Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3410228
Subhankar Banerjee;Sennur Ulukus
We consider a communication system where a base station (BS) transmits update packets to N users, one user at a time, over a wireless channel. We investigate the age of this status updating system with an adversary that jams the update packets in the downlink. We consider two system models: with diversity and without diversity. In the model without diversity, in each time slot, the BS schedules a user from N users according to a user scheduling algorithm. The constrained adversary blocks at most a given fraction, $alpha $ , of the time slots over a horizon of T slots, i.e., it can block at most $alpha T$ slots of its choosing out of the total T time slots. We show that if the BS schedules the users with a stationary randomized policy, then the optimal choice for the adversary is to block the user which has the lowest probability of getting scheduled by the BS, at the middle of the time horizon, consecutively for $alpha T$ time slots. The interesting consecutive property of the blocked time slots is due to the cumulative nature of the age metric. In the model with diversity, in each time slot, the BS schedules a user from N users and chooses a sub-carrier from $N_{sub}$ sub-carriers to transmit update packets to the scheduled user according to a user scheduling algorithm and a sub-carrier choosing algorithm, respectively. The adversary blocks $alpha T$ time slots of its choosing out of T time slots at the sub-carriers of its choosing. We show that for large T, the uniform user scheduling algorithm together with the uniform sub-carrier choosing algorithm is $frac {2 N_{sub}}{N_{sub}-1}$ optimal. Next, we investigate the game theoretic equilibrium points of this status updating system. For the model without diversity, we show that a Nash equilibrium does not exist, however, a Stackelberg equilibrium exists when the scheduling algorithm of the BS acts as the leader and the adversary acts as the follower. For the model with diversity, we show that a Nash equilibrium exists and identify the Nash equilibrium. Finally, we extend the model without diversity to the case where the BS can serve multiple users and the adversary can jam multiple users, at a time.
我们考虑了一个通信系统，其中基站（BS）通过无线信道向 N 个用户发送更新数据包，每次发送一个用户。我们研究了在下行链路中干扰更新数据包的对手的情况下，这种状态更新系统的年龄问题。我们考虑了两种系统模型：有分集和无分集。在无分集模型中，在每个时隙，BS 根据用户调度算法从 N 个用户中调度一个用户。在 T 个时隙的范围内，受限对抗者最多只能阻塞给定分数（$alpha $）的时隙，也就是说，在总共 T 个时隙中，它最多只能阻塞自己选择的 $alpha T$ 个时隙。我们的研究表明，如果 BS 采用静态随机策略调度用户，那么对手的最优选择就是在时间跨度的中间，连续阻塞 $alpha T$ 个时隙，阻塞被 BS 调度的概率最低的用户。阻塞时隙的有趣连续特性是由年龄度量的累积性质造成的。在分集模型中，在每个时隙，BS 从 N 个用户中调度一个用户，并根据用户调度算法和子载波选择算法分别从 $N_{sub}$ 子载波中选择一个子载波向调度用户发送更新数据包。对抗者在其选择的子载波的 T 个时隙中阻塞其选择的 $alpha T$ 时隙。我们证明，对于大 T，统一用户调度算法和统一子载波选择算法都是最优的。接下来，我们将研究该状态更新系统的博弈论均衡点。对于没有多样性的模型，我们证明不存在纳什均衡，但是，当 BS 的调度算法扮演领导者，而对手扮演跟随者时，就存在斯塔克尔伯格均衡。对于具有多样性的模型，我们证明了纳什均衡的存在，并确定了纳什均衡。最后，我们将无多样性模型扩展到 BS 可以同时为多个用户提供服务而对手可以干扰多个用户的情况。
{"title":"The Freshness Game: Timely Communications in the Presence of an Adversary","authors":"Subhankar Banerjee;Sennur Ulukus","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3410228","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3410228","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a communication system where a base station (BS) transmits update packets to N users, one user at a time, over a wireless channel. We investigate the age of this status updating system with an adversary that jams the update packets in the downlink. We consider two system models: with diversity and without diversity. In the model without diversity, in each time slot, the BS schedules a user from N users according to a user scheduling algorithm. The constrained adversary blocks at most a given fraction, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, of the time slots over a horizon of T slots, i.e., it can block at most \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha T$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 slots of its choosing out of the total T time slots. We show that if the BS schedules the users with a stationary randomized policy, then the optimal choice for the adversary is to block the user which has the lowest probability of getting scheduled by the BS, at the middle of the time horizon, consecutively for \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha T$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 time slots. The interesting consecutive property of the blocked time slots is due to the cumulative nature of the age metric. In the model with diversity, in each time slot, the BS schedules a user from N users and chooses a sub-carrier from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N_{sub}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 sub-carriers to transmit update packets to the scheduled user according to a user scheduling algorithm and a sub-carrier choosing algorithm, respectively. The adversary blocks \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha T$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 time slots of its choosing out of T time slots at the sub-carriers of its choosing. We show that for large T, the uniform user scheduling algorithm together with the uniform sub-carrier choosing algorithm is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$frac {2 N_{sub}}{N_{sub}-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 optimal. Next, we investigate the game theoretic equilibrium points of this status updating system. For the model without diversity, we show that a Nash equilibrium does not exist, however, a Stackelberg equilibrium exists when the scheduling algorithm of the BS acts as the leader and the adversary acts as the follower. For the model with diversity, we show that a Nash equilibrium exists and identify the Nash equilibrium. Finally, we extend the model without diversity to the case where the BS can serve multiple users and the adversary can jam multiple users, at a time.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 5","pages":"4067-4084"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3450489
