Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology最新文献

Purpose: Amikacin (AMC), an aminoglycoside antibiotic known for its rapid and potent bactericidal activity, is also associated with nephrotoxicity. Diosmin and perindopril have been reported to improve renal function and hold promise as therapeutic agents for preventing drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Diosmin and perindopril, either alone or in combination, against renal damage induced by AMC toxicity and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods: The researchers evaluated the impact of Diosmin (50 mg/kg, orally) and perindopril (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on AMC-induced kidney injury (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneally) in rats. Invasive blood pressure, serum kidney function and toxicity parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and renal tissue were assessed. Histopathological changes in the kidney were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the combination pretreatment on kidney injury were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting techniques.

Results: The findings demonstrated that the combination therapy improved kidney function by attenuating pathological changes observed in H&E staining including tubular necrosis and glomerular damage, in addition to reducing levels of kidney function including serum levels of creatinine compared to the AMC group, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) uric acid, and albumin. Mean arterial blood pressure, and toxicity markers including Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), Cystatin-c were also decreased in samples of combination group compared to AMC group. Furthermore, the protective combination therapy downregulated NF-κB-p65, P53, Keap-1, and C-FOS, while upregulating Mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (Iκβ), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels.

Conclusions: The findings reveal the potential clinical application of combining Diosmin and perindopril to reduce AMC-induced nephrotoxicity, which requires further research in clinical settings.

Objectives: Because liver fibrosis causes several insults that can result in death, it is regarded as an epidemic health issue. As "an inhibitor of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2)," Dapagliflozin (Dapa) is one of the newest anti-diabetic drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dapa's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties produced positive impacts in numerous human and animal models. Due to Dapa's previously documented properties, we planned this investigation to elucidate the protective function of Dapa in male rat liver fibrosis caused by thioacetamide (TAA) as well as the expected pathways.

Methods: There were four groups of 24 rats: a control group, a TAA group that received (100 mg/kg b.wt intraperitoneally twice a week for 6 weeks), "TAA + Dapa" groups that given oral Dapa at (1 and 2 mg/kg b.wt. for 4 weeks in addition to TAA injections).

Results: It was shown that TAA injections increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (509.6%), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (298.8%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (330.9%), phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) (428.9% %), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) (416.6%) levels. All of these markers were considerably reduced by Dapa treatment. In addition, reduced glutathione (GSH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (79%), albumin, Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) (69%), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were all decreased after TAA injection; however, they were restored by Dapa administration. The Dapa-treated groups had higher Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expressions, based on the results of PCR. Biochemical outcomes were validated by histopathological results. Immunohistopathological study revealed that DAPA treatment decreased caspase-3 and alpha-smooth Muscle Actin (αSMA) expression.

Conclusion: Due to its interactions with the Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4 pathways, our research showed that Dapa had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities against TAA-induced liver fibrosis.

Context: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a metabolite of vitamin A, regulates embryogenesis, regeneration, hematopoiesis, differentiation, and apoptosis. It also exerts immunomodulatory effects and is used in inflammatory disease models.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the paradoxical pro-inflammatory effects of ATRA on eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment and activation.

Materials and methods: We used thioglycolate- and zymosan-induced peritonitis models in mice to evaluate leukocyte recruitment following ATRA treatment. The roles of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway were assessed using genetically deficient mice and pharmacological inhibitors.

Results and discussion: ATRA increased total leukocyte, eosinophil, and neutrophil counts in peritoneal exudates, enhancing the response to both thioglycolate and zymosan. The effects were microenvironment-dependent and likely mediated by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. iNOS was required for eosinophil recruitment, while TNF contributed to both eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment. The 5-LO pathway was essential for eosinophil involvement. These findings suggest that ATRA can paradoxically enhance inflammation by modulating innate immune cell responses.

Conclusions: ATRA promotes inflammation through iNOS, TNF, and 5-LO-dependent pathways, revealing complex mechanisms of immune modulation with potential relevance for inflammatory disease management.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of Kindlin-2 in HCC and its underlying molecular mechanisms, focusing on its regulation of the Fas/FasL signaling pathway.

