and global features. Finally, a supervised collaborative contrast loss (SCCL) training mechanism is designed, combining feature loss and classification loss to pull features of the same corrosion level closer while pushing features of different levels apart. This effectively mitigates interference from intraclass variations and blurred interclass feature boundaries inherent in quantitative data, achieving quantitative nondestructive detection of gearbox corrosion. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves higher comprehensive accuracy on the two datasets and in the supplementary experiments with actual plates, verifying the effectiveness of this method.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3648107
Hyo-Jeong Kim;Jae-Hyun Park;Yeong-Jin Choe;Kyung-Tae Kim
Indoor human localization (IHL) using radar is an essential technology for various applications. However, accurately identifying human presence indoors is complicated by strong reflections from static clutter and multipath propagation, which can produce ghost targets and reduce localization precision. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a novel framework that utilizes periodic micro-movements, such as those from human respiration, using multiple-input–multiple-output frequency-modulated continuous-wave (MIMO FMCW) radar system to distinguish stationary individuals from surrounding clutter. The proposed method analyzes Doppler signals in the 2-D range-angle domain and employs a curvature-based feature to capture directional variations of Doppler trajectories over slow time. Without requiring prior knowledge of the environment or training data, this approach effectively highlights human-induced motion patterns. Experimental results using a commercial MIMO FMCW radar system demonstrate that the proposed method effectively suppresses ghost targets caused by multipath propagation and achieves accurate localization of stationary human targets in indoor environments.
{"title":"Curvature Variance Method for Indoor Human Localization Using MIMO FMCW Radar","authors":"Hyo-Jeong Kim;Jae-Hyun Park;Yeong-Jin Choe;Kyung-Tae Kim","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3648107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3648107","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor human localization (IHL) using radar is an essential technology for various applications. However, accurately identifying human presence indoors is complicated by strong reflections from static clutter and multipath propagation, which can produce ghost targets and reduce localization precision. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a novel framework that utilizes periodic micro-movements, such as those from human respiration, using multiple-input–multiple-output frequency-modulated continuous-wave (MIMO FMCW) radar system to distinguish stationary individuals from surrounding clutter. The proposed method analyzes Doppler signals in the 2-D range-angle domain and employs a curvature-based feature to capture directional variations of Doppler trajectories over slow time. Without requiring prior knowledge of the environment or training data, this approach effectively highlights human-induced motion patterns. Experimental results using a commercial MIMO FMCW radar system demonstrate that the proposed method effectively suppresses ghost targets caused by multipath propagation and achieves accurate localization of stationary human targets in indoor environments.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3647997
Jiaxin Yang;Kun Feng;Yuan Liu;Yongjia Peng
Accurate extraction of second-order cyclostationary (CS2) components in bearing fault diagnosis requires effective suppression of first-order cyclostationary (CS1) interference. Under strong cyclostationary disturbances and non-Gaussian noise, conventional filtering methods often lack robustness to impulsive noise and fail to sufficiently suppress CS1 components. To address this, a generalized correntropy-driven adaptive joint filtering framework is proposed, integrating adaptive filtering and blind deconvolution. In the first stage, an adaptive filter based on generalized correntropy and an energy-guided dynamic step-size mechanism is used to remove CS1 and enhance noise robustness. A multigroup candidate fault frequency (MGCFF) extraction strategy then identifies dominant fault frequencies, which are passed to the second-stage generalized Gaussian cyclostationary blind deconvolution (CYCBD$beta $ ) filter. The filter length is adaptively optimized using a sparsity-based performance-efficiency ratio (PER) to amplify CS2 features. The proposed method enables adaptive parameter tuning and coordinated filtering, ensuring accurate extraction of weak fault features under complex, noisy conditions. Simulation, experimental, and engineering validations confirm its superiority over conventional approaches in feature enhancement and robustness.