Riheng Jia;Qiyong Fu;Zhonglong Zheng;Guanglin Zhang;Minglu Li
In this work, we study the problem of dispatching multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for data collection in internet of things (IoT), where each UAV departs from its start point, visits some IoT devices for data collection and returns to its destination point. Considering the UAV’s limited onboard energy and the time required to collect data from all IoT devices, it is essential to appropriately assign the data collection task for each UAV, such that none of the dispatched UAVs consumes excessive energy and the maximum task completion time among all UAVs is minimized. To optimize those two conflicting objectives, we focus on minimizing the maximum task completion time and the maximum energy consumption among all UAVs, by jointly designing the flight trajectory, hovering positions for data collection and flight speed of each UAV. We formulate this problem as a multi-objective optimization problem with the aim of obtaining a set of Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of time or energy dominance. Due to the NP-hardness and complexity of the formulated problem, we propose a multi-strategy multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm (MSMOACO), which is developed based on a constrained ant colony optimization algorithm with a fitnessguided mutation strategy and an adaptive hovering strategy being delicately incorporated, to solve the problem. To accommodate the practical scenario, we also design a novel geometry-based collision avoidance strategy to reduce the possibility of collisions among UAVs. Extensive evaluations validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed MSMOACO, compared with previous approaches.
{"title":"Energy and Time Trade-Off Optimization for Multi-UAV Enabled Data Collection of IoT Devices","authors":"Riheng Jia;Qiyong Fu;Zhonglong Zheng;Guanglin Zhang;Minglu Li","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3450489","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3450489","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we study the problem of dispatching multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for data collection in internet of things (IoT), where each UAV departs from its start point, visits some IoT devices for data collection and returns to its destination point. Considering the UAV’s limited onboard energy and the time required to collect data from all IoT devices, it is essential to appropriately assign the data collection task for each UAV, such that none of the dispatched UAVs consumes excessive energy and the maximum task completion time among all UAVs is minimized. To optimize those two conflicting objectives, we focus on minimizing the maximum task completion time and the maximum energy consumption among all UAVs, by jointly designing the flight trajectory, hovering positions for data collection and flight speed of each UAV. We formulate this problem as a multi-objective optimization problem with the aim of obtaining a set of Pareto-optimal solutions in terms of time or energy dominance. Due to the NP-hardness and complexity of the formulated problem, we propose a multi-strategy multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm (MSMOACO), which is developed based on a constrained ant colony optimization algorithm with a fitnessguided mutation strategy and an adaptive hovering strategy being delicately incorporated, to solve the problem. To accommodate the practical scenario, we also design a novel geometry-based collision avoidance strategy to reduce the possibility of collisions among UAVs. Extensive evaluations validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed MSMOACO, compared with previous approaches.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"5172-5187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile apps have significantly transformed various aspects of modern life, leading to growing concerns about privacy risks. Despite widespread encrypted communication, app fingerprinting (AF) attacks threaten user privacy substantially. However, existing AF attacks, when targeted at wireless traffic, face four fundamental challenges, namely 1) sample inseparability; 2) app multiplexing; 3) signal attenuation; and 4) open-world recognition. In this paper, we advance a novel AF attack, dubbed PacketPrint, to recognize app user activities over the air in an open-world setting. We introduce two novel models, i.e., sequential XGBoost and hierarchical bag-of-words model, to tackle sample inseparability and enhance robustness against noise packets arising from app multiplexing. We also propose the environment-aware model enhancement to bolster PacketPrint’s robustness in handling packet loss at the sniffer caused by signal attenuation. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed attack in a series of challenging scenarios, including 1) open-world setting; 2) simultaneous use of different apps; 3) severe packet loss at the sniffer; and 4) cross-dataset recognition. The experimental results show that PacketPrint can accurately recognize app user activities. It achieves the average F1-score 0.947 for open-world app recognition and the average F1-score 0.959 for in-app user action recognition.