Materials and methods: In vitro, Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with Kindlin-2 siRNA, a Fas activator, and a combination of Kindlin-2 siRNA and Fas siRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were evaluated using CCK-8 assays and flow cytometry, while the expression of associated proteins was analyzed through Western blotting. In vivo, a nude mouse xenograft model was established, and the expression levels of apoptosis and cell cycle proteins were assessed using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results: Silencing Kindlin-2 significantly upregulated the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), activating the Fas/FasL signaling pathway. This activation promoted the recruitment of FADD, leading to the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3, inducing apoptosis and causing G1 phase cell cycle arrest.

Discussion and conclusion: This study revealed that Kindlin-2 inhibited apoptosis in HCC by negatively regulating the Fas/FasL signaling pathway. Kindlin-2 reduced apoptosis in HCC cells by suppressing the activation of the Fas/FasL pathway, thereby promoting tumor progression.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of roflumilast (RFL) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced ovarian toxicity as well as the possible underlying mechanism.

Material and methods: Female Wistar rats received the vehicle (n = 6) or CP (200 mg/kg, i.p.). The other 2 groups (n = 6 for each) were orally pretreated with RFL at dosages of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively, for 14 days and then after one hour of RFL administration on the 14th day, rats were intraperitoneally administered a single dose of CP. Serum and tissue samples were collected. Biochemical, real-time polymerase chain reaction, histopathological and immunohistopathological examination were carried out.

Results: RFL significantly elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) compared to the CP group. RFL remarkably elevated ovarian contents of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and reduced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸb) p65/NF-ĸB ratio as compared to control CP group. Compared to the CP group, RFL significantly elevated Nrf2 gene expression, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), and elevated the reduced glutathione (GSH) ovarian content. It also reduced the protein expression of TNF-α and caspase-3.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that RFL (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) protected rats against CP-induced ovarian toxicity via altering the SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-ĸB pathway, ameliorating histopathological changes in addition to its anti-apoptotic effect.

Background: Nintedanib is a potent antifibrotic angiokinase inhibitor approved for various fibrotic lung diseases. Potential therapeutic efficacy of nintedanib in various inflammatory diseases is under investigation. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of nintedanib on adipogenesis and fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO).

Methods: Primary orbital fibroblasts were cultured from orbital connective tissue of patients with GO and healthy controls. The cells were pretreated with nintedanib before stimulation with either interleukin (IL)-1β, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, insulin-like growth factor-1, or IL-11. Fibrosis-related and intracellular signaling protein expressions were assessed using western blotting. Hyaluronan and procollagen concentrations were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adipogenesis was quantified by Oil Red O staining and the levels of adipogenic transcription factors were determined by Western blot.

Results: TGF-β-induced fibronectin and collagen 1/3 protein expression was abrogated by nintedanib treatment. Nintedanib decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, SMAD 2/3, Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular regulated protein kinase. Exposure to nintedanib hindered adipocyte differentiation and expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α/β, adipocyte protein 2, adiponectin, and leptin. Additionally, nintedanib reduced hyaluronan and procollagen secretion.

Conclusions: Nintedanib suppressed profibrotic protein production, adipogenesis, and hyaluronan production in in vitro. These findings indicate the potential therapeutic efficacy of nintedanib in GO management.

Introduction: In this study, our aim was to investigate the protective effects of myricetin (single dose-100 mg/kg) on CLP-induced rat sepsis model by analyzing some immune mechanisms including inflammation and oxidative stress by different techniques such as Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, tissue biochemistry and Western Blotting.

Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by ELISA technique. CD68 and Nuclear-Factor-Kappa-B (NF-κB) positivity rates were detected by IHC. Some of oxidative stress parameters were measured by tissue biochemistry, while Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) expression others were detected by Western blot technique.

Results: Sepsis caused a significant increase in all pro-inflammatory cytokine and oxidant levels. Also, it led to an increase in the positivity of CD68 and NF-κB markers as well as the expression levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta, TLR4, Keap-1. However, single dose myricetin application normalized pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, increased anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, decreased positivity of CD68 and NF-κB and increased NRF2 and HO-1 expressions.