{"title":"An Improved Generalized Correntropy-Driven Adaptive Cyclostationary Blind Deconvolution Method for Bearing Fault Diagnosis Under Strong Interference","authors":"Jiaxin Yang;Kun Feng;Yuan Liu;Yongjia Peng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3647997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3647997","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate extraction of second-order cyclostationary (CS2) components in bearing fault diagnosis requires effective suppression of first-order cyclostationary (CS1) interference. Under strong cyclostationary disturbances and non-Gaussian noise, conventional filtering methods often lack robustness to impulsive noise and fail to sufficiently suppress CS1 components. To address this, a generalized correntropy-driven adaptive joint filtering framework is proposed, integrating adaptive filtering and blind deconvolution. In the first stage, an adaptive filter based on generalized correntropy and an energy-guided dynamic step-size mechanism is used to remove CS1 and enhance noise robustness. A multigroup candidate fault frequency (MGCFF) extraction strategy then identifies dominant fault frequencies, which are passed to the second-stage generalized Gaussian cyclostationary blind deconvolution (CYCBD<inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) filter. The filter length is adaptively optimized using a sparsity-based performance-efficiency ratio (PER) to amplify CS2 features. The proposed method enables adaptive parameter tuning and coordinated filtering, ensuring accurate extraction of weak fault features under complex, noisy conditions. Simulation, experimental, and engineering validations confirm its superiority over conventional approaches in feature enhancement and robustness.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the design and optimization of a dipole electromagnet pole tip are presented, with the aim of compacting the structure and enhancing the magnetic field quality across the Tanabe optimal width. The optimization process was conducted by introducing adjustable control points at the pole edges of this beam-bending precision instrument, using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques, coupled with a 2-D finite element method magnetics (FEMM) simulation code. The simulation results demonstrated a 15.9% improvement in the horizontal good field region (GFR) compared to the existing dipole in the ES150 ion accelerator’s mass spectrometer, achieving the field uniformity $(1times 10^{-3})$ . Additionally, the proposed approach led to a 12.3% reduction in the dipole electromagnet’s overall dimensions, while also reducing magnetic saturation at the edges by 60% and enhancing manufacturability. Subsequent mass spectrometry of hydrogen ion beams confirmed the presence of $text {H}^{+},text {H}_{2}^{+},~text {and} ~text {H}_{3}^{+}$ ions with relative abundances of 72.2%, 8.9%, and 18.9%, respectively. The results validate the accuracy, effectiveness, and potential of the proposed design for future development in advanced diagnostic instrumentation.
{"title":"Development of a Miniaturized Dipole Electromagnet for GFR Enhancement in an Accelerator Mass Spectrometer","authors":"Mohsen Dehghan;Fereydoun Abbasi Davani;Shahin Sanaye Hajari;Reza Ghaderi;Farshad Ghasemi","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3643079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3643079","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the design and optimization of a dipole electromagnet pole tip are presented, with the aim of compacting the structure and enhancing the magnetic field quality across the Tanabe optimal width. The optimization process was conducted by introducing adjustable control points at the pole edges of this beam-bending precision instrument, using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques, coupled with a 2-D finite element method magnetics (FEMM) simulation code. The simulation results demonstrated a 15.9% improvement in the horizontal good field region (GFR) compared to the existing dipole in the ES150 ion accelerator’s mass spectrometer, achieving the field uniformity <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(1times 10^{-3})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Additionally, the proposed approach led to a 12.3% reduction in the dipole electromagnet’s overall dimensions, while also reducing magnetic saturation at the edges by 60% and enhancing manufacturability. Subsequent mass spectrometry of hydrogen ion beams confirmed the presence of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {H}^{+},text {H}_{2}^{+},~text {and} ~text {H}_{3}^{+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ions with relative abundances of 72.2%, 8.9%, and 18.9%, respectively. The results validate the accuracy, effectiveness, and potential of the proposed design for future development in advanced diagnostic instrumentation.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Active noise control (ANC) systems in vehicle cabins are conventionally validated through real-time prototypes in road tests. However, the escalating complexity of ANC algorithms and the inherent variability of real-world testing conditions frequently lead to high experimental costs and inefficiencies, significantly impeding the broader implementation of in-vehicle ANC systems. This challenge underscores a significant deficiency in the field: the absence of a high-fidelity approach to facilitate the validation of algorithms under reproducible conditions. This article introduces a sound field reproduction (SFR) method based on the multichannel pressure matching least squares (MCPMLSs) algorithm for in-vehicle ANC system evaluation. The SFR-ANC system is further proposed, integrating a feedback-equalization-optimized SFR subsystem with dual parallel ANC subsystems powered by broadband and narrowband adaptive algorithms. The hybrid system was implemented through a loudspeaker array and active headrest integration, designed to achieve accurate in-vehicle sound environment reproduction and localized cancellation. The system’s performance was evaluated using ear zone noise collected inside a real vehicle as disturbance signals within an acoustic laboratory. Experimental results validate the system’s accuracy in reproducing authentic noise environments and the noise canceling performances both in stable and transient conditions. The proposed approach establishes a reproducible testing protocol for standardized subjective-objective assessment of in-vehicle ANC performance.