{"title":"Robust App Fingerprinting Over the Air","authors":"Jianfeng Li;Zheng Lin;Jian Qu;Shuohan Wu;Hao Zhou;Yangyang Liu;Xiaobo Ma;Ting Wang;Xiapu Luo;Xiaohong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3448621","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3448621","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile apps have significantly transformed various aspects of modern life, leading to growing concerns about privacy risks. Despite widespread encrypted communication, app fingerprinting (AF) attacks threaten user privacy substantially. However, existing AF attacks, when targeted at wireless traffic, face four fundamental challenges, namely 1) sample inseparability; 2) app multiplexing; 3) signal attenuation; and 4) open-world recognition. In this paper, we advance a novel AF attack, dubbed PacketPrint, to recognize app user activities over the air in an open-world setting. We introduce two novel models, i.e., sequential XGBoost and hierarchical bag-of-words model, to tackle sample inseparability and enhance robustness against noise packets arising from app multiplexing. We also propose the environment-aware model enhancement to bolster PacketPrint’s robustness in handling packet loss at the sniffer caused by signal attenuation. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed attack in a series of challenging scenarios, including 1) open-world setting; 2) simultaneous use of different apps; 3) severe packet loss at the sniffer; and 4) cross-dataset recognition. The experimental results show that PacketPrint can accurately recognize app user activities. It achieves the average F1-score 0.947 for open-world app recognition and the average F1-score 0.959 for in-app user action recognition.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"5065-5080"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3444602
Ilai Bistritz;Nicholas Bambos
Consider N devices that transmit packets for T time slots, where device n uses transmission power $P_{n}left ({{t}}right)$ at time slot t. Independently at each time slot, a packet arrives at device n with probability $lambda _{n}$ . The probability of successfully transmitting a packet $mu _{n}left ({{boldsymbol {P}}}right)$ is a function of the transmission powers of all devices $boldsymbol {P}$ and the channel gains $left {{{ g_{m,n}}}right } $ between them. This function is unknown to the devices that only observe binary reward $r_{n}left ({{boldsymbol {P}}}right)$ of whether the transmission was successful (ACK/NACK). All packets of device n that were not successfully transmitted yet at time slot t wait in a queue $Q_{n}left ({{t}}right)$ . The centralized max-weight scheduling (MWS) can stabilize the queues for any feasible $boldsymbol {lambda }$ (i.e., throughput optimality). However, MWS for power control is intractable even as a centralized algorithm, let alone in a distributed network. We design a distributed yet asymptotically throughput optimal power control for the wireless interference channel, which has long been recognized as a major challenge. Our main observation is that the interference $I_{n}left ({{t}}right)=sum g_{m,n}^{2}P_{m}left ({{t}}right)$ can be leveraged to evaluate the weighted throughput if we add a short pilot signal with power $P_{m}propto Q_{m}left ({{t}}right)r_{m}left ({{boldsymbol {P}}}right)$ after transmitting the data. Our algorithm requires no explicit communication between the devices and learns to approximate MWS, overcoming its intractable optimization and the unknown throughput functions. We prove that, for large T, our algorithm can achieve any feasible $boldsymbol {lambda }$ . Numerical experiments show that our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art distributed power control, exhibiting better performance than our theoretical bounds.