Discussion: As a conclusion, the beneficial effect of myricetin on lung injury also involved inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway, suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine production, regulation of oxidant and anti-oxidant system parameters, and activating the NRF2/Keap1/HO-1 pathway.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorder. Infliximab (INF) has shown good efficacy in IBD treatment, but its specific impact requires further exploration. This study aimed to assess the effects of intravenous INF on clinical symptom scores and serum cytokine levels in IBD patients.

Methods: A retrospective review of 126 IBD patients treated with INF was conducted. Baseline data, Mayo scores, Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores at 6 and 12 months, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and CRP were recorded. Correlations between disease activity scores and inflammatory markers were analyzed, and the relationship between baseline indicators and treatment efficacy was examined.

Results: At 12 months, Mayo and CDAI scores, TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels were significantly reduced, while IL-10 levels increased. Disease activity scores positively correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and negatively with IL-10. Factors such as Crohn's disease subtype, age, high baseline CDAI or Mayo scores, elevated TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, and longer disease duration were associated with poorer outcomes (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified disease type, high baseline disease activity, long disease duration, and elevated inflammatory markers as independent risk factors. Adverse reactions were infrequent, with no serious adverse events reported.

Conclusion: Intravenous INF effectively improves clinical symptoms and modulates inflammatory cytokines in IBD patients, with favorable safety and increasing efficacy over time. However, the limited sample size and lack of long-term data warrant further validation in larger, prospective multicenter studies.

Objectives: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria, and its progression leads to periodontal tissue destruction and tooth loss. Zerumbone is a bioactive substance found in ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) and is known to have bioactive effects such as anticancer effects, but there have been no attempts to use it for periodontitis treatment. In addition, there have been no reports examining its effects on periodontal tissue component cells. In this experiment, we aimed to determine whether zerumbone affects the production of inflammatory mediators induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs), including its effects on signaling pathways.

Methods: HPDLCs were stimulated by TNF-α (10 ng/ml) with or without zerumbone (6.25, 12.5, or 25 µM). Cytokine production in supernatant was determined using ELISA. Activation of signal transduction pathways and intracellular protein expression were investigated using the western blot analysis.

Results: Zerumbone significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced production of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL20, CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in HPDLCs. In addition, zerumbone decreased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in TNF-α-stimulated HPDLCs. Furthermore, zerumbone suppressed activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways in TNF-α-treated HPDLCs. Finally, zerumbone enhanced the production of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme, in HPDLCs.

Conclusion: These results suggest that zerumbone suppressed the production of several inflammatory mediators by inhibiting the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways in HPDLCs.

Objective: Aim of this study is to compare the thiol/disulfide variables before treatment, at the 3^rd and 6^th months of biologic treatment in patients with axSpA.

Materials & methods: Consecutive patients with axial spondyloarthritis to whom biologic treatment was initiated in our clinic were enrolled upon consent. Demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters and treatment agents were collected. Disease activity scores and thiol-disulfide balance parameters were recorded at baseline and 3^rd, 6^th months of treatment. Statistical analyses were performed in all patients and in subgroups of ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patients.

Results: In all patients, total thiol levels were significantly increased at 6^th month in comparison to baseline values (470.5 ± 74.7 vs 491.9 ± 69.6, p = 0.047). Native thiol levels were increased at 6^th month close to significance (438.9 ± 70.4 vs 458.8 ± 63.7, p = 0.060). Moderately strong negative correlations were observed between native thiol levels and disease activity parameters (BASDAI: p = 0,019; ASDAS-CRP: p = 0,035; ASDAS-ESR: p = 0,030), and between total thiol levels and disease activity parameters (BASDAI: p = 0,031; ASDAS-CRP: p = 0,020; ASDAS-ESR: p = 0,026) at 6^th month evaluation.

Discussion & conclusions: Our results demonstrated oxidative stress reducing effect of biologics in axSpA patients parallel to suppression of disease activity at 6^th month of the treatment.