This paper presents a comprehensive model for power transformers, by considering eddy current losses in both the core and conductors. This is achieved through a meticulous analytical approach that ensures high fidelity in representing the transformer's electromagnetic properties. The consideration of magnetic flux effects on inductance and resistance values significantly enhances the model's accuracy and validity. Traditional analytical methods often resort to simplified approaches due to the complexity of these calculations. The paper addresses these limitations by evaluating the eddy current losses in the core and conductors, and by providing a detailed understanding of each component's impact on transformer behavior. Furthermore, by considering the core and conductor effects on the magnetic field distribution, the model handles a wide range of frequencies, making it suitable for conducting comprehensive transient analysis. To validate the model, comparisons with the finite element method and empirical measurements are conducted. Additionally, a reduced-order transformer model is developed using admittance matrix reduction. This approach focuses on the nodes of interest, effectively eliminating not-observed nodes and reducing computational complexity without compromising accuracy. In this way, voltages at specific points of interest are computed efficiently, maintaining the accuracy of the original model.
{"title":"Multi-Winding Power Transformer Modeling for Fast-Front Transients","authors":"Farzad Nasirpour;Tianming Luo;Mohamad Ghaffarian Niasar;Marjan Popov","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3535419","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3535419","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive model for power transformers, by considering eddy current losses in both the core and conductors. This is achieved through a meticulous analytical approach that ensures high fidelity in representing the transformer's electromagnetic properties. The consideration of magnetic flux effects on inductance and resistance values significantly enhances the model's accuracy and validity. Traditional analytical methods often resort to simplified approaches due to the complexity of these calculations. The paper addresses these limitations by evaluating the eddy current losses in the core and conductors, and by providing a detailed understanding of each component's impact on transformer behavior. Furthermore, by considering the core and conductor effects on the magnetic field distribution, the model handles a wide range of frequencies, making it suitable for conducting comprehensive transient analysis. To validate the model, comparisons with the finite element method and empirical measurements are conducted. Additionally, a reduced-order transformer model is developed using admittance matrix reduction. This approach focuses on the nodes of interest, effectively eliminating not-observed nodes and reducing computational complexity without compromising accuracy. In this way, voltages at specific points of interest are computed efficiently, maintaining the accuracy of the original model.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 2","pages":"1054-1066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3534326
Chunyi Guo;Wei Zhao
The series-parallel structure of multiple LCC/MMCs in hybrid cascaded HVDC (HC-HVDC) system facilitates flexible power transmission to different load areas, however, could introduce potential risk of instability arising from intricate interactions among multiple converters under weak AC system. To investigate the interaction paths among multiple converters and quantitatively evaluate their contributions to the system stability, this article establishes the state-space model and the motion equation model integrating multiple converters for HC-HVDC system. Then, based on the path decomposition method, the open-loop transfer function is decomposed into five damping paths viewed from the equivalent inductor of LCC inverter. This offers a perspective on system damping characteristics to reflect the key paths and contributing converters leading to the weak damping of dominant oscillatory mode. The impact of LCC inverter's self-stabilizing path, as well as the en-stabilizing paths involving the components related to interactions between LCC inverter and each MMC, and interactions among series-parallel connected multiple converters, on system stability is clearly quantified. Moreover, the outcome of controller bandwidth variations on the damping characteristics of different paths is studied, providing insights into adjusting control parameters to enhance the system damping under weak AC system. It is indicated that the interaction between DC-voltage-controlled $text{MMC}_{1}$ and LCC inverter, as well as the interactions among multiple converters, provide negative damping on system stability. The critical interaction paths contributing to negative damping and the identified sensitivity parameters can offer valuable insights for further enhancement of system stability in HC-HVDC system.
{"title":"Interaction Analysis Among Multiple Series-Parallel Connected LCC/MMC in Hybrid Cascaded HVDC System","authors":"Chunyi Guo;Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3534326","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3534326","url":null,"abstract":"The series-parallel structure of multiple LCC/MMCs in hybrid cascaded HVDC (HC-HVDC) system facilitates flexible power transmission to different load areas, however, could introduce potential risk of instability arising from intricate interactions among multiple converters under weak AC system. To investigate the interaction paths among multiple converters and quantitatively evaluate their contributions to the system stability, this article establishes the state-space model and the motion equation model integrating multiple converters for HC-HVDC system. Then, based on the path decomposition method, the open-loop transfer function is decomposed into five damping paths viewed from the equivalent inductor of LCC inverter. This offers a perspective on system damping characteristics to reflect the key paths and contributing converters leading to the weak damping of dominant oscillatory mode. The impact of LCC inverter's self-stabilizing path, as well as the en-stabilizing paths involving the components related to interactions between LCC inverter and each MMC, and interactions among series-parallel connected multiple converters, on system stability is clearly quantified. Moreover, the outcome of controller bandwidth variations on the damping characteristics of different paths is studied, providing insights into adjusting control parameters to enhance the system damping under weak AC system. It is indicated that the interaction between DC-voltage-controlled <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MMC}_{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and LCC inverter, as well as the interactions among multiple converters, provide negative damping on system stability. The critical interaction paths contributing to negative damping and the identified sensitivity parameters can offer valuable insights for further enhancement of system stability in HC-HVDC system.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 2","pages":"974-987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3528207
{"title":"Share Your Preprint Research with the World!","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3528207","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3528207","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"664-664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527068
{"title":"IEEE Power & Energy Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527068","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3528206
{"title":"Introducing the IEEE PES Resource Center","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3528206","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3528206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"663-663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527069
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527069","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527070
{"title":"Blank Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527070","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3532111
F. V. Lopes, M. J. B. B. Davi, E. J. S. Leite, R. L. A. Reis, K. M. Silva, G. Zat, M. Oleskovicz
{"title":"Pseudo-Incremental Normalized Quantity-Based Phase Selection Method for Systems with Conventional and Inverter-Based Resources","authors":"F. V. Lopes, M. J. B. B. Davi, E. J. S. Leite, R. L. A. Reis, K. M. Silva, G. Zat, M. Oleskovicz","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3532111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3532111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3532097
Angelo Maurizio Brambilla;Davide del Giudice;Federico Bizzarri
The share of converter-interfaced generator (cig) units fuelled by renewables and scattered in distribution networks is increasing and causing the progressive phase out of synchronous generators and passive loads, which are the main source of vital parameters in ensuring frequency stability: inertia and load damping. To compensate the decreasing trend in these parameters, the control scheme of cig units, typically of grid-following (gfl) kind, may include controls blocks that emulate the electro-mechanical behaviour of synchronous generators by letting them provide virtual inertia and load damping. However, a negative trait of gfl cigs is that, contrary to grid-forming (gfm) cigs (which are affected by other drawbacks), they rely on phase locked loops (plls). This dependency may trigger instability based on the strength of the grid and cig operating conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel gfl cig control scheme that emulates the electromechanical behaviour of synchronous generators better than conventional implementations. Eigenvalue and transient stability analyses of different power systems prove that, although the pll model used is the same, the proposed gfl cig control has a higher stability margin than its conventional counterpart, and provides a frequency support comparable with a synchronous generator of same inertia and load damping.