{"title":"Power Is Knowledge: Distributed and Throughput Optimal Power Control in Wireless Networks","authors":"Ilai Bistritz;Nicholas Bambos","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3444602","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3444602","url":null,"abstract":"Consider N devices that transmit packets for T time slots, where device n uses transmission power \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{n}left ({{t}}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at time slot t. Independently at each time slot, a packet arrives at device n with probability \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The probability of successfully transmitting a packet \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu _{n}left ({{boldsymbol {P}}}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is a function of the transmission powers of all devices \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {P}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and the channel gains \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$left {{{ g_{m,n}}}right } $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 between them. This function is unknown to the devices that only observe binary reward \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$r_{n}left ({{boldsymbol {P}}}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of whether the transmission was successful (ACK/NACK). All packets of device n that were not successfully transmitted yet at time slot t wait in a queue \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q_{n}left ({{t}}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The centralized max-weight scheduling (MWS) can stabilize the queues for any feasible \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (i.e., throughput optimality). However, MWS for power control is intractable even as a centralized algorithm, let alone in a distributed network. We design a distributed yet asymptotically throughput optimal power control for the wireless interference channel, which has long been recognized as a major challenge. Our main observation is that the interference \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{n}left ({{t}}right)=sum g_{m,n}^{2}P_{m}left ({{t}}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 can be leveraged to evaluate the weighted throughput if we add a short pilot signal with power \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{m}propto Q_{m}left ({{t}}right)r_{m}left ({{boldsymbol {P}}}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 after transmitting the data. Our algorithm requires no explicit communication between the devices and learns to approximate MWS, overcoming its intractable optimization and the unknown throughput functions. We prove that, for large T, our algorithm can achieve any feasible \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Numerical experiments show that our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art distributed power control, exhibiting better performance than our theoretical bounds.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"4722-4734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3448244
Zichen Xu;Ziye Lu;Zuqing Zhu
With the development of programmable data plane (PDP), in-band network telemetry (INT) has become a promising network monitoring technique to visualize network operations in a fine-grained and real-time way. In this work, to better balance the tradeoff between INT overheads and monitoring accuracy, we design and optimize an information-sensitive INT system (namely, P4InfoSen-INT), which makes each PDP switch decide locally whether and what type(s) of telemetry data should be inserted in a packet based on the “information content” of the data, and implement it in P4-based PDP switches. We first realize the basic principle of P4InfoSen-INT with P4 programs. Then, we propose algorithms to estimate the information content of telemetry data accurately in a dynamic network and optimize the tradeoff between INT overheads and monitoring accuracy. Finally, we further optimize the implementation of P4InfoSen-INT by proposing table merging to reduce stage occupation in each switch. Experimental results verify that our proposed P4InfoSen-INT can balance the tradeoff between INT overheads and monitoring accuracy better than existing benchmarks.
{"title":"Information-Sensitive In-Band Network Telemetry in P4-Based Programmable Data Plane","authors":"Zichen Xu;Ziye Lu;Zuqing Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3448244","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3448244","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of programmable data plane (PDP), in-band network telemetry (INT) has become a promising network monitoring technique to visualize network operations in a fine-grained and real-time way. In this work, to better balance the tradeoff between INT overheads and monitoring accuracy, we design and optimize an information-sensitive INT system (namely, P4InfoSen-INT), which makes each PDP switch decide locally whether and what type(s) of telemetry data should be inserted in a packet based on the “information content” of the data, and implement it in P4-based PDP switches. We first realize the basic principle of P4InfoSen-INT with P4 programs. Then, we propose algorithms to estimate the information content of telemetry data accurately in a dynamic network and optimize the tradeoff between INT overheads and monitoring accuracy. Finally, we further optimize the implementation of P4InfoSen-INT by proposing table merging to reduce stage occupation in each switch. Experimental results verify that our proposed P4InfoSen-INT can balance the tradeoff between INT overheads and monitoring accuracy better than existing benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"5081-5096"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3447467