{"title":"A Study on Active Noise Control in Reproduced In-Vehicle Sound Environment","authors":"Rubin Li;Xu Zheng;Bo Wan;Yong Yu;Xuexian Liu;Chi Liu;Yi Qiu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3648526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3648526","url":null,"abstract":"Active noise control (ANC) systems in vehicle cabins are conventionally validated through real-time prototypes in road tests. However, the escalating complexity of ANC algorithms and the inherent variability of real-world testing conditions frequently lead to high experimental costs and inefficiencies, significantly impeding the broader implementation of in-vehicle ANC systems. This challenge underscores a significant deficiency in the field: the absence of a high-fidelity approach to facilitate the validation of algorithms under reproducible conditions. This article introduces a sound field reproduction (SFR) method based on the multichannel pressure matching least squares (MCPMLSs) algorithm for in-vehicle ANC system evaluation. The SFR-ANC system is further proposed, integrating a feedback-equalization-optimized SFR subsystem with dual parallel ANC subsystems powered by broadband and narrowband adaptive algorithms. The hybrid system was implemented through a loudspeaker array and active headrest integration, designed to achieve accurate in-vehicle sound environment reproduction and localized cancellation. The system’s performance was evaluated using ear zone noise collected inside a real vehicle as disturbance signals within an acoustic laboratory. Experimental results validate the system’s accuracy in reproducing authentic noise environments and the noise canceling performances both in stable and transient conditions. The proposed approach establishes a reproducible testing protocol for standardized subjective-objective assessment of in-vehicle ANC performance.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3648093
Chihoon Kim;Myungjoo Kang;Munseob Lee
Plenoptic systems represent a significant advancement in imaging technology, enabling sophisticated 3-D image capture with a single exposure. This study presents the development of a microscope system for microscale applications, based on plenoptic principles. The proposed system incorporates a microlens array (MLA) designed and fabricated with minimal errors through optical simulation and a custom-designed lens jig. Precise optical alignment was performed to optimize the system performance, ensuring improved spatial resolution and depth of field (DOF) by matching the numerical apertures (NAs) of the MLA and the tube lens. The system achieved a spatial resolution of $12.4~mu $ m, with contrast ratios of 90% and 97% in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Additionally, the DOF was enhanced by $1.6times $ , increasing from the theoretical value of 630–$1000~mu $ m. The analysis revealed that high-frequency components were more sensitive to variations in the DOF relative to the spatial frequency, whereas low-frequency components maintained high clarity over an extended range.
{"title":"Advanced Optical Design and Evaluation of a Plenoptic Microscope for Extended 3-D Imaging Capabilities","authors":"Chihoon Kim;Myungjoo Kang;Munseob Lee","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3648093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3648093","url":null,"abstract":"Plenoptic systems represent a significant advancement in imaging technology, enabling sophisticated 3-D image capture with a single exposure. This study presents the development of a microscope system for microscale applications, based on plenoptic principles. The proposed system incorporates a microlens array (MLA) designed and fabricated with minimal errors through optical simulation and a custom-designed lens jig. Precise optical alignment was performed to optimize the system performance, ensuring improved spatial resolution and depth of field (DOF) by matching the numerical apertures (NAs) of the MLA and the tube lens. The system achieved a spatial resolution of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12.4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m, with contrast ratios of 90% and 97% in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Additionally, the DOF was enhanced by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.6times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, increasing from the theoretical value of 630–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1000~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. The analysis revealed that high-frequency components were more sensitive to variations in the DOF relative to the spatial frequency, whereas low-frequency components maintained high clarity over an extended range.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3647988
Yanju Ji;Weiyi Wang;Shilin Qiu;Yibing Yu;Huaishi Liu
The superposition of the primary field in time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys can severely degrade data quality, especially during the early stage after the transmitting current is turned off, resulting in shallow detection blind spots. To address this problem, this article proposes a cm-level coil-based method for equivalent measurement and removal of the primary field. By driving the cm-level coil with a proportionally reduced current, an equivalent primary field is generated while the induced secondary field remains negligible. The receiving system directly measures this equivalent primary field, enabling its subtraction from the observational data. The method was validated through field experiments using $4times 4$ m and $50times 50$ m transmitting coils, where residual primary fields from the bucking device and the complete primary field of the large loop were effectively removed. Consequently, the effective observation window was extended by 150 and $278~mu $ s, respectively. The method significantly enhances shallow detection capability and exhibits broad applicability across TDEM system scales.
{"title":"Equivalent Measurement and Removal of Primary Field Effect Using a cm-Level Coil in Time-Domain Electromagnetic Surveys","authors":"Yanju Ji;Weiyi Wang;Shilin Qiu;Yibing Yu;Huaishi Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3647988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3647988","url":null,"abstract":"The superposition of the primary field in time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys can severely degrade data quality, especially during the early stage after the transmitting current is turned off, resulting in shallow detection blind spots. To address this problem, this article proposes a cm-level coil-based method for equivalent measurement and removal of the primary field. By driving the cm-level coil with a proportionally reduced current, an equivalent primary field is generated while the induced secondary field remains negligible. The receiving system directly measures this equivalent primary field, enabling its subtraction from the observational data. The method was validated through field experiments using <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> m and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50times 50$ </tex-math></inline-formula> m transmitting coils, where residual primary fields from the bucking device and the complete primary field of the large loop were effectively removed. Consequently, the effective observation window was extended by 150 and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$278~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, respectively. The method significantly enhances shallow detection capability and exhibits broad applicability across TDEM system scales.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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