{"title":"Improved Stability of a Grid-Following Converter Controller Supplying Virtual Inertia and Damping","authors":"Angelo Maurizio Brambilla;Davide del Giudice;Federico Bizzarri","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3532097","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3532097","url":null,"abstract":"The share of converter-interfaced generator (<sc>cig</small>) units fuelled by renewables and scattered in distribution networks is increasing and causing the progressive phase out of synchronous generators and passive loads, which are the main source of vital parameters in ensuring frequency stability: inertia and load damping. To compensate the decreasing trend in these parameters, the control scheme of <sc>cig</small> units, typically of grid-following (<sc>gfl</small>) kind, may include controls blocks that emulate the electro-mechanical behaviour of synchronous generators by letting them provide virtual inertia and load damping. However, a negative trait of <sc>gfl</small> <sc>cig</small>s is that, contrary to grid-forming (<sc>gfm</small>) <sc>cig</small>s (which are affected by other drawbacks), they rely on phase locked loops (<sc>pll</small>s). This dependency may trigger instability based on the strength of the grid and <sc>cig</small> operating conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel <sc>gfl</small> <sc>cig</small> control scheme that emulates the electromechanical behaviour of synchronous generators better than conventional implementations. Eigenvalue and transient stability analyses of different power systems prove that, although the <sc>pll</small> model used is the same, the proposed <sc>gfl</small> <sc>cig</small> control has a higher stability margin than its conventional counterpart, and provides a frequency support comparable with a synchronous generator of same inertia and load damping.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 2","pages":"900-911"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527738
Ahmad Salehi Dobakhshari;Sadegh Azizi
The problem of estimating zero-sequence parameters of a parallel transmission line from fault data is considered. This paper analytically demonstrates that the zero-sequence impedances of a parallel transmission line are not, in general, attainable using the synchronized measurements taken at the line terminals following a ground fault on the line. To this end, Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and current law (KCL) are employed to establish the system of equations that relate the measurements to the zero-sequence impedances of the line. The paper also highlights two rather theoretical exceptions to this generalization: first, the scenario of bolted faults, and second, situations where the fault resistance value is known beforehand (although this assumption is not valid in practice). A lemma is introduced and proved demonstrating that under specific conditions the zero-sequence reactances of the line can be accurately estimated while the zero-sequence resistances of the line remain unattainable. Simulation results, under a variety of conditions such as time-varying fault resistance and untransposed parallel lines, support the theoretical findings that zero-sequence resistances cannot be obtained from fault data while for short transposed lines or untransposed lines without earth wire zero-sequence reactances can be estimated quite accurately. Realistic measurement errors undermine the reliability of estimates, further questioning the attainability of zero-sequence parameters of parallel lines from fault data.
{"title":"On Estimation of Zero-Sequence Impedances of Parallel Transmission Lines From Fault Data","authors":"Ahmad Salehi Dobakhshari;Sadegh Azizi","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527738","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3527738","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of estimating zero-sequence parameters of a parallel transmission line from fault data is considered. This paper analytically demonstrates that the zero-sequence impedances of a parallel transmission line are not, in general, attainable using the synchronized measurements taken at the line terminals following a ground fault on the line. To this end, Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and current law (KCL) are employed to establish the system of equations that relate the measurements to the zero-sequence impedances of the line. The paper also highlights two rather theoretical exceptions to this generalization: first, the scenario of bolted faults, and second, situations where the fault resistance value is known beforehand (although this assumption is not valid in practice). A lemma is introduced and proved demonstrating that under specific conditions the zero-sequence reactances of the line can be accurately estimated while the zero-sequence resistances of the line remain unattainable. Simulation results, under a variety of conditions such as time-varying fault resistance and untransposed parallel lines, support the theoretical findings that zero-sequence resistances cannot be obtained from fault data while for short transposed lines or untransposed lines without earth wire zero-sequence reactances can be estimated quite accurately. Realistic measurement errors undermine the reliability of estimates, further questioning the attainability of zero-sequence parameters of parallel lines from fault data.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 2","pages":"831-842"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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