Jiayu Yang;Yuxin Chen;Kaiping Xue;Jiangping Han;Jian Li;Ruidong Li;Qibin Sun;Jun Lu
Named Data Networking (NDN), with a receiver-driven connectionless communication paradigm, naturally supports content delivery from multiple sources via multiple paths. In a dynamic environment, sources and paths may change unexpectedly and are uncontrollable for consumer, which requires flexible rate control and real-time multi-path management, still lacking investigations. To address this issue, we propose an Adaptive Multi-source Multi-path Congestion Control (AMM-CC) scheme based on online learning. AMM-CC explores source/path distribution with continuous micro-experiments and abstracts the empirically experienced performance by meticulously designed two-level utility functions. Specifically, AMM-CC enables each consumer to optimize a local transmission-level utility function that fuses multi-source characteristics, including congestion level and source weights. Then, a sub-gradient descent method is designed to adjust transmission rate adaptively and achieve fine-grained control. Moreover, AMM-CC coordinates consumer with the forwarding module to ensure efficient and on-time multi-path management. It enables consumer to determine congestion gap among multiple paths by a path-level utility that sensitively captures changes and congestion on each path. Then, consumer further notifies the forwarding module in achieving precise traffic transferring. We conducted comprehensive evaluations in dynamic scenario with various content distribution using the NDN simulator, ndnSIM. The evaluation results demonstrate that AMM-CC can adapt to flexible content acquisition from multi-sources and significantly improve bandwidth utilization of multi-path compared with state-of-the-art schemes.
{"title":"Adaptive Multi-Source Multi-Path Congestion Control for Named Data Networking","authors":"Jiayu Yang;Yuxin Chen;Kaiping Xue;Jiangping Han;Jian Li;Ruidong Li;Qibin Sun;Jun Lu","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3447467","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3447467","url":null,"abstract":"Named Data Networking (NDN), with a receiver-driven connectionless communication paradigm, naturally supports content delivery from multiple sources via multiple paths. In a dynamic environment, sources and paths may change unexpectedly and are uncontrollable for consumer, which requires flexible rate control and real-time multi-path management, still lacking investigations. To address this issue, we propose an Adaptive Multi-source Multi-path Congestion Control (AMM-CC) scheme based on online learning. AMM-CC explores source/path distribution with continuous micro-experiments and abstracts the empirically experienced performance by meticulously designed two-level utility functions. Specifically, AMM-CC enables each consumer to optimize a local transmission-level utility function that fuses multi-source characteristics, including congestion level and source weights. Then, a sub-gradient descent method is designed to adjust transmission rate adaptively and achieve fine-grained control. Moreover, AMM-CC coordinates consumer with the forwarding module to ensure efficient and on-time multi-path management. It enables consumer to determine congestion gap among multiple paths by a path-level utility that sensitively captures changes and congestion on each path. Then, consumer further notifies the forwarding module in achieving precise traffic transferring. We conducted comprehensive evaluations in dynamic scenario with various content distribution using the NDN simulator, ndnSIM. The evaluation results demonstrate that AMM-CC can adapt to flexible content acquisition from multi-sources and significantly improve bandwidth utilization of multi-path compared with state-of-the-art schemes.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"5049-5064"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3444593
Zhiming Huang;Jianping Pan
In this paper, we study a multi-agent bandit problem in an unknown general-sum game repeated for a number of rounds (i.e., learning in a black-box game with bandit feedback), where a set of agents have no information about the underlying game structure and cannot observe each other’s actions and rewards. In each round, each agent needs to play an arm (i.e., action) from a (possibly different) arm set (i.e., action set), and only receives the reward of the played arm that is affected by other agents’ actions. The objective of each agent is to minimize her own cumulative swap regret, where the swap regret is a generic performance measure for online learning algorithms. Many network optimization problems can be cast with the framework of this multi-agent bandit problem, such as wireless medium access control and end-to-end congestion control. We propose an online-mirror-descent-based algorithm and provide near-optimal high-probability swap-regret upper bounds based on refined martingale analyses, which can further bound the expected swap regret instead of the pseudo-regret studied in the literature. Moreover, the high-probability bounds guarantee that correlated equilibria can be achieved in a polynomial number of rounds if the algorithms are played by all agents. To assess the performance of the studied algorithm, we conducted numerical experiments in the context of wireless medium access control, and we performed emulation experiments by implementing the studied algorithms through the Linux Kernel for the end-to-end congestion control.
{"title":"Game-Theoretic Bandits for Network Optimization With High-Probability Swap-Regret Upper Bounds","authors":"Zhiming Huang;Jianping Pan","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3444593","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3444593","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study a multi-agent bandit problem in an unknown general-sum game repeated for a number of rounds (i.e., learning in a black-box game with bandit feedback), where a set of agents have no information about the underlying game structure and cannot observe each other’s actions and rewards. In each round, each agent needs to play an arm (i.e., action) from a (possibly different) arm set (i.e., action set), and \u0000<italic>only</i>\u0000 receives the reward of the \u0000<italic>played</i>\u0000 arm that is affected by other agents’ actions. The objective of each agent is to minimize her own cumulative swap regret, where the swap regret is a generic performance measure for online learning algorithms. Many network optimization problems can be cast with the framework of this multi-agent bandit problem, such as wireless medium access control and end-to-end congestion control. We propose an online-mirror-descent-based algorithm and provide near-optimal high-probability swap-regret upper bounds based on refined martingale analyses, which can further bound the expected swap regret instead of the pseudo-regret studied in the literature. Moreover, the high-probability bounds guarantee that correlated equilibria can be achieved in a polynomial number of rounds if the algorithms are played by all agents. To assess the performance of the studied algorithm, we conducted numerical experiments in the context of wireless medium access control, and we performed emulation experiments by implementing the studied algorithms through the Linux Kernel for the end-to-end congestion control.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"4855-4870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCEv2) has been widely deployed to data centers (DCs) for its better compatibility with Ethernet/IP than Infiniband (IB). As cross-DC applications emerge, they also demand high throughput, low latency, and lossless network for cross-DC data transmission. However, RoCEv2’s underlying lossless mechanism Priority-based Flow Control (PFC) cannot fit into the long-haul transmission scenario and degrades the performance of RoCEv2. PFC is myopic and only considers queue length to pause upstream senders, which leads to large queueing delay. This paper proposes Bifrost, a downstream-driven lossless flow control that supports long distance cross-DC data transmission. Bifrost uses virtual incoming packets, which indicates the upper bound of in-flight packets, together with buffered packets to control the flow rate. It minimizes the buffer space requirement to one-hop bandwidth delay product (BDP) and achieves low one-way latency. Moreover, we extend Bifrost and propose BifrostX, to accommodate the multi-priority queue of the current switch implementation. BifrostX enables flow control for each queue separately while maintaining low buffer reservation, no throughput loss, and no packet loss. Real-world experiments are conducted with prototype switches and 80 kilometers cables. Evaluations demonstrate that compared to PFC, Bifrost reduces average/tail flow completion time (FCT) of inter-DC flows by up to 22.5%/42.0%, respectively. Bifrost is compatible with existing infrastructure and can support distance of thousands of kilometers.
RDMA over Converged Ethernet （RoCEv2）因其与以太网/IP的兼容性优于IB （Infiniband）而被广泛部署到数据中心。随着跨数据中心应用的出现，对跨数据中心数据传输的高吞吐量、低延迟和无损网络提出了更高的要求。然而，RoCEv2的底层无损机制基于优先级的流量控制（PFC）不适合长途传输场景，并降低了RoCEv2的性能。PFC是短视的，它只考虑队列长度来暂停上游发送方，这导致了很大的队列延迟。本文提出了Bifrost，一种支持长距离跨直流数据传输的下游驱动的无损流量控制。Bifrost采用虚拟入方向报文（即报文流的上限值）和缓冲报文来控制流量。它最大限度地减少了对一跳带宽延迟积（BDP）的缓冲空间需求，实现了较低的单向延迟。此外，我们扩展了Bifrost并提出了BifrostX，以适应当前交换机实现的多优先级队列。BifrostX支持对每个队列分别进行流控制，同时保持较低的缓冲区保留，没有吞吐量损失和数据包丢失。现实世界的实验是用原型开关和80公里长的电缆进行的。评估表明，与PFC相比，Bifrost可将直流间流的平均/尾流完井时间（FCT）分别减少22.5%和42.0%。Bifrost与现有基础设施兼容，可以支持数千公里的距离。
{"title":"Minimizing Buffer Utilization for Lossless Inter-DC Links","authors":"Chengyuan Huang;Feiyang Xue;Peiwen Yu;Xiaoliang Wang;Yanqing Chen;Tao Wu;Lei Han;Zifa Han;Bingquan Wang;Xiangyu Gong;Chen Tian;Wanchun Dou;Guihai Chen;Hao Yin","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3443600","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3443600","url":null,"abstract":"RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCEv2) has been widely deployed to data centers (DCs) for its better compatibility with Ethernet/IP than Infiniband (IB). As cross-DC applications emerge, they also demand high throughput, low latency, and lossless network for cross-DC data transmission. However, RoCEv2’s underlying lossless mechanism Priority-based Flow Control (PFC) cannot fit into the long-haul transmission scenario and degrades the performance of RoCEv2. PFC is myopic and only considers queue length to pause upstream senders, which leads to large queueing delay. This paper proposes Bifrost, a downstream-driven lossless flow control that supports long distance cross-DC data transmission. Bifrost uses virtual incoming packets, which indicates the upper bound of in-flight packets, together with buffered packets to control the flow rate. It minimizes the buffer space requirement to one-hop bandwidth delay product (BDP) and achieves low one-way latency. Moreover, we extend Bifrost and propose BifrostX, to accommodate the multi-priority queue of the current switch implementation. BifrostX enables flow control for each queue separately while maintaining low buffer reservation, no throughput loss, and no packet loss. Real-world experiments are conducted with prototype switches and 80 kilometers cables. Evaluations demonstrate that compared to PFC, Bifrost reduces average/tail flow completion time (FCT) of inter-DC flows by up to 22.5%/42.0%, respectively. Bifrost is compatible with existing infrastructure and can support distance of thousands of kilometers.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"4960-4975"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we study steady flows in data streams, which refers to the flows whose arrival rate is always non-zero and around a fixed value for several consecutive time windows. To find steady flows in real time, we propose a novel sketch-based algorithm, SteadySketch, aiming to accurately report steady flows with limited memory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to define and find steady flows in data streams. The key novelty of SteadySketch is our proposed reborn technique, which reduces the memory requirement by 75%. Our theoretical proofs show that the negative impact of the reborn technique is small. Experimental results show that, compared with the two comparison schemes, SteadySketch improves the Precision Rate (PR) by around 79.5% and 82.8%, and reduces the Average Relative Error (ARE) by around $905.9times $ and $657.9times $ , respectively. Finally, we provide three concrete cases: cache prefetch, Redis and P4 implementation. As we will demonstrate, SteadySketch can effectively improve the cache hit ratio while achieving satisfying performance on both Redis and Tofino switches. All related codes of SteadySketch are available at GitHub.
{"title":"SteadySketch: A High-Performance Algorithm for Finding Steady Flows in Data Streams","authors":"Zhuochen Fan;Xiangyuan Wang;Xiaodong Li;Jiarui Guo;Wenrui Liu;Haoyu Li;Sheng Long;Zheng Zhong;Tong Yang;Xuebin Chen;Bin Cui","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3444488","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3444488","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study steady flows in data streams, which refers to the flows whose arrival rate is always non-zero and around a fixed value for several consecutive time windows. To find steady flows in real time, we propose a novel sketch-based algorithm, SteadySketch, aiming to accurately report steady flows with limited memory. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to define and find steady flows in data streams. The key novelty of SteadySketch is our proposed reborn technique, which reduces the memory requirement by 75%. Our theoretical proofs show that the negative impact of the reborn technique is small. Experimental results show that, compared with the two comparison schemes, SteadySketch improves the Precision Rate (PR) by around 79.5% and 82.8%, and reduces the Average Relative Error (ARE) by around \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$905.9times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$657.9times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, respectively. Finally, we provide three concrete cases: cache prefetch, Redis and P4 implementation. As we will demonstrate, SteadySketch can effectively improve the cache hit ratio while achieving satisfying performance on both Redis and Tofino switches. All related codes of SteadySketch are available at GitHub.","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 6","pages":"5004-5019"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1109/TNET.2024.3429993
{"title":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNET.2024.3429993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2024.3429993","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13443,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","volume":"32 4","pages":"3651-3651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10640178